Jorge Parodí, Carlos A. Flores, Claudio Aguayo, M.I. Rudolph, Paola Casanello, Luis Sobrevía,
Chronic incubation with elevated d -glucose reduces adenosine transport in endothelial cells. In this study, exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to 25 mmol/L d -glucose or 100 μmol/L ATP, ATP-γ-S, or UTP, but not ADP or α,β-methylene ATP, reduced adenosine transport with no change in transport affinity. Inhibition of transport by d -glucose, ATP, and ATP-γ-S was associated with reduced maximal binding, with no changes in the apparent dissociation constant for nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR). ...
Tópico(s): Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes
2002 - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | Circulation Research
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Jaqueline Nascimento Picada, Débora G. Flores, Cláudio Galeano Zettler, Norma Possa Marroni, Rafael Roesler, João Antônio Pêgas Henriques,
We investigated whether systemic injection of apomorphine and its oxidation derivative 8-oxo-apomorphine-semiquinone (8-OASQ) could induce DNA damage in mice brain, using the single-cell gel assay. 8-OASQ induced DNA damage in the brains at 1 and 3 h, but not at 24 h after treatment whereas apomorphine induced a slight increase in brain DNA damage frequency at 3 h after treatment, suggesting that both drugs display genotoxic activity in brain tissue.
Tópico(s): DNA Repair Mechanisms
2003 - Elsevier BV | Molecular Brain Research
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Tales L. C. Martins, Teodorico C. Ramalho, José Daniel Figueroa‐Villar, Alex F. C. Flores, Cláudio M. P. Pereira,
Abstract Experimental and theoretical 15 N and 13 C NMR data for the three nitrobenzaldehyde guanylhydrazones are reported. The theoretical data were obtained using sequential molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics methodology for the calculation of flexible molecules in a condensed phase, followed by the use of the GIAO/DFT method with the 6–311G** basis set. The experimental 15 N chemical shifts for the guanylhydrazones are compared with the calculated shifts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tópico(s): Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
2003 - Wiley | Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
María V. Flores, Claudio E. Voget, R Ertola,
Tópico(s): Biofuel production and bioconversion
1994 - Elsevier BV | Enzyme and Microbial Technology
Graciela Birrueta Flores, Cláudio R. Lazzari,
The behaviour of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in response to thermal stimulation was studied. We analysed the effect of a heat source on the locomotion activity, and antennal movements of tethered insects. Antennal movements were studied both in the horizontal and vertical planes, and related to whether locomotion was being displayed or not. In addition, we analysed the trajectories of intact and unilaterally antennectomised insects towards a warm cylinder in a closed-loop design. In ...
Tópico(s): Insect Resistance and Genetics
1996 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Insect Physiology
Myrna Flores, Claudio R. Boër, Charles H. Huber, Adrian Plüss, Roger Schoch, Michel Pouly,
A large variety of organisational forms for collaboration have emerged during the last years as a result of the many socio-economic challenges faced by the society and enabled by the new ICT developments. As a result, in both developed and developing countries, different initiatives are carried out to motivate organisations, to network in new collaborative environments for innovation. In few cases, these initiatives have been promoted by Universities where academic researchers play a very important ...
Tópico(s): University-Industry-Government Innovation Models
2009 - Taylor & Francis | International Journal of Production Research
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Daniel R. Rissi, Felipe Pierezan, Mariana Só e Silva, Eduardo Furtado Flores, Cláudio Severo Lombardo de Barros,
The occurrence of neurological disease in cattle caused by Bovine herpesvirus in 11 farms from southern Brazil between 1987 and 2007 is described. Twenty-two animals were necropsied. Major clinical signs included excessive salivation, nasal and ocular discharge, circling, recumbency, depression, incoordination, grinding of teeth, and paddling movements. Necropsy findings in 10 of 22 cattle included hyperemia and softening of the rostral portions of the telencephalic cortex, with flattening of gyri, ...
Tópico(s): T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
2008 - SAGE Publishing | Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
Elı́as Manjarrez, Ignacio Méndez‐Balbuena, Lourdes Martínez, Amira Flores, Claudio R. Mirasso,
Harper [D.W. Harper, Signal detection analysis of effect of white noise intensity on sensitivity to visual flicker, Percept. Mot. Skills 48 (1979) 791–798] demonstrated that the visual flicker sensitivity was an inverted U-like function of the intensity of different levels of auditory noise from 50 to 90 dB (SPL), without concomitant changes in the response bias. The aim of the present study was to extend these observations in the context of the stochastic resonance, a counterintuitive phenomenon in ...
Tópico(s): Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
2007 - Elsevier BV | Neuroscience Letters
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Ricardo Barbosa Lucena, Daniel R. Rissi, Glaucia D. Kommers, Felipe Pierezan, José C Oliveira-Filho, Juliana T.S.A. Macêdo, Mariana Martins Flores, Cláudio S.L. Barros,
Records from 6,706 necropsy examinations of cattle performed over a 45-year period were surveyed and 586 cases of neoplasia were identified. The organ system most frequently affected by neoplastic disease (n=139 cases) was the alimentary tract. This finding was attributed to a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper alimentary tract associated with the chronic ingestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). This carcinogenic plant was also associated with a relatively high incidence ( ...
Tópico(s): Microbial infections and disease research
2011 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Comparative Pathology
Luis E. Arteaga‐Pérez, Mabel Vega‐Coloma, Lina C. Rodríguez, Mauricio Flores, Claudio A. Zaror, Yannay Casas-Ledón,
In this article, the environmental impacts associated to cofiring coal with forest biomass for electricity production in Chile are analyzed for: (i) untreated pine pellets and (ii) torrefied-pretreated pine pellets. Results show that energy production from cofiring coal/untreated wood pellets or coal/torrefied pellets, featured significant reductions in environmental impacts, as compared with pure coal plants. Indeed, reductions in acidification (28–26%), abiotic depletion (15–7%), eutrophication potential ( ...
Tópico(s): Bioenergy crop production and management
2015 - Elsevier BV | Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Marina Ritter, Rosiane Mastelari Martins, Silvana Alves Rosa, Juliana L. Malavolta, Rafael Guerra Lund, Alex F. C. Flores, Cláudio M. P. Pereira,
A green method was developed for the synthesis of chalcones using glycerin as solvent.Subsequently, the potential microbiology activity of these molecules was evaluated by testing them against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 19095 and Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) ATCC 4083, the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli) ATCC 29214 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) ATCC 9027, and the fungus Candida albicans (C.albicans), which includes ATCC 62342 and ...
Tópico(s): Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles
2015 - Brazilian Chemical Society | Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
Braulio Cervantes‐Paz, José de Jesús Ornelas‐Paz, Jaime David Pérez‐Martínez, Jaime Reyes‐Hernández, Paul Baruk Zamudio‐Flores, Claudio Ríos-Velasco, Vrani Ibarra‐Junquera, Saúl Ruíz‐Cruz,
Pectins with different chemical and rheological properties were added at two concentration levels into digestion reactions of soybean oil enriched with a mixture of free and esterified carotenoids to study their effects on several events involved on carotenoid micellarization. High pectin concentration increased lipolysis, viscosity of the gastrointestinal medium, and particle size but decreased carotenoid micellarization. At low concentration, pectin showed a high binding of bile salts and favored ...
Tópico(s): Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
2016 - Elsevier BV | Food Hydrocolloids
Victor Andres Inchaurrondo, María V. Flores, Claudio E. Voget,
Growth and β-galactosidase (β-gal) expression were characterized in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis strain NRRL Y-1118 growing in aerobic chemostat cultures under carbon, nitrogen or phosphate limitation. In lactose or galactose-limited cultures, β-gal accumulated in amounts equivalent to 10–12% of the total cell protein. The induced β-gal expression was repressed when cells were grown under N- or P-limitation. In lactose medium, enzyme levels were 4–8 times lower than those expressed in C-limited ...
Tópico(s): Biofuel production and bioconversion
1998 - Springer Science+Business Media | Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
Sergio Ruiz, Florent Aden-Antoniów, Juan Carlos Báez, C. Otarola, Bertrand Potin, Francisco del Campo, Piero Poli, C. Flores, Claudio Satriano, Felipe Leyton, Raúl Madariaga, Pascal Bernard,
Abstract The Valparaiso 2017 sequence occurred in the Central Chile megathrust, an active zone where the last mega‐earthquake occurred in 1730. Intense seismicity started 2 days before the M w 6.9 mainshock, a slow trenchward movement was observed in the coastal GPS antennas and was accompanied by foreshocks and repeater‐type seismicity. To characterize the rupture process of the mainshock, we perform a dynamic inversion using the strong‐motion records and an elliptical patch approach. We suggest ...
Tópico(s): Geological and Geochemical Analysis
2017 - American Geophysical Union | Geophysical Research Letters
Magdalena Misz‐Kennan, J. Kus, Deolinda Flores, Claudio Ávila, Zeynep Büçkün, Nandita Choudhury, Kimon Christanis, Jaco Joubert, Stavros Kalaitzidis, Ali İhsan Karayiğit, M. Malecha, Manuela Marques, Paolo Martizzi, Jennifer M.K. O’Keefe, Walter Pickel, Georgeta Predeanu, S. Pusz, Joana Ribeiro, Sandra Rodrigues, Ajay Singh, Isabel Suárez‐Ruíz, Ivana Sýkorová, N. Wagner, Dragana Životić,
Self-heating of coal waste is a major problem in the leading coal-producing and consuming countries, independent of the recent or past coal exploitation history. The phenomenon of self-heating is dependent on many factors such as the properties of organic matter (maceral composition and rank), moisture and pyrite content, climate effects, and storage conditions (shape of the dump or compaction of the coal waste). Once deposited, coal waste undergoes oxidation, which can lead to self-heating with the ...
Tópico(s): Coal and Coke Industries Research
2020 - Elsevier BV | International Journal of Coal Geology
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Ricardo Franklin de Freitas Mussi, Fábio Fernandes Flores, Cláudio Bispo de Almeida,
O presente trabalho aborda os pressupostos para o conhecimento científico, cuja modalidade a ser tematizada é o relato de experiência (RE). Este tipo de texto trata de uma vivência que tem relevância para o meio acadêmico ao compreender fenômenos de possibilidades interventivas da área e auxiliar na formação acadêmica, e também na profissional. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os pressupostos teóricos e estruturantes para elaboração de manuscritos da modalidade RE como construção de conhecimento. ...
Tópico(s): Education and Public Policy
2021 - UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA | Práxis Educacional
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Anna Christina Pinheiro, Daiana Aparecida Quintiliano, Jacqueline Araneda Flores, Claudio Álvarez, Mónica Suárez‐Reyes, José Luis Palacios, Tito Pizarro, Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira,
The analysis of the food environment is used to identify areas with gaps in the availability of healthy foods and can be used as a public policy assessment tool. In recent decades, Chile has implemented several strategies and regulations to improve food environments, with encouraging results. Little is known about the scope of these measures in socially vulnerable environments. This study is part of a project that seeks to build an integrated intervention model for healthy school environments in ...
Tópico(s): Nutritional Studies and Diet
2022 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Foods
Carlos A. Castañeda, Raymundo Flores, Katerin Rojas, Claudio Flores, Miluska Castillo, Esperanza Milla,
PURPOSE: Mammography is the cornerstone of breast cancer (BC) evaluation. This report investigates whether breast density (BD) and mammographic features of the tumor can provide information on both BC susceptibility to chemotherapy and other clinicopathologic features of locally advanced BC (LA BC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated mammography films and clinicopathological information of patients with LA BC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by tumor resection at the Instituto Nacional ...
Tópico(s): Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging
2014 - Elsevier BV | Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy
Sofía C. Ortiz, Santiago J. Aguirre, Sofía Flores, Claudio Maldonado, Juan Diego Mejía, Lilian Salinas,
Abstract Background High heterogeneity in the CFTR gene mutations disturbs the molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis ( CF ). In order to improve the diagnosis of CF in our country, the present study aims to define a panel of common CFTR gene mutations by sequencing 27 exons of the gene in Ecuadorian Cystic Fibrosis patients. Methods Forty‐eight Ecuadorian individuals with suspected/confirmed CF diagnosis were included. Twenty‐seven exons of CFTR gene were sequenced to find sequence variations. Prevalence ...
Tópico(s): Tracheal and airway disorders
2017 - Wiley | Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
Ana L. Ramos-Aguilar, Claudia I. Victoria-Campos, Emilio Ochoa-Reyes, José de Jesús Ornelas‐Paz, Paul Baruk Zamudio‐Flores, Claudio Ríos-Velasco, Jaime Reyes‐Hernández, Jaime David Pérez‐Martínez, Vrani Ibarra‐Junquera,
The impact of processing at industrial scale on properties of apple juice and pectin fractions extracted from the generated pomace is scarcely known. In this study, apple juice was collected at selected steps of the industrial production process and evaluated for physical and chemical properties. The generated pomace was recovered and subjected to extraction of pectins according to their solubility. They were evaluated for physicochemical and functional properties. The transmittance for color and ...
Tópico(s): Food composition and properties
2017 - Elsevier BV | LWT
The copper mining industry is increasingly using artificial intelligence methods to improve copper production processes. Recent studies reveal the use of algorithms, such as Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest, among others, to develop models for predicting product quality. Other studies compare the predictive models developed with these machine learning algorithms in the mining industry as a whole. However, not many copper mining studies published compare the results ...
Tópico(s): Minerals Flotation and Separation Techniques
2021 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Sensors
Maria Elena Arredondo, Eduardo Aranda, Rubén Astorga, Lorena Michele Brennan-Bourdon, Marise Danielle Campelo, Silvia Flores, Claudio Medel, Ignacio Manríquez, Patricia Ochoa, Beatriz Varela, Carlos Vega Salinas, Gabriel Lima-Oliveira,
Abstract Laboratories worldwide perform both hematological and coagulation testing on patients avoiding fasting time. In 2017, the Latin America Confederation of Clinical Biochemistry (COLABIOCLI) commissioned the Latin American Working Group for Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE-LATAM) to study preanalytical variability and establish guidelines for preanalytical procedures to be applied by clinical laboratories and health care professionals. This study, on behalf of COLABIOCLI WG-PRE-LATAM, aims to evaluate ...
Tópico(s): Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
2019 - Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany) | TH Open
Produção Nacional
Revisado por pares
Maria Inês Soares Melecchi, Valéria Flores Péres, Cláudio Dariva, Cláudia Alcaraz Zini, Fernanda Contieri Abad, Migdalia Miranda Martínez, Elina Bastos Caramão,
The influence of several experimental parameters on the ultrasonic extraction of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. flowers were investigated: extraction time, solvent polarity, sample amount, solvent volume and sample particle size. It was concluded that the most influential variables were extraction time and solvent polarity. The optimized procedure employed 5 g of ground flowers, 150 mL of methanol and 140 min of extraction. The extracts were fractionated using preparative silica columns and the resulting ...
Tópico(s): Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies
2005 - Elsevier BV | Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
Jhajaira M. Araujo, Andrea C. Gómez, Alfredo Aguilar, Roberto Salgado, Justin M. Balko, Leny Bravo, Franco D. Doimi, Denisse Bretel, Zaida Morante, Claudio Flores, Henry Gómez, Joseph A. Pinto,
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer with limited options of targeted therapy. Recent findings suggest that the clinical course of TNBC may be modified by the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and chemokine's expression, such as CCL5. Diverse studies have shown that CCL5 suppresses anti-tumor immunity and it has been related to poor outcome in different types of cancer while in other studies, this gene has been related with a better outcome. ...
Tópico(s): Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
2018 - Nature Portfolio | Scientific Reports
Ivana Gajardo, Claudia Salazar, Daniela López-Espíndola, Carolina Estay, Carolina Flores‐Muñoz, Claudio Elgueta, Arlek M. González‐Jamett, Agustı́n D. Martı́nez, Pablo Muñoz, Álvaro O. Ardiles,
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two forms of synaptic plasticity that have been considered as the cellular substrate of memory formation. Although LTP has received considerable more attention, recent evidences indicate that LTD plays also important roles in the acquisition and storage of novel information in the brain. Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is a membrane protein that forms non-selective channels which have been shown to modulate the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. ...
Tópico(s): Biochemical effects in animals
2018 - Frontiers Media | Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
César H. Saravia, Claudio Flores, Luis J. Schwarz, Leny Bravo, Jenny Zavaleta, Jhajaira M. Araujo, Silvia P. Neciosup, Joseph A. Pinto,
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with aggressive biology and complex tumor evolution. Our purpose was to identify enrichment patterns of genomic alterations in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC).Genomic data were retrieved (mutations and copy number variations) from 550 primary TNBC tumors from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets and 58 mTNBC tumors from "Mutational Profile ...
Tópico(s): Cancer Cells and Metastasis
2019 - SAGE Publishing | Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology
Joseph A. Pinto, Luis Pinillos, Cynthia Villarreal‐Garza, Zaida Morante, Manuel Villarán, Gerson Mejía, Christian Caglevic, Alfredo Aguilar, Williams Fajardo, Franz Usuga, Marcia Carrasco, Pamela Rebaza, Ana M. Posada, Indira Tirado-Hurtado, Claudio Flores, Carlos Vallejos,
Breast cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent malignancy in Latin American women, most cases being diagnosed at locally advanced or metastatic stages when options for cancer care are limited.Despite its label as a public health problem in the region, Latin American BC patients face several barriers in accessing standard of care treatment when compared with patients from developed countries.In this review, we analyse the landscape of the four main identified barriers in the region: i) high burden of locally ...
Tópico(s): Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
2019 - Cancer Intelligence | ecancermedicalscience
Fatemah A. Sakr, Michel J. Grothe, Enrica Cavedo, Irina Jelistratova, Marie‐Odile Habert, Martin Dyrba, Gabriel González‐Escamilla, Hugo Bertin, Maxime Locatelli, Stéphane Lehéricy, Stefan Teipel, Bruno Dubois, Harald Hampel, Hovagim Bakardjian, Habib Benali, Hugo Bertin, Joel Bonheur, Laurie Boukadida, Nadia Boukerrou, Enrica Cavedo, Patrizia Chiesa, Olivier Colliot, Bruno Dubois, Marion Dubois, Stéphane Epelbaum, Geoffroy Gagliardi, Remy Genthon, Marie-Odile Habert, Harald Hampel, Marion Houot, Aurélie Kas, Foudil Lamari, M J Levy, Simone Lista, Christiane Metzinger, Fanny Mochel, Francis Nyasse, Catherine Poisson, Marie‐Claude Potier, Marie Revillon, Antonio Santos, Katia Santos Andrade, Marine Sole, Mohmed Surtee, Michel Thiebaud de Schotten, Andrea Vergallo, Nadjia Younsi, Lisi Flores Aguilar, Claudio Babiloni, Filippo Baldacci, Norbert Benda, Keith L. Black, Arun L.W. Bokde, Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Karl Broich, René Sosata Bun, Francesco Cacciola, Juan Carlos Martínez‐Castrillo, Enrica Cavedo, Roberto Ceravolo, Patrizia A. Chiesa, Olivier Colliot, Cristina-Maria Coman, Jean‐Christophe Corvol, A. Claudio Cuello, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Herman Depypere, Bruno Dubois, Andrea Duggento, Stanley Durrleman, Valentina Escott-Price, Howard Federoff, Maria Teresa Ferretti, Massimo S. Fiandaca, Richard A. Frank, Francesco Garaci, Remy Genthon, Nathalie George, Filippo Sean Giorgi, Manuela Graziani, Marion Haberkamp, Marie-Odile Habert, Harald Hampel, Karl Herholz, Eric Karran, Seung Hyun Kim, Yosef Koronyo, Maya Koronyo‐Hamaoui, Foudil Lamari, Todd Langevin, Stéphane Lehéricy, Simone Lista, Jean Lorenceau, Mark Mapstone, Christian Néri, Robert Nisticò, Francis Nyasse-Messene, Sid E. O’bryant, George Perry, Craig Ritchie, Katrine Rojkova, Símone Rossi, Amira Saidi, Emiliano Santarnecchi, Lon S. Schneider, Olaf Sporns, Nicola Toschi, Steven R. Verdooner, Andrea Vergallo, Nicolas Villain, Lindsay A Welikovitch, Janet Woodcock, Erfan Younesi,
Abstract Background Current methods of amyloid PET interpretation based on the binary classification of global amyloid signal fail to identify early phases of amyloid deposition. A recent analysis of 18F-florbetapir PET data from the Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort suggested a hierarchical four-stage model of regional amyloid deposition that resembles neuropathologic estimates and can be used to stage an individual’s amyloid burden in vivo. Here, we evaluated the validity of this ...
Tópico(s): Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
2019 - BioMed Central | Alzheimer s Research & Therapy
Zaida Morante, Rossana Ruiz, Jhajaira M. Araujo, Joseph A. Pinto, Gabriel De la Cruz-Ku, Diego Urrunaga‐Pastor, Fernando Namuche, Claudio Flores, Raúl Mantilla, Maria Luján, Hugo Fuentes, Luis J. Schwarz, Alfredo Aguilar, Silvia P. Neciosup, Henry Gómez,
Adjuvant chemotherapy decreases the recurrence risk and improves survival rates; however, it is unclear whether a delayed initiation is associated with adverse outcomes, especially in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In this study, we evaluated the influence of the time to start adjuvant chemotherapy (TTC) in the outcomes of TNBC.We retrospectively analyzed 15 years of data from patients with TNBC who received adjuvant chemotherapy at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (Lima, Peru). ...
Tópico(s): Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
2020 - Elsevier BV | Clinical Breast Cancer
Two receptor populations involved in the release of prolactin were examined in conscious, freely moving, male rats bearing indwelling jugular cannulae. The intravenous administration of either nicotine or morphine increased plasma prolactin levels. Pretreatment with the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine blocked the prolactin response to nicotine only. In contrast, the opiate antagonist naltrexone blocked the prolactin response to both nicotine and morphine. These findings indicate that the nicotine ...
Tópico(s): Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
1989 - Elsevier BV | Neuropharmacology