"Remis à S.E. le Landamman le 29 septembre 1808" Page iv misnumbered v. Errata precedes text. Book.
0000 - Gale Group | The Making of Modern World
Seungjin Seo, Nakkyu Chae, Samuel Park, Richard I. Foster, Sungyeol Choi,
Simulating the Corrosion-Related Unidentified Deposit (CRUD) on the surface of fuel assemblies is necessary to predict the axial offset anomaly and the localized corrosion induced by the CRUD during the operation of nuclear power plants. A new CRUD model was developed to predict the formation of the CRUD deposits, considering the deposition and erosion mechanisms. The heat transfer and capillary flow within the CRUD were also considered to evaluate the boiling amount within the CRUD layer. This model predicted a CRUD deposit thickness ...
Tópico(s): Petroleum Processing and Analysis
2023 - Elsevier BV | Nuclear Engineering and Technology
Andrew Robson, Phil Yates, Felice Tocchini, Stewart Tendler and David Lister, David Adams, Bill Morris, General Secretary, Andy Fitzsimons, Robert Dawson Scott, Robert Cole, Catherine Riley, Andrew Pierce, DJM, Zahid Hussain, Nick Ralph, Gary Duncan, Robert Thicknesse, Paul Hoggart, Claire McDonald, Mark Souster, David Rhys Jones, Michael Evans Defence Editor, Philip Howard, Nick Dennis, David Chater, Suna Erdem, James Bone, Clive Davis, Paul Sisons, Alexandra Frean Social Affairs Correspondent, Gabrielle Starkey, Carl Mortished, Valerie Elliott and Melissa Kite, Michael Taggart, Jeremy Hazlehurst, Antonia Senior, Ben Webster Transport Correspondent, Simon Kuper, Anthony Browne, Shirley English, Gary Jacob, Joe Morgan, Dalya Alberge Arts Correspondent, Oliver Del Mar, Richard Ford Home Correspondent, Stephen Farrell, Andrew Bamji, Eve-Ann Prentice, Phil Gordon, David Hands, Malika Browne, Charles Bremner, Chris Johnston, Gavin Ashenden, Peter Harper, Jonathan Richards, James Atwell, Angela Jameson, Vanora Bennett, Sally Jones, Roger M. Thomas, David Rowan, Tony Halpin Education Editor, Richard Beeston Diplomatic Editor and Stephen Farrell, Daniel McGrory, John Wadham, Director, Ross Clark, Michael Theodoulou, Rick Broadbent, Parent Forum, Jill Sherman Whitehall Editor, Mark Henderson Science Correspondent, Esher (President), John Hopkins, Ann Treneman, Geoffrey Dean, Rob Wright, Elaine Monaghan, Gabriel Rozenberg, Raymond Keene, Christine Buckley, Sean MacAulay, Melissa Kite and Anthony Browne, Russell Hotten, Helen Studd and Ruth Gledhill, Coomi Kapoor, Helen Nugent, Richard Owen, Malcolm Bowden, Christopher Martin-Jenkins Chief Cricket Correspondent, Roger Boyes, David Mattin, Jerome Pugmire, Emily Davies, Martin Woods, Peter Dixon, A. B. Aston, Dalya Alberge, David Hands Rugby Correspondent, Owen Slot Chief Sports Reporter, Tony Cascarino, William Rees-Mogg, John Goodbody, Melissa Kite Political Correspondent, Jane Shilling, Tim Hames, Craig Lord, Ian Johns, Mel Webb, Jennai Cox, Richard Heller, Chris McGrath, Lea Paterson and Gary Duncan, Michael Austin, Walter Gammie, Allen Robertson, Robert Earnshaw, John Barron, Richard Miles, Callum Spreng (Director), Lewis Stuart, Victoria Field, Martin Waller, Caltlin Moran, Mark Baldwin, Ashling O'Connor, Stephen Dalton, Jane Lawrence (Retired head teacher), Richard Morrison, Alyson Rudd, David Powell, James Christopher, Bill Edgar, Michael Evans, Alan Lee Racing Correspondent, Robert J. Waterhouse, Jan Raath, Nigel Corbett, Janine di Giovanni, Rosemary Bennett, Melissa Kite and Antonia Senior, David Lister Ireland Correspondent,
... a Will Judged Antidote to the Usual Redemption Crud Laughing All the Way from the Bank Comedy ...
2002 - Gale Group | TDA
CRUD is the corrosion product deposit found on a fuel rod surface of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Problematic phenomena caused by CRUD – CRUD Induced Power Shift (CIPS) and CRUD Induced Localized Corrosion (CILC) – are closely related to the heat transfer mechanism of CRUD. However, heat transfer regimes of CRUD are still not well clarified. Therefore, the heat transfer regimes of CRUD were investigated using existing database from the CRUD heat transfer experiment. As a result, it was ... their heat transfer regimes so that models for CRUD can be validated with appropriate database for the ...
Tópico(s): Nuclear Materials and Properties
2018 - Elsevier BV | Nuclear Engineering and Design
Alexander Werth, Ernest Newman, J. L. Hodson "Sunday Times" Special Correspondent, W. E. Woodward, Rev. Sidney M. Berry D. D., Yarborough, Chris Bale, Ralph Straus, Professor E. N. da C. Andrade, Norman Crump City Editor, James Agate, Peter Masefield "Sunday Times" Air Correspondent, J. Strutt, D. R. Gent, Desmond MacCarthy, William Courtenay "Sunday Times" Correspondent with the American Forces, George Sampson, A. B. Emden Principal of St. Edmund Hall, Harry Barron, Edward Shanks, Leonard Mosley "Sunday Times" Special War Correspondent, Dilys Powell, Alexander Werth "Sunday Times" Special Correspondent, Q Q, C. A. Alington, Raymond Henniker-Heaton,
... Good Showing Welsh Guards 24 pts., A. A. Crud. 14 Athletics "Daily Sketch" Golf To-Day "Sunday ...
1942 - Gale Group | Sunday Times HA GDA
... heat transfer within the Chalk River Unidentified Deposit (CRUD), which is a kind of fouling found on ... fuel rods of pressurized water reactors (PWR). The CRUD tends to develop steam chimneys that separate the ... the vapor phase. Therefore, the model describes the CRUD as a porous medium with steam chimneys. Unlike ... is generated by the bubble nucleation at the CRUD–clad interface, as observed via the visualization study ... the steam chimney. The heat transfer in the CRUD can be described by three mechanisms of heat ...
Tópico(s): Groundwater flow and contamination studies
2017 - Elsevier BV | International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
Crud, Elie Victor Benjamin, baron,
Book.
0000 - Gale Group | The Making of Modern World
Ittinop Dumnernchanvanit, Vivek Mishra, Naiqiang Zhang, Sean Robertson, A. Delmore, Gabriela Mota, Dennis Hussey, G. Wang, W. A. Byers, Michael P. Short,
... fouling deposits on nuclear fuel rods, known as crud, continues to challenge the worldwide fleet of light water reactors (LWRs). Crud may cause serious operational problems for LWRs, including ... attempt to model and predict the effects of crud, but each makes critical assumptions regarding how to treat the complex, porous microstructure of crud and its resultant effects on temperature, pressure, and crud chemistry. In this study, we demonstrate that crud is indeed a fractalline porous medium using flowing ...
Tópico(s): Nuclear reactor physics and engineering
2017 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
Crud, E.-V.-B. (Elie-Victor-Benjamin), baron,
Book.
0000 - Gale Group | The Making of Modern World
Daniel Walter, Brian K. Kendrick, Victor Petrov, Annalisa Manera, Benjamin Collins, Thomas Downar,
... multiphysics framework for the high-fidelity simulation of CRUD deposition is developed to better understand the coupled ... physics of lattice depletion, computational fluid dynamics, and CRUD chemistry. The three physics are coupled together via ... to predict and assess potential operating issues, including CRUD induced power shift and CRUD induced localized corrosion, known as CIPS and CILC, ... was reached. The simulation recreated the classic striped CRUD pattern often seen on pulled fuel rods containing ...
Tópico(s): Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
2015 - Elsevier BV | Annals of Nuclear Energy
Ling Zou, Hongbin Zhang, Jess C Gehin, Brendan Kochunas,
A thermal-hydraulics (TH)/neutronics/crud multiphysics coupling framework to simulate the crud deposits' impact on crud-induced power shift (CIPS) phenomenon is proposed in this paper. ... coupling among three essential physics (i.e., TH, crud, and neutronics) was implemented by coupling the computational fluid dynamics software STAR-CCM+, a newly developed crud module, and the neutronics code DeCART. A typical ... month simulation. Simulation results provide the history of crud deposits inventory and their distributions on fuel rods, ...
Tópico(s): Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
2013 - Taylor & Francis | Nuclear Technology
Pengge Ning, Hongbin Cao, Chenming Liu, Yuping Li, Yi Zhang,
In this study, the interfacial crud produced during the extraction of vanadium and chromium by primary amine N1923 was investigated from the leaching solution containing heavy metals. ... the leaching solution on the percentage of the crud produced and the emulsion type of the crud were studied. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform ... been employed for the physiochemical characterizations of the crud. Our results indicate that the percentage of the crud produced is greatly affected by the pH value ...
Tópico(s): Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization
2009 - Elsevier BV | Hydrometallurgy
Roger P. Sperline, Y Song, Enxin Ma, Henry Freiser,
Abstract Interfacial `cruds' from hydrometallurgical solvent extraction of copper ions were examined to assist in the establishment of potential causes of cruds. Diluent-insoluble, polar organics comprised the majority of the solid mass of crud; inorganic particulates and bacterial/fungi were not dominant. ... and acetone extraction were developed to separate these cruds into inorganic, soluble organic, and insoluble organic fractions, ... analyze 12 assorted extraction stage and strip stage cruds. UV–Visible and infrared spectroscopic comparisons of the ...
Tópico(s): Analytical chemistry methods development
1998 - Elsevier BV | Hydrometallurgy
Junhyuk Ham, Yun‐Ju Lee, Seung Chang Yoo, Michael P. Short, Chi Bum Bahn, Ji Hyun Kim,
... applied to mitigate the deposition of fouling deposits (crud) on pressurized water reactor fuel cladding. Titanium nitride ... surface force at pressurized water reactor conditions, between crud and the substrate. Crud deposition experiments were conducted in a heated, flowing ... Nb-Sn alloy tubes for 1–2 weeks. Crud morphology and thickness were investigated using focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy, and crud chemical composition was measured via energy-dispersive X- ... demonstrate that the titanium nitride coating effectively reduced crud deposition thickness compared to uncoated Zr-Nb-Sn ...
Tópico(s): Fusion materials and technologies
2021 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
... availability of large data sets in psychology, the “crud” factor has, however, become more relevant than ever ... meaningful. This review tracks the history of the crud factor and examines how its use in the ... deep-seated lack of understanding about what the crud factor is and discuss whether it can be ... be interpreted. This lack of understanding makes the crud factor a convenient tool for psychologists to use ... unwanted results, even though the presence of a crud factor should be a large inconvenience for the ...
Tópico(s): Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
2020 - SAGE Publishing | Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science
Ittinop Dumnernchanvanit, Naiqiang Zhang, Sean Robertson, A. Delmore, Max Carlson, Dennis Hussey, Michael P. Short,
... fouling deposits on nuclear fuel rods, known as crud, continues to challenge the worldwide fleet of light water reactors (LWRs). Crud causes serious operational problems for LWRs, including axial ... attempt to model and predict the effects of crud, but each assumes that it will always be ... this study, we report on the development of crud-resistant materials as fuel cladding coatings, to reduce ... experiments at flowing LWR conditions show significantly reduced crud adhesion and surface crud coverage, respectively, for TiC ...
Tópico(s): Fusion materials and technologies
2017 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
Chaochao Xue, Yulong Mao, Ziyu Zhang, Jibo Tan, Xinqiang Wu, En‐Hou Han, Tianming Ruan, Jinggang Li, Jiapeng Liao,
Crud deposition behavior on zirconium alloy fuel cladding in high-temperature pressurized oxygenated water environments was investigated. Porous crud with typical boiling chimney was found on the cladding surface which is similar to the crud observed in nuclear power plants. Crud particles were identified as Fe2O3 and NiFe2O4 when ... on the whole cross section of the porous crud layer. The mechanisms of crud deposition on the fuel cladding and the boron enrichment within the crud are discussed.
Tópico(s): Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics
2022 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
Won‐Seok Kim, Seongsik Nam, Seeun Chang, Hyunju Kim, Wooyong Um,
... and used to remove Chalk River unidentified deposit (CRUD) in radioactive waste management. In cases of huge volumes of metal or radionuclides contaminated by CRUD, removal of CRUD by mechanical or chemical decontamination is difficult. An ... combined with chemical decontamination was applied to remove CRUD and experimentally evaluated. Oxalic acid was used for CRUD removal, and cobalt (Co) released from the CRUD was transferred to the cathode in an electrokinetic ... indicate that the combined system is efficient for CRUD removal with enhanced, efficiency by use of the ...
Tópico(s): Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods
2017 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Kyeongsook Kim, Hong-Joo Lee, Duk‐Won Kang, S. Inoue,
The Chalk River Unidentified Deposit (cruds) were classified into Types 1 and 2 based on the analyses of actual cruds from target objects such as steam generator (SG) ... or metal hydroxide was used to synthesize simulated cruds having chemical compositions and crystalline structure similar to the actual one by 12 different methods. CRUD 4 (metal oxides in the autoclave vessel) and CRUD 10 (metal oxides in a crucible after hydrazine ... for Types 1 and 2, respectively. These simulated cruds showed reasonable dissolubilities by dissolution tests using well- ...
Tópico(s): Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
2003 - Elsevier BV | Nuclear Engineering and Design
Hiroshi Sugai, Kenzo Munakata,
... for nuclear fuel reprocessing, a stable emulsion called “crud” is formed at the interface between the organic and aqueous phases. Crud is an emulsion stabilized by finely dispersed solids. Process disturbances are often induced by crud. Accordingly, crud should be eliminated from the interface in the extractors. The eliminated crud is stable and highly radioactive; thus, the treatment of this crud may be difficult. Complexes of zirconium and tributyl ... extraction process. A chemical treatment method to demulsify crud stabilized by precipitates of Zr-H3PO4 and Zr- ...
Tópico(s): Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
1992 - Taylor & Francis | Nuclear Technology
Chaochao Xue, Ziyu Zhang, Jibo Tan, Xinqiang Wu, En‐Hou Han, Wei Ke,
... effects of Zn injection on corrosion behavior and crud deposition of FeCrAl fuel cladding in high-temperature ... were investigated under subcooled nuclear boiling condition. The crud deposition and the growth of double-layered oxide films under the crud occurred simultaneously. Zn injection decreased the oxide films ... oxide films, resulting in a reduction of deposited crud at the initial stage. Both Zn and released matrix elements could be incorporated into the crud and Zn reduced the size of crud particles.
Tópico(s): Fusion materials and technologies
2022 - Elsevier BV | Corrosion Science
Kyeongsu Kim, Seung Heon Baek, Hee-Sang Shim, Jong‐Hyeon Lee, Do Haeng Hur,
... simulated primary coolant of a PWR on fuel crud deposition behavior. Crud deposition tests were performed in recirculating hydrogenated water ... 100 ppb) at 325 °C and 120 bar. Crud deposited on the claddings was characterized as cubic ... ferrites and the zinc contents incorporated in the crud were increased with the increase of the added zinc concentrations. The deposited crud mass at 100 ppb zinc was increased by ... ppb zinc condition, resulting in an increase of crud.
Tópico(s): Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Metals and Alloys
2020 - Elsevier BV | Annals of Nuclear Energy
Michael P. Short, Dennis Hussey, Brian K. Kendrick, Theodore M. Besmann, Christopher R. Stanek, Sidney Yip,
The formation of porous CRUD deposits on nuclear reactor fuel rods, a longstanding problem in the operation of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), is a significant ... sufficiently to enable a comprehensive, scientific understanding of CRUD. Here we present the formulation and results of ... which begins to incorporate mechanistic details in describing CRUD in PWRs. CRUD is treated as a chemical deposition process in ... that the assumption of liquid saturation in the CRUD deserves scrutiny, as a result of our attempt ...
Tópico(s): Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies
2013 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
N. Cinosi, Inam U. Haq, Michael Bluck, S.P. Walker,
Water-filled crud on the surface of PWR fuel could offer resistance to the flow of heat, which might be expected ... some evidence from post-irradiation inspection that the crud is penetrated by pores large enough to permit ... of water, heat and dissolved species within the crud. The fuel thermal performance is characterized in terms of an effective crud thermal conductivity derived from the use of this ... effective thermal conductivity has on parameters such as crud thickness and pore density is determined.
Tópico(s): Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
2011 - Elsevier BV | Nuclear Engineering and Design
Seungjin Seo, Byunggi Park, Sung Joong Kim, Ho Cheol Shin, Seo Jeong Lee, Minho Lee, Sungyeol Choi,
... chemistry in the porous Chalk River Unidentified Deposit (CRUD) deposits. Heat transfer, capillary flow, solute transport, and ... heat density, and chemical concentrations. In the thicker CRUD regions, 60% of the total heat is removed ... boron. The total amount of boron in the CRUD layer increases by a factor of 1.21 ... estimated according to various conditions such as different CRUD thickness and porosity. At the end of the ... case, the total mass of boron incorporated in CRUD deposits of a reference single fuel rod is ...
Tópico(s): Nuclear reactor physics and engineering
2020 - Elsevier BV | Nuclear Engineering and Technology
Knowledge of the mechanism of crud deposition in light water reactors is key to modeling its growth and effects. Empirical and mechanistic models of crud exist throughout the literature, yet the argument persists whether the crud source term originates more from soluble or particulate species. Here it is shown that the crud source term must be principally particulate in nature, as soluble deposition mechanisms cannot account for crud thicknesses observed in reactors.
Tópico(s): Radioactive element chemistry and processing
2018 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Nuclear Materials
Miaomiao Jin, Michael P. Short,
... corrosion deposits on nuclear fuel cladding, known as CRUD, can cause multiple operational problems in light water reactors (LWRs). CRUD can cause accelerated corrosion of the fuel cladding, ... In order to facilitate a better understanding of CRUD's effects, such as localized high cladding surface ... of 2D, two-phase film boiling within the CRUD, correcting earlier models' assumptions of single-phase coolant ... better explain observed experimental values of the effective CRUD thermal conductivity. Finally, we propose a more complete ...
Tópico(s): High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
2016 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Computational Physics
Tsuey‐Lin Tsai, Tzung‐Yi Lin, Te-Yen Su, Hwa‐Jou Wei, Lee‐Chung Men, Tung‐Jen Wen,
... of metallic composition and surface analysis on the cruds of fuel rods for unit-1 of boiling ... plant site in this study. Most of the crud consisted of the flakes and irregular shapes via ... water chemistry and the available mathematical model for crud deposition were utilized to interpret the chemistry effects on such crud deposition behavior. The fuel surface of this plant appeared to be one with the lower crud deposition.
Tópico(s): Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
2012 - Elsevier BV | Energy Procedia
... pH range for the primary coolant chemistry. Although CRUD is not a high level waste, it is very important products because CRUD is the major source of ORE and its ... exactly yet. To analyze the generation mechanism of CRUD at the long-term fuel cycle, the COTRAN code used, which simulate the behavior of the CRUD based on double layer concept model and solubility difference. It turned out that the activities of CRUD decreases as the pH of the coolant increases, ... of different fuel cycle, the generation of the CRUD increases as the operating fuel cycle duration increased. ...
Tópico(s): Radioactive element chemistry and processing
2003 - Elsevier BV | Annals of Nuclear Energy
... and aqueous phases. These emulsions are called interfacial “crud”. Crud is defined as an emulsion stabilized by finely ... the settler of the extractor, and so on. Cruds formed by precipitates of Zr and tributyl phosphate ( ... zirconium mole ratio (P/Zr) are important in crud formation. Moreover, it is shown that the complex ... Zr and H3P04 is not effective in stabilizing cruds.
Tópico(s): Chemical Synthesis and Characterization
1992 - Taylor & Francis | Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology