Giles Smith, Andrew Robson, Gabriele Marcotti, Jon Ashworth, DJM, Adam Sherwin Media Reporter, Greg Hurst Political Correspondent, Alexandra Blair, Victoria Solt Dennis, Peter Lansley, Robert Thicknesse, Paul Hoggart, Martin Howley, Mark Souster, David Rhys Jones, Richard Hobson, Terry Rands, Philip Howard, David Chater, Joanna Bale, James Bone, James Ducker, Kailash Budhwar, Alexandra Frean Social Affairs Correspondent, Chris Bowers, Ronald V. Lightbown, Richard Irving, Sam Marlowe, James Hider, Jeremy Whittle, Kevin Eason, Dan Green, Irwin Stelzer, Caitlin Moran and Sophie Kirkham, Robin Tobin, Paul Badham (Professor), Valerie Elliott Countryside Editor, David McVay, Tom Bawden, Ruth Gledhill, Peter Nicholls, Dominic Walsh, Debra Craine, Gary Jacob, Diego Maradona, Jill Dupleix, Tim Reid, Toby Moore, Patricia Benstead, Jonathan Gornall, Philip Yates, Stephen Farrell, James Delingpole, Winston Churchill, Phil Gordon, David Porter, Eric Mason, Lisa Armstrong, Fashion Editor, Charles Bremner, Ron Lewis, Helen Rumbelow, Caroline Merrell Banking Correspondent, Angela Jameson, Graham Wood, Alan Davies, Russell Kempson, Sally Jones, Dan Silver, Daniel McGrory, Alexandra Frean and David Rose, Gary Duncan Economics Editor, Oliver Kay, Neil Harman, Alison Steadman, Patrick Hosking Investment Editor, Hugh Sacker, Rick Broadbent, Ann Treneman, John Burke, Rob Wright, John Hopkins Golf Correspondent, Neil Harman Tennis Correspondent, David Powell Athletics Correspondent, Marcus Binney, Raymond Keene, Matthew Pryor, Matt Dickinson, Phyllis Highwood, Christine Buckley Industrial Editor, Sean O'Neill, Mike Leigh, Xan Rice, Jeremy Page, William Ress-Mogg, Chris Campling, Cathy Harris, Helen Rumbelow Political Correspondent, Patrick Hosking, Richard Owen, Christopher Martin-Jenkins Chief Cricket Correspondent, Erica Wagner, Roger Boyes, Peter Dixon, Tom Baldwin and Philip Webster, David Hands Rugby Correspondent, Owen Slot Chief Sports Reporter, Tom Dart, Julian Muscat, Paul Simons, Brian Christley, Tony Cascarino, John Allison, Bob Landers, Nick Szczepanik, John Goodbody, Dominic Kennedy, Philip Webster Political Editor, Jonathan Clayton, Geraldine Dymond, Claire Turvey, Tim Hames, Giles Wade, Gareth Howell, Craig Lord, Peter Watts, Andrew Hambelton, Ashling O'connor, Alan M. Calvard, Jane Kelly, Anjana Ahuja, George Caulkin, Caitlin Moran, Neil Fisher, Walter Gammie, Alan Smith, Martin Hasseck, David Sanderson, Mark Henderson, Catherine Philp, Martin Waller, Laura Peek, Angus Batey, Paul Larter, Stephen Dalton, Dr Thomas Stuttaford, Ben Hoyle, Leo Lewis, Richard Morrison, Paul Connolly, Alyson Rudd, David Powell, Valerie Grove, Adam Sherwin, Michael Evans, Simon Grace, Owen Slot, Peter Klinger, Christopher Irvine, Elizabeth Judge Telecoms Correspondent, Guy Fletcher-Wood,
... Green Flag Plans made for 'overdue' flu disaster Antiviral drugs are best but there are just not ...
2005 - Gale Group | TDA
Oana Săndulescu, Cătălin Apostolescu, Liliana Preoțescu, Adrian Streinu‐Cercel, Mihai Săndulescu,
... molecular mechanisms of action for SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and critically analyzing the potential targets that may ... variants. Two main categories of agents can display antiviral activity: direct-acting antivirals, which act by inhibiting viral enzymes, and host-directed antivirals, which target host cell factors that are involved ... life cycle. We discuss both these types of antivirals, highlighting the agents that have already been approved ... that are currently in drug development. Direct-acting antivirals target viral enzymes that are essential in the ...
Tópico(s): SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
2023 - Frontiers Media | Frontiers in Microbiology
Andrew Robson, David MoVay, Susan Foster, Peter Kllnger, Robert Cole, Andrew Pierce, Tom Rowland, Alexandra Frean, Grace Bradberry, Kirsty McLeod, Alexandra Blair, Magnus Linklater, Peter Lansley, Ydia Hislop, Mark Souster, Anne Rowe, Ivo Tennant, Philip Howard, Hannah Betts, Ben Hoyle and Adam Sherwin, Christine Seib, Philip Walker, David Chater, Flemming Sorensen, Penny Wark, John O'Byrne, Bronwen Maddox Foreign Editor, Nikolai Tolstoy, Elizabeth Judge, Richard Irving, Rosalind Renshaw, Sam Marlowe, Kevin Eason, David Sharrock, Jonathan Dawid, Donald Hutera, Hugh Livesey, Bernard Parke, Dominic Walsh, Ruth Gledhill, Graham Moss, N. M. Sutherland, Jill Dupleix, Tim Reid, David Day, Daniel Finkelstein, Toby Moore, Christopher Meyer, Dan Sabbagh, Richard Ford Home Correspondent, Anthony Browne Brussels Correspondent, John D. Emanuel (Chairman), Scott Murdoch, Rick Broadbent and Gary Jacob, R. J. Neale (Lecturer), Roland Watson, Richard Lloyd Parry, David Hands, Jenni Murray, Charles Bremner, Michael Glover, Matt Dickinson Chief Football Correspondent, Charles Bremner and Catherine Philp, James Jackson/Gabrielle Starkey, Caroline Merrell Banking Correspondent, Angela Jameson, Barbara McLaren, Richard Cork, Brian Holden, Oliver Kay, Lisa Armstrong, Bob Cammiade, Sam Coates, Ann Treneman, Simon de Bruxelles, Celia Brayfield, Sue Moller, Gabriel Rozenberg, Neil Harman Tennis Correspondent, David Powell Athletics Correspondent, Tim Goldingham, Martin Samuel, V. Saunders, James Polke, Adam Sage, Christine Buckley, Lewis Smith, David Griffiths, Steve Boggan, Richard Ford and Stewart Tendler, Peter Toogood, Philip Webster and David Charter, Rosemary Bennett Deputy Political Editor, Xan Rice, Nigel Hawkes, Jeremy Page, Clifford Coonan, Chris Campling, Cathy Harris, Patrick Hosking, Helen Nugent, Richard Hovil, Roger Boyes, Emily Davies, Peter Dixon, Gabriel Rozenberg Economics Reporter, Nick Hasell, Nick Kelly, David Hands Rugby Correspondent, Tony Cascarino, Paul Simons, John Allison, Alan Lee Racing Journalist of the Year, Dominic Kennedy, James Doran, John Foster, Kitty Dimbleby, Jane Shilling, Ian Johns, Craig Lord, Hilary Spurling, Russell Jenkins, Neil Fisher, Peter Riddell, Bel Mooney and Kitty Dimble, Richard Beeston Diplomatic Editor, David Charter Chief Political Correspondent, Philip Webster, Martin Hasseck, Simon Jenkins, Martin Waller, Chris Ayres, Christopher Irvine, Alan Coren, Sarah Butler, Benedict Nightingale, Stephen Dalton, Nicola Woolcock, Tim Luckhurst, Bill Edgar, Alice Miles, Abigail Rayner, Randy Cohen, Rosemary Bennett and Gary Duncan, Jenny Davey, Peter Klinger, Patience Wheatcroft, Joe Bolger, Philip Pank, Elizabeth Judge Telecoms Correspondent,
... More than 53,000 people could die but antiviral jab will not prevent all the deaths, reports ...
2005 - Gale Group | TDA
Yidan Liu, Shufang Xiao, Jiamin Li, Long Xia, Yuqing Zhang, Xiaofeng Li,
... have HZ suffer from pain. Early use of antiviral medications has been found to reduce pain across all stages of the disease. Although many antiviral agents via oral or intravenous administration were recommended ... compare the efficacy and adverse events of various antiviral agents used for the treatment of HZ-associated ... inception to Feb 2020.Randomized clinical trials evaluating antiviral agents currently available for treating HZ-associated pain ... treatment of acute pain among all the oral antiviral agents. For the presence of pain at 28- ...
Tópico(s): Healthcare and Venom Research
2023 - American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians | Pain Physician
National Library of Medicine (NCBI)
Giles Smith, Andrew Robson, Phil Yates, Martin Cassini, Aidan Magee, Lord Bruce-Lockhart, Andrew Billen, Robert Cole, Andrew Gellert General Practitioner, Greg Hurst Political Correspondent, Frances Gibb Legal Editor, David Aaronovitch, Gary Duncan, Stan Smith, Amanda Ursell, James Harding, Duleep Allirajah, Linda Tsang, Sandra Arthur, David Rose, Nigel Clarke, Michael Evans Defence Editor, Philip Howard, Hilary Finch, Carol Midgley, Christine Seib, David Chater, James Bone, Rachel Campbell-Johnston, Richard Hobson One-Day Cricket Correspondent, Elizabeth Judge, Carl Mortished, Hew Mathewson, Will Pavia, Sam Marlowe, Robert Sandall, Ian O'donnell, Kevin Eason, Lucy Bannerman, Stephen S. Roach, Joe Joseph, Robin Pagnamenta, Lester May, Keith Smy Chief Superintendent, Valerie Elliott, Donald Hutera, Jill Janney, Siobhan Kennedy, Stewart Tendler Crime Correspondent, Dominic Walsh, Tom Bawden, Dan Sabbagh Media Editor, Debra Craine, Dr Ceri Parssons, Gary Jacob, Edmund Jones, Tim Reid, Dan Sabbagh, Ruth Gledhill Religion Correspondent, Libby Purves, Richard Ford Home Correspondent, Alan Hamilton, Stephen Farrell, Elizabeth Colman, Hemant Patel, T. J. R. Wood, Neil Minor, Valerie Elliott Consumer Editor, Marc Aspland Chief Sports Photographer, Richard Lloyd Parry, Claire Sanders, Sholto Byrnes, Lisa Armstrong Fashion Editor, Richard Susskind, Hugo Rifkind, Derwent May, Russell Kempson, Andre Segovia, Laura Gascoigne, Edward Fennell, Oliver Kay, Gerard Baker, Tony Baker, Neil Harman, James Harding Business Editor, Julian Evans, Tom Baldwin, Pete Paphides, Gary Slapper, Ann Treneman, Keith Smy, Simon de Bruxelles, Rob Wright, Stuart Miles, Robin Pagnamenta Health Industries Correspondent, Gabriel Rozenberg, Neil Harman Tennis Correspondent, Raymond Keene, Adam Sage, Christine Buckley, Matthew Pryor, Peter Riddell Political Briefing, Matt Hughes, Sarah Campbell, Angus Logan, Sean O'Neill, Nigel Hawkes, Jeremy Page, Henry Will, Bronwen Maddox, Chris Campling, Patrick Hosking, Damian Whitworth, Jon Robins, Mick Hume, Dr Anna Van Der Gaag, Roger Boyes, Francesca Steele, Peter Dixon, Nick Hasell, Grania Langdon-Down, Rod Brangwyn, Clendon Daukes, Stewart Tendler, Rosie Varley, David Hands Rugby Correspondent, Tom Dart, Paul Simons, Nigel Kendall, Gerard Baker US Editor, John Goodbody, Alex Aldridge, James Doran, Adrian Mason, Michele Kirsch, Jonathan Perks, managing director, Ian Cope, director of census, Thomas Catan, George Caulkin, Tony Adams, Alan Lee, Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska, Phil Knott, Hugh Starkey, Richard Beeston Diplomatic Editor, Rajeev Syal, David Sinclair, Michael Heenan, Mark Henderson, Chris Ayres, Lewis Smith Environment Reporter, Martin Waller, James Jackson, Patrick Foster, Elizabeth Franklin, Nigel Hawkes Health Editor, Sarah Butler, Stephen Cragg, Paul Larter, Dr Thomas Stuttaford, Stephen Dalton, Kenneth Herman, James Lewis, Fiona Bawdon, Richard Morrison, Tim Lawson-Cruttenden, Frances Gibb, Tony Halpin, Michael Evans, Alexandra Blair Education Correspondent, Owen Slot, Olav Bjortomt, Camilla Seaward, Jennifer Veitch, Nicola Copping, Alan Charles, David Robertson, Bryce Elder, Professor Sir Graeme Catto, Christopher Irvine, Steve Hawkes Industry Reporter,
... Aspect Property Group Next flu virus could beat antiviral drugs Antidepressants linked to fractures Stem cells could ...
2007 - Gale Group | TDA
Jun Wang, Md Shahed-AI-Mahmud, Angelo Chen, Kan Li, Haozhou Tan, Ryan Joyce,
... COVID-19 pandemic have reignited interest in orthopoxvirus antivirals. Monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the ... Given their human safety profiles and in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models, both drugs have also ... infection. To facilitate the development of additional orthopoxvirus antivirals, we summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and mechanism of resistance of orthopoxvirus antivirals. This perspective covers both direct-acting and host-targeting antivirals with an emphasis on drug candidates showing in ...
Tópico(s): Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
2023 - American Chemical Society | Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
National Library of Medicine (NCBI)
Giles Smith, Andrew Robson, Matt Dickinson Chief Sports Correspondent, Julie Daniels, Linda Blair, Matthew Syed, Andrew Billen, Brigadier D. A. Capewell Royal, David Brown, Zahid Hussain, Frances Gibb Legal Editor, Magnus Linklater, Peter Lansley, Robert Lindsay, Duncan McFarlane, Mark Souster, Peter Tatchell, Philip Howard, Hilary Finch, David Lister Scotland Correspondent, Christine Seib, David Chater, Ben Hoyle Arts Reporter, James Bone, James Ducker, Rachel Campbell-Johnston, Colin Fuller, Elizabeth Judge, Rosalind Renshaw, Carl Mortished, Patrick Kidd, Marcus Oscarsson, Kevin Eason, Joe Joseph, Andrew Norfolk, David Sharrock, Ben Webster Transport Correspondent, Pat Gibson, Valerie Elliott Countryside Editor, Jane MacArtney, Hilary Rose, Turlough O'donnell, SC Chairman of the Irish Bar, Dr Richard Aspin, Peter Wood, Siobhan Kennedy, Martin Samuel Sports writer, Deborah Haynes, Peter Tobin, Dominic Walsh, Tom Bawden, Victoria Segal, Lord Mitchell, Peter Stiff, Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Reid, Dan Sabbagh, Valerie Stacey, QC Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, Ruth Gledhill Religion Correspondent, Rajendra K. Aneja, Richard Ford Home Correspondent, Alan Hamilton, Colin Guthrie, Rhys Blakely, Stephanie Condron, Charles Bremner, General Musharraf, Ron Lewis, Adam Sherwin Media Correspondent, Lisa Armstrong Fashion Editor, David Charter, Hugo Rifkind, Derwent May, Russell Kempson, Graham Spiers, Suzy Jagger, Gary Duncan Economics Editor, Michelle Braham, David Lister, Neil Harman, Jackie Worrall, James Harding Business Editor, Wadham Sutton, Jill Sherman Whitehall Editor, Angus Macleod, Ann Treneman, Rob Wright, Geoffrey Dean, Alice Olins, Edward Gorman Motor Racing Correspondent, Neil Harman Tennis Correspondent, Rebecca Newman, Raymond Keene, Luke Leitch, Christine Buckley, Matt Hughes, Christine Buckley Industrial Editor, Sean O'Neill, Kaveh Solhekol, Geoffrey Vos, QC Chairman of the Bar of England and Wales, Nigel Hawkes, Jeremy Page, Fran Yeoman, Bronwen Maddox, Susan Kelly, Richard Owen, Patrick Hosking, John Field, Roger Boyes, Alice Blanchard, Francis Elliott Deputy Political Editor, Peter Dixon, Nick Hasell, Carolyn Asome, David Hands Rugby Correspondent, Tom Dart, Paul Simons, Philip Webster Political Editor, Steve Hawkes, Craig Lord, Jonathan Pugh, A. C. Morrison, Russell Jenkins, Peter Riddell, Richard Beeston, Ben Webster, David Sanderson, David Sinclair, Martin Waller, Patrick Foster, Dr Christopher Lee, Nigel Hawkes Health Editor, Ashling O'Connor, Lydia Hislop, Keith J. Sutton, Stephen Dalton, Carolynne Wheeler, Nicola Woolcock, Leo Lewis, Richard Morrison, Tony Halpin, Noelle McGrenera, QC Chairman of the Bar, John Cole, Alice Miles, Michael Evans, Alan Lee Racing Correspondent, Olav Bjortomt, Peter Long, Richard Ford, Lisa Verrico, Sarmad al-Waali, Virginia Matthews,
... line World race to stock up on the antiviral drug Pugh Tories' new battle on 'Enoch' candidate ...
2007 - Gale Group | TDA
Jordan J. Feld, Anna S. Lok, Fabien Zoulim,
... phase 1 and phase 2 trials regarding the antiviral activity and safety profile of these agents. There ... to control viral replication and prevent resistance to antiviral drugs. In this review, we discuss perspectives on ... immunological biomarkers to stratify patients and predict/monitor antiviral response. A functional cure of chronic hepatitis B ... phase 1 and phase 2 trials regarding the antiviral activity and safety profile of these agents. There ... to control viral replication and prevent resistance to antiviral drugs. In this review, we discuss perspectives on ...
Tópico(s): Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology
2023 - Elsevier BV | Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
National Library of Medicine (NCBI)
Veronica J. Wallace, Eric G. Sakowski, Sarah P. Preheim, Carsten Prasse,
Abstract Antiviral drugs are used globally as treatment and prophylaxis for long-term and acute viral infections. Even though antivirals also have been shown to have off-target effects on bacterial growth, the potential contributions of antivirals to antimicrobial resistance remains unknown. Herein we explored the ability of different classes of antiviral drugs to induce antimicrobial resistance. Our results establish the previously unrecognized capacity of antivirals to broadly alter the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles ...
Tópico(s): Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
2023 - Nature Portfolio | Communications Biology
Haojia Wang, Xin Jia, Meiqi Zhang, Cuiqin Cheng, Xue Liang, Xuejiao Wang, Fang Xie, Jinyong Wang, Yanli Yu, Yuting He, Qiutong Dong, Yao Wang, Anlong Xu,
... new roles for NRF2, including the regulation of antiviral responses to various viruses, suggesting that pharmacological NRF2- ... be a natural NRF2 agonist and has has antiviral activities against HCV (hepatitis C virus) and IAV (influenza A virus). However, the spectrum of antiviral activity and associated mechanism of ISL against other ... are not well defined.This study investigated the antiviral activity and underlying mechanism of ISL against vesicular ... virus type 1 (HSV-1).We evaluated the antiviral activity of ISL against VSV, H1N1, EMCV, and ...
Tópico(s): Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
2023 - Elsevier BV | Phytomedicine
... priority. Emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 antivirals might be effective in preventing long COVID. Work ... molnupiravir, and ensitrelvir point in the same direction—antiviral use in the acute phase of COVID-19 ... challenges remain. Because in most countries, the available antivirals (nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir) are only authorised for use ... 19 illness, studies evaluating the effectiveness of these antivirals for long COVID were limited to this population. ... low risk. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of these antivirals in reducing the risk of long COVID in ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
2023 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Ricky Siebeler, Menno P.J. de Winther, Marten A. Hoeksema,
... viral infections, IFNs are secreted to induce an antiviral state in host cells, supporting our first line ... al.Type I IFN modulates innate and specific antiviral immunity.J Immunol. 2000; 164: 4220-4228Crossref PubMed ... IFNs is now known to extend well beyond antiviral responses. Namely, IFNs orchestrate various distinct homeostatic processes ... al.Type I IFN modulates innate and specific antiviral immunity.J Immunol. 2000; 164: 4220-4228Crossref PubMed ... the ability of type II IFN to induce antiviral responses, it is a notorious activator of macrophages ...
Tópico(s): Immune cells in cancer
2023 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
National Library of Medicine (NCBI)
Srijan Chatterjee, Manojit Bhattacharya, Kuldeep Dhama, Sang‐Soo Lee, Chiranjib Chakraborty,
... S. Niccoli L. Foti R. Immune therapy, or antiviral therapy, or both for COVID-19: a systematic ... The FDA has approved the nirmatrelvir molecule (an antiviral component of Paxlovid) for treating mild-to-moderate ... Scholar It has been proven that the oral antiviral nirmatrelvir, which targets the 3CL protease of SARS- ... 2022; 14: 1603Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar Antiviral treatments are crucial for treating those who are ... R.J. Nitsche C. Jackson C.J. Predicting antiviral resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 main protease ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
2023 - Cell Press | Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids
Shahin Homaeigohar, Xuan Liu, Mady Elbahri,
Antiviral peptides and antiviral polysaccharides can play a major role in the prevention and treatment of emerging viral health problems. These antiviral compounds are biocompatible, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and ... advances (mainly within the past five years) in antiviral nano-assemblies comprising antiviral peptides or antiviral polysaccharides. To the best of our knowledge, there ... literature that has solely and sufficiently investigated such antiviral nanomaterials partially or totally derived from nature. The ...
Tópico(s): Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
2023 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Controlled Release
Jinpeng Su, Livia Brunner, Edanur Ateş Öz, Julia Sacherl, Géraldine Frank, Helene Anne Kerth, Frank Thiele, Marian Wiegand, Carolin Mogler, Julio Aguilar, Percy A. Knolle, Nicolas Collin, Anna D. Kosinska, Ulrike Protzer,
... hepatitis B vaccines is key to improving their antiviral effect.•A heterologous prime-boost vaccine with particulate ... cells promote antibody and CD8 T-cell responses.•Antiviral efficacy is lost when CD4 or CD8 T ... and unravel factors that are essential for the antiviral efficacy of TherVacB.MethodsRecombinant hepatitis B surface and ... and conventional aluminium hydroxide formulations. Immunogenicity and the antiviral effects of protein antigen formulations and the MVA- ... of vaccine-induced immune responses and its therapeutic antiviral effect in mice.ConclusionsOur results identify CD4 T- ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
2023 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Hepatology
Dominika Žigrayová, Veronika Mikušová, Peter Mikuš,
Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective ... pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity. In this article, antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of their action are ... polymers serving as a favorable matrix for the antiviral drug carrier. Besides a wider view of different antiviral delivery systems, this review focuses on advances in antiviral drug delivery systems based on chitosan (CS) and ... and properties, approaches to the incorporation of an antiviral drug in the CS polymer as well as ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Immunology Research
2023 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Viruses
Springer Link
Michelle Felicia Lee, Yuan Seng Wu, Chit Laa Poh,
... vaccine and the absence of a clinically approved antiviral against dengue virus (DENV) drive the urgent demand ... the development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics. Various antiviral agents have been developed and investigated for their ... discusses the mechanisms of action employed by various antiviral agents against DENV. The development of host-directed antivirals targeting host receptors and direct-acting antivirals targeting DENV structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed. In addition, the development of antivirals that target different stages during post-infection such ...
Tópico(s): Malaria Research and Control
2023 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Viruses