Index
2022; Emerald Publishing Limited; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1108/s2044-994120220000017018
ISSN2044-995X
Tópico(s)Urban and Freight Transport Logistics
ResumoCitation (2022), "Index", Attard, M. and Mulley, C. (Ed.) Transport and Pandemic Experiences (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 17), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 323-336. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120220000017018 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2022 Maria Attard and Corinne Mulley INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes. Accessibility, 40 Accessible transportation, 211 Active transport, 9, 90–91, 95, 304, 307–308, 315–316 Active travel (AT) communicate, educate, celebrate, and document results, 179 COVID-19 as opportunity to overcome the political barriers to implement AT, 176 COVID-19 induced cities and governments to investing in cycling infrastructures and financed acquisition of bicycles, e-bikes and e-scooters, 178 COVID-19, 165–166, 166–171 cycling infrastructure, 179 increased appreciation of, 314–316 ingredient for resilient urban mobility and integrated to city transport guidelines, 177 lessons for policymakers, 176 policy initiatives promoting AT during COVID-19, 171–176 research needs, 179–180 thorough evaluation of temporary measures, 178–179 transform emergency/temporary measures to permanent ones, 178 walking-friendly city concept, 177–178 Activity behaviour, 78, 108, 123 Activity pattern, 78, 86, 111, 113 Activity space, 86–87 Africa changes in travel and tourism revenues and employment, 275 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, 7 tourist workforce, 275 Agency operations, 211–121 Air freight, 152 Air India Express (AIE), 156 Air navigation service providers (ANSPs), 222 Air pollution, 307–308 Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), 222 Air transport industry commercial air transport regulators, 222–223 economic and financial policies to support air transport operators, 230–232 global commercial air transport industry, 221–222 policies for freight, 228–229 policies for passengers and crew, 225–228 policies to protecting international public health, 223–225 Airline passengers, 223, 225 Airlines, 229 cargo, 152 cash-strapped, 156 commercial, 222 financial position, 231 operational and logistical challenges for, 225 pandemic, 260 revenue, 229 Airport distance and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths, 22–24 policy in UK, 226 volume and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths, 25 Amazon, 158 Amazon Pay, 155 American Airlines Cargo, 260 American Community Survey (ACS), 19 American history, COVID-19 deadliest outbreak in, 17 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 210 App-based payments/cashless transactions, 155 Asia-Pacific nations (im)mobility policies and practices across, 130–137 travel behaviour effects in, 137–143 Asian Flu, 4 Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries (ASEAN countries), 145 Atmanirbhar India, 154, 156 Australia congestion and public transport crowding in, 11 COVID-19 pandemic in, 186 immobility policies and practices, 128, 132 island nations of, 121 lockdown restrictions, 191 public transport in, 312 working from home, 294 Auto ownership, 62 auto ownership and automobility during pandemic, 64 future of auto ownership in North America, 64–66 pre-COVID auto ownership, 62–64 Automated future, 47–48 Automation, 290, 298 automobile ownership, 56–57, 62 Automobility during pandemic, 64 Autonomous vehicles, 258–259, 261 Aviation, 128, 137 Benzene, 307 Bharatmala Pariyojana Project, 156 BHIM (app-based payments/cashless transactions), 155 Bicycles, 178 ‘Big data’ analysis, 129 Bike-sharing, 169–170, 177 Bilateral Air Service Agreements (BASAs), 229 Bio-security, 253n2 Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 253n6 Boeing 707, 224 Brisbane, 139, 142–143 Built environments, 308, 311 Bus, 44, 90, 169 APTA, 60 automation of, 48 expense of bus service, 57 regular activities, 195 C40 network, 289 California Department of Public Health (CDPH), 207 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), 207 Canada auto loans, 64 COVID-19 in, 8, 56 extended-term loans, 64 IATR, regulators in, 206 investment across transit modes, 57 region’s transit financing approach in, 69 Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS), 231 Canadian National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health (NCCEH), 208 Capacity, 40, 47, 111–112, 144, 152, 192, 310, 313–314 Car, mode shift from public transport to, 312–314 Car dependency, 294, 307, 311, 313–314 Car sharing, 49 Car-reduced future, 49 Car-sharing, 290 Carbon monoxide (CO), 307 Cargo airlines, 152, 156 Caribbean Cruise Tourism, COVID-19 effects in, 278 Carpooled, 19 Cashless payments, 192 Cashless transactions, 155, 157 Central business district (CBD), 144, 195, 249–250 China coronavirus in, 5 domestic aviation traffic, 138 ‘eradication’ policy measures used in, 145 in infrastructure development, 150 lockdowns in, 290 pandemic in, 187, 276 public transport, 137 ‘Choice’ ridership, 58–60 Chronic diseases, 306 Cities under lockdown access and mobility inequalities during pandemic, 113–123 COVID-19 and urban mobility, 110–111 data analysis, 112–113 data collection, 111–112 literature review, 109 methodology, 111 structural urban inequalities in Latin America and Colombia preceding pandemic, 109–110 Climate change, 110 Co-modality of community transport, 195–196 Colombia future recovery in, 109 lockdown in, 111, 117 online shopping in, 117 pandemic in, 9 structural urban inequalities in, 109–110 urban forms and mobility in, 123 Communicable diseases, 224 Communication and education initiatives, 176 Communicative mobility, 129, 142 Community Transport (CT), 195 co-modality of, 195–196 Commuting behaviours, 129 Commuting trips, 84–85 Comparative analysis of COVID-19 effects on tourism markets, 279–280 Complementary measures, 10 Computable General Equilibrium model, 277 Confidence intervals, 274–275 Congestion, 137 challenges and opportunities to managing congestion, 249–251 Consumerism, 258 Contestation of road space, 193 parking policies, 194–195 pop-up cycle lanes, 193–194 support for shared transport, 195–198 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES), 230 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 5–7, 16–18 airport distance and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths, 22–24 airport volume and association with COVID-19 cases and deaths, 25 availability of COVI D-19 vaccines, 34–35 cases and deaths, 21–22 data and methods, 18 data and sample size, 18–19 future, 11–13 future waves of COVI D-19 virus, 33–34 infections and deaths, 16 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 by region, 7 impact of other factors and racial composition of counties, 26 racial composition of counties and association with COIVD-19 cases and deaths, 26 regional disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths, 26–33 results, 21 statistical analysis, 20–21 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 transport and, 4–5 variable measurement, 19–20 Coronaviruses (CoVs), 5 Corporeal mobility, 129 policies, 131 Costs, revenues and, 293 Country case studies, 276–280 COVID Mobility Works, 171 COVID-19, 4, 128, 165–166, 186, 203, 221–222, 225, 236, 288 and AT, 166–171 comparative analysis of COVID-19 effects on tourism markets, 279–280 crisis management, 155 effects in Caribbean Cruise Tourism, 278 effects in GCC countries, 277–278 effects on Australian inbound tourism, 276–277 effects on Indian tourism, 277 effects on tourism demand in Italy, 278–279 effects on tourism market, 276 equity effects, 293 across Europe, 78–81 evolved in Europe, 78 investing in cycling infrastructures and financed acquisition, 178 policy implications of COVID-19 on tourism, 280–281 policy initiatives promoting AT during, 171–176 private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on tourism, 281–283 on public transport sector, 186–187 revenues and costs, 293 ridership and mode share, 291–293 strategies to combat, 291 in Switzerland, 42 symptom screening, 209 and urban mobility, 110–111 vaccines, 213–215 virus, 274 Cox regression, 20 Crew, policies for, 225–228 Critical infrastructure, 203 Crowding challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding, 249–251 pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on public transport, 244–248 Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), 203 Cycle lanes, 49, 171, 175, 178 advantages or benefits of, 194 pop-up, 193–194 Cycling, 95–96, 175 infrastructure, 179 Day-to-day transport practices, 304 de facto regulatory, 206 De-urbanisation, 295–296 Decline public transport, 89 Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC), 156 Delta variant, 130, 144, 191–193 Demand, 215, 258 Department for Transport (DfT), 226–227 Department of For-Hire Vehicles (DFHV), 212 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 17 Descriptive analysis, 129 Descriptive statistics, 112 Desk-based jobs, 304 destinations, 45, 59, 222, 229, 258, 277–279, 281, 311 Digital activities, 93–94 Digital adaptations, 92–94 Digital infrastructure, 159 Digitalisation strategies, 158 Digitisation, 261–262 Disparities, 16, 18, 110 Dock-based bike-sharing system, 95 Doodh Duronto, 155 ‘Downward spiral’ scenario, 297 ‘Drones’ deliveries, 263–265 E-bikes, 178 E-commerce, 258–260 E-retail logistics, 151 Earthquakes, 150 East and South-East Asia in ‘Shifting Streets’ database, 143 immobility policies and practices, 128, 132–134 eBike-city, 49 Ebola, 274 Economic policies to support air transport operators, 230–232 Economic relief, 212–213 ‘Educate and encourage’ approach, 206 Egypt, 7 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 Electric and autonomous delivery vehicles Electric scooter (e-scooter), 166, 178 Electric vehicles, 258–259, 261 Emerging economies, 142, 159 Emissions, 12, 40–41, 48, 196, 288 End-to-end offering, 260 Environmental and health benefits, 166 Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 210 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 21 Equity, 289, 293, 297–298 Essential workers, 12, 56, 58, 59–60, 111, 137, 175–176, 190, 194–195, 204, 214, 291 Europe changes in travel behaviour in, 77–96 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 European Commission (EC), 231 Exploratory data analysis, 112, 113–117 Face masks, 207 COVID-19 symptom screening, 209 social distancing and shared or group rides, 209 vehicle partitions, 208–209 Facebook, 82, 155 Fare revenues, 291, 293, 296–298 Federal Government ‘15-minute city’ concept, 175, 178 Financial challenges, 296 Financial incentives, 169, 171, 175, 196 Financial policies to support air transport operators, 230–232 Financing, 58, 69, 178, 267, 295, 299 First and last mile (1LM), 194 Fiscal policy, 280 Flexible working (flexwork), 66 Flu viruses, 305 Food insecurity, 110 For-hire ground passenger transportation, 204 Foreign direct investment (FDI), 156 France coronavirus in, 78 COVID-19 in, 78–79 subsidised bicycle repairs, 175 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 Freight, policies for, 228–229 Freight networks, 260 challenges, 258 ‘cities’ challenges integrating freight policies, 263–265 e-commerce, 258–259 pandemic lasting effects on freight networks solutions, 260–261 shape of future industry strategy, 261–262 social acceptability, 265–266 Freight transport modes air freight, 152 ocean freight, 152–153 pandemic impact on, 150 warehousing and road freight, 151–152 Freight transport networks, 4 Frequency changes in public transport, 189–191 Generalised costs (GC), 40 Geographic disparities, 16–35 GetFoodNYC Food Delivery Programme, 213 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), 169 Global South, 171 Global supply chains, 150 Globalisation, 258 Goods and Services Tax (GST), 156 Google, 130 Google COVI D-19 Community Mobility, 88–89 Google Location, 82 Google Pay, 155 Google Scholar, 130 Governance model, 266 Governmental support, 293 ‘Great Walk’ project, 175, 179 Green space, 91–92 Grocery shopping, 59, 131 Gross domestic product (GDP), 150 Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC countries), 277 COVID-19 effects in, 277–278 H1N1 influenza, 225, 305 H1N1 influenza A virus, 4 H2N2 virus, 4 H3N2 virus, 4 H5N1 influenza, 225 H5N8 bird flu viruses, 305 Hand sanitisers, 150 Health future, 304 increased appreciation of active travel and local neighbourhood, 314–316 increased working from home, 310–312 long-term impacts of pandemic on transport practices, 310 mode shift from public transport to car, 312–314 pandemic impacts on, 304 transport impacts, 304–309 Health and safety plans and procedures, 209–211 regulations and guidance, 205–207 Health behavior, 304, 311 Hong Kong flu, 4 Hospitality, 274, 287 Hubei Province, 131 Hydrocarbons, 307 ICAO’s Council Aviation Recovery Task Force (CART), 228, 230 (Im)mobilities, 128 approach and methods, 130 changes in street occupation/use, 143–144 ‘mobilities’ to explore pandemic response, 129 policies and practices across Asia-Pacific nations, 130–137 travel behaviour effects in Asia-Pacific, 137–143 Incidence rate ratios (IRR), 20 Independent variables, 19–20 India air cargo market, 156 Atmanirbhar India, 154 Bharatmala Pariyojana Project, 156 e-commerce industry, 155 emerging economy of, 9 strategies to combat COVID-19, 291 support from Indian government, 156 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 Indian government, pandemic support from, 156 Indian logistics and freight industry, pandemic impact on, 153–156 Indian Railways (IR), 155 Indonesia flexible policies with lesser mobility controls, 130 immobility policies and practices in, 136 indoor markets in, 143 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, 7 pre-Delta outbreak period, 131 Induced demand effects of lower GC materialise, 41 for vehicles, 47–48 Industry aid, 212–213 Inequality in LAC countries, 108 systemic, 159 in urban mobility, 8 Infectious disease, 225, 274, 305–306 Information and communication technologies, 258 Infrastructural and regulatory measures, 175 Infrastructure Australia (IA), 251 Injury, 307–308 Instagram, 155 Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDAI), 156 Intermodal Passenger Connectivity Database, 19 Intermodal transport networks, 259 International Air Transport Association (IATA), 222 International Association of Transportation Regulators (IATR), 206–207 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), 222, 229 International Health Regulations (IHR), 224 International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation, 224 International travels, 19, 33, 108, 138, 214, 225, 305–306 Istituto Superiore di Formazione e Ricerca per I Trasporti (ISFORT), 170 Italy COVI D-19 cases in, 28, 78 infection rates in spring 2020, 94 lockdowns in, 79 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, 7 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5 Jakarta COVID-safe operations, 143 road vehicular transport in, 138–139 Japan air cargo transportation in, 152 immobility policies and practices in, 135 lockdowns in, 137 number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, 7 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5 Jet aircraft, 224 Jet-powered commercial aircraft, 224 Job furlough scheme, 231 Johns Hopkins University (JHU), 18–19 Kisan Rail, 155 Labour, 40, 282 cost, 261 informal and unskilled, 115 ‘Laissez faire’ approach, 225 Land-use zoning, 263 Latent class analysis (LCA), 109, 112–113, 117–123 Lateral flow testing, 225 Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), 108 Latin American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC), 228 Lead, 307 Leisure trips, 85 Light rail transit (LRT), 292 Literature review, 81–82, 109–110 Local neighbourhood, 314–316 Lockdowns, 12, 67, 78–79, 108–109, 115, 137, 191, 193, 290–291, 314–315 Logistics, 150 worldwide, 157–158 Lufthansa Cargo, 260 Majority-minority, 21, 26, 33 Managed future, 48 Maritime, 128 Mask mandates, 207, 291, 295, 298 Mask wearing, 186 in public transport, 192–193 Mass cargo transport, 258 Mass transport hubs, 306 Material handling automation, 158 Medical equipment, 152, 155, 156, 222, 225, 228 Medical ventilators, 150 Mental health, 309 Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 156 Micromobility, 290 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), 5, 225, 274 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov), 305 Mitigation strategies, 205 Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), 83 Mobile phone data, 82 Mobilities paradigm, 129 Mobilities to explore pandemic response, 129 Mobility as a Service (MaaS), 41, 48, 250, 290 Mobility change, 79–80 Mobility pricing, 43 Mobility typology, 129 Mobility-as-a Service (MaaS), 10 MOBIS-COVID19 GPS panel, 42–43 Modal adjustments, 88–91 Mode choice, 48, 70 Mode share, 291–293 Modernity, 129 Monetary policy, 280 Multifunctional zones, 264 Multimodal integration, 258 Narrative approach, 188 change in operation of transport services, 189–191 contestation of road space, 193–195 mask wearing in public transport, 192–193 physical distancing in public transport, 191–192 Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), 187 National Health Service (NHS), 176 National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), 156 National Recovery and Resilience Plan, 176 Nearest airports, 35 Negative binomial regressions (NBRG), 20, 21 Neighbourhood, increased appreciation of active travel and local, 314–316 ‘New mobility system’ scenario, 297 New normal challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding, 249–251 and COVID-19 transport policy, 192 developing and implementing digitalisation strategies, 158 life, 166 before new normal, 66–67 taxi and ridesourcing regulators, 215 for telecommuting, 69 New South Wales (NSW), 191 New Zealand during COVID-19 pandemic, 128, 144 immobility policies and practices in, 132–136 lockdown restrictions, 191 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 6 New Zealand COVID-19 pandemic in, 186 immobility policies and practices, 128, 132 island nations of, 121 lockdown restrictions, 191 Nitrogen oxides (NO), 307 Non-communicable diseases, 307 North America, auto ownership in, 64–66 North American telecommuting, 66–67 North American transit during COVID-19, 58–60 North American transportation during COVI D-19 auto ownership, 62–66 COVI D-19 pandemic in, 56 public transit, 57–62 telecommuting, 66–69 Nuclear accidents, 150 Object mobility, 129 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 205, 209 Ocean freight, 152–153 Oceania, 9 COVID-19 virus in number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19, 7 Omicron, 6 Online shopping, 93 Oxygen Express, 155 Pandemic, 4, 150 access and mobility inequalities during, 113 auto ownership and automobility during, 64 disruption across geographies and transport modes, 7–11 exploratory data analysis, 113–117 future, 11–13 impact on modes of freight transport, 150–153 lasting effects on freight networks solutions, 260–261 latent class analysis, 117–123 logistics and supply chain sector worldwide, 157–158 long-term impacts of pandemic on transport practices, 310–316 pandemic impact on Indian logistics and freight industry, 153–156 pandemic-induced shifts, 12 support from Indian government, 156 telecommuting during, 67–68 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 transport and, 4–5 Parking management, 186 policies, 194–195 Particulate matter (PM), 307 Passenger policies for, 225–228 volume, 16, 19, 25, 33 Patronage, 8–9, 12, 137, 139, 141–142, 186, 189, 190–191, 193, 196, 237–238, 312–313 Paytm, 155 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 150, 154, 228 Personalisation of travel opportunities, 289–290 Physical activity, 85, 306–307 Physical distancing, 186 in public transport, 191–192 Points of interests (POI), 40 Policies for public transport COVID-19 impact on public transport sector, 186–187 methodological approach, 187–188 short-term policy responses, 188–198 Policy/policies framework, 187 for freight, 228–229 implications of COVID-19 on tourism, 280–281 initiatives promoting AT during COVID-19, 171–176 for passengers and crew, 225–228 to protecting international public health, 223–224 Pollutants, 307 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 225 Pop-up cycle lanes, 193–194 Pre-COVID auto ownership, 62–64 levels of crowding on public transport, 244–248 transport system, 238 Predictors, 112 Presidential Proclamations, 18 Private ride-hailing services, 289–290 Private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on tourism, 281–283 Private sector, 157, 199, 251, 266 Proximity, 7, 16, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 33, 157, 196, 283, 307 Public health officials, 209 protection measures, 224 Public Health Agency of Canada, 205 Public Health Corridors (PHCs), 225 Public policy research, 187 Public transit, 57 before COVID-19, 57–58 light rail-centric strategies, 61–62 North American transit during COVID-19, 58–60 transit riders leave during pandemic, 60–61 Public transit ridership, 57 Public transport, 44, 128, 186, 288, 290 COVID-19 impact on public transport sector, 186–187 effects on long-term trends, 296–298 mask wearing in, 192–193 mode shift from public transport to car, 312–314 before pandemic, 288 during pandemic, 290–293 beyond pandemic, 293–296 physical distancing in, 191–192 pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on, 244–248 return to, 94–95 ridership, 291–292 sustainable transport systems, 288–289 systems, 131 Public transportation, 16, 19–21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 207, 212, 305 Quantum of uncertainty, 238 Quarantine, 274 Quebec, 209 Race and ethnicity, 20 Racial composition, 26 rail freight, 151–152 Real-time web-based COVID-19 dashboard, 4 ‘Regional Airline Network Support Program’, 230 Regional disparities in COVID-19 cases and deaths, 26–33 Regulators, 207 Rehabilitation Act, 210 Remote work, 67–69, 110, 158, 215, 240, 294 Reserve Bank of India (RBI), 156 Resilience, 7, 9, 11, 150–151, 157, 177–178, 281–282 ‘Responsible Transport’, 187 Restrictions, 151–152 ‘Return’ scenario, 297 Revenues and costs, 293 Ride-sharing, 290 Ridership, 291–293 Ridesourcing, 203 agency operations, 211–121 face masks, 207–209 future for transportation regulations and regulated entities, 215–216 health and safety plans and procedures, 209–211 health and safety regulations and guidance, 205–207 industry aid and economic relief, 212–213 pandemic, 204 policies and regulatory, 204–205 vaccines, 213–215 Road congestion, 138, 198, 236, 237, 248 Road freight, warehousing and, 151–152 Road space, 10, 49, 143, 166, 176, 179, 189 contestation of, 193–195 Road transport, 176 Road vehicular transport, 137 Safety, 265 Safety measures, 78–79, 82–88, 93–96, 206, 274, 283 Sanitary conventions, 223 SARS-CoV-2, 5 genome sequences, 79 Scopus database, 81, 130 Screening, 34, 81, 204, 209, 223 Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI), 156 Security, 265 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 5, 225, 274, 305 Shanghai, 142 commuters and telecommuters percentage in different industries in, 140 commuting mode change before and during COVID-19 in, 141 passenger surveys in, 139 public transport system, 137 Shared mobility, 297 Shared or group rides, 209 Shared transport co-modality of community transport, 195–196 support for, 195 support for Taxis/TNCs, 198–197 impact of working from home, 197–198 Sharing, 261–262 Single parents, 68 Skype (internet video software), 142 Smartphone-based GPS tracking app, 43 Social acceptability, 265–266 Social distancing, 109, 204, 209, 227 Social inequalities, 89, 94, 97, 177 Social media platform, 155 Social sciences, 187 Social-distancing, 131 Spanish flu. See H1N1 influenza A virus Spatial segregation, 110 Spatial-temporal adjustments, 86–88 Statistical analysis, 20–21 Stay-at-home orders, 204 Strategic management practices, 283 Streets as Shared Spaces programme, 143 Studying from home (SFH), 254n15 Subprime auto lending, 62, 66 Subscription-based packages of transport, 290 supply chain disruption, 9, 157 Supply chain management, 150 worldwide, 157–158 Sustainability, 297 Sweden, 17 COVID-19 cases in, 78 COVID-19 Context in Spring 2020, 80 physical activities in, 85 Swine flu, 4 Swiss-based SkyCell, 260 Switzerland, COVID-19 pandemic in, 42 changes brought about by pandemic in Switzerland, 42–47 Tactical urbanism, 129, 143, 171 Taxi, 203, 290 agency operations, 211–121 future for transportation regulations and regulated entities, 215–216 health and safety plans and procedures, 209–211 health and safety regulations and guidance, 205–207 industry aid and economic relief, 212–213 pandemic, 204 policies and regulatory, 204–205 taxis/TNCs, support for, 198–197 vaccines, 213–215 Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC), 208–209 Telecommuting, 9, 66–69 North American telecommuting, 66–67 prospects for, 68–69 telecommuting during pandemic, 67–68 Telework/teleworking, 67, 82, 87, 92–93, 94, 115–116, 122 Temporary measures thorough evaluation of, 178–179 transform emergency/temporary measures to permanent ones, 178 Thailand, 143, 196 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5 ‘The Block’ (TV programme), 254n16 Ticket validation, 291, 293, 299 Tokyo Olympics, 144 TomTom Index, 137 Tourism COVID-19 effects on tourism market, 276–280 future of tourism travel after COVID-19, 283–284 policy implications of COVID-19 on, 280–281 private schemes to counter effects of COVID-19 on, 281–283 Traffic congestion, 309 Transit riders leave during pandemic, 60–61 Transport and pandemics, 4–5 Transport for London (TfL), 208 Transport impacts health, 304–309 Transport narratives, 188, 190, 194 Transport network companies (TNCs), 10 Transport Opinion Survey series (TOPS), 246 Transport Planning, 49 Transport policy, 8 Transport policy making changes brought about by pandemic in Switzerland, 42–47 CO2 reduction, 39 COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland, 42 dilemma after accelerated changes in light of possible futures, 47–49 VMT, 41–42 Transport system, 128 Transportation regulations and regulated entities, 215–216 Trauma, 307–308 Travel activity, 236 Travel behavior, 9, 78 changes in modal share based on survey studies, 103–106 COVI D-19 evolved in Europe, 78 COVID-19 across Europe, 78–81 digital adaptations, 92–94 effects in Asia-Pacific, 137–143 first insights into long-term behavioural impacts, 94–96 literature review, 81–82 new out-of-home activities, 91–92 reduction in mobility and activities, 82–91 results, 82 Travel Demand Management (TDM), 191 Travel distance, 78, 86, 180 Travel patterns, 45, 56, 176, 248 Travel regulations, 294–295 Travel restriction, 4, 10–11, 16–18, 130, 141, 153, 212, 274, 314–315 Travel time, 78, 88, 115, 138, 144 Traveler, 58 Trip frequency, 78, 88, 291 Trip making, 141, 144 Tsunamis, 150 Tuberculosis, 225 ‘2 metre rule’, 227 Unemployment, 110 United States, 16–35 COVI D-19 infections and deaths in Unmanned delivery vehicles, 261–262 Urban Air Mobility (UAM), 263–264 Urban and peri-urban forests (UPF), 92 Urban mobility, COVID-19 and, 110–111 Urban roadways, 128 Urbanisation, 258 US Census regions, 16 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 205 US Department of Labour, 209 US Federal Government, 17 US Food and Drug Administration, 214 US National Household Travel Survey, 145 Vaccinations, 290 Vaccines, 213–215 Variable measurement, 19–20 Variant, 33, 144, 166, 306, 316 Vehicle kilometers travel (VKT), 308 Vehicle miles travelled (VMT), 41–42 Vehicle ownership, 58, 66, 111, 180 Vietnam, 7, 130–131, 133, 137, 143–144, 196 Virtual mobility, 143 Virus anxiety and travel regulations, 294–295 Walking, 95–96, 175 ‘Walking bus’ concept, 175, 181n2 Walking-friendly city concept, 177–178 Warehousing and road freight, 151–152 Web of Science (WoS), 81 West Coast, COVID-19 in, 17 WhatsApp, 155 White Non-Hispanic (WNH), 20 Working close to home (WCTH), 250 Working from home (WFH), 9–10, 12–13, 43, 45–47, 84, 92–93, 117, 129, 186, 197, 236–237, 295, 304, 310–312 impact of, 197–198 challenges and opportunities to managing congestion and crowding, 249–251 change in incidence of WFH compared to commuting, 238 changing commuting and non-commuting travel, 240–244 continuing to, 96 employer and employee view on work from home policy, 239 pre-COVID-19 levels of crowding on public transport, 244–248 World Health Organisation (WHO), 205, 224, 306 World Travel and Tourism Council, 274–275 Wuhan, 5, 17, 130–131, 137 novel coronavirus from, 78 ocean freight, 152–153 pandemic arose in, 9 timeline of selected events during COVID-19 pandemic, 5–6 Zoom (internet video software), 142 Book Chapters Prelims Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Transport and Pandemic Experiences: An Introduction Chapter 2: How Do Transportation Policies Drive Geographic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in the United States? Chapter 3: The Dilemma of Transport Policy Making and the COVID-19 Accelerator Part 2: Travel Behaviour in Different Settings Chapter 4: North American Transportation During COVID-19: What Really Changed? Chapter 5: Changes in Travel Behaviour in Europe Chapter 6: Cities Under Lockdown: Mobility and Access Inequalities Stemming from COVID-19 in Urban Colombia Chapter 7: Pandemic Response and (Im)mobilities in the Asia-Pacific Chapter 8: Logistics and Supply Chain Around the World Part 3: Initiatives and Policies Across the World Chapter 9: Development of Active Travel Initiatives in Cities Chapter 10: Policies for Public Transport Chapter 11: Development of Policies for Ridesourcing and Taxis Chapter 12: Development of Global Policies for the Air Transport Industry Chapter 13: Reducing Congestion and Crowding with Working from Home Chapter 14: Pandemic Lasting Effects on Freight Networks: Challenges and Directions from Cities and Industry Part 4: Looking to the Future Chapter 15: Impacts on Travel and Tourism Chapter 16: Impact on Public Transport Chapter 17: Impacts on Health Index
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