Jorge L. Vago, Francès Westall, Landing S Pasteur Instrument Teams, A. J. Coates, R. Jaumann, Oleg Korablev, Valérie Ciarletti, И. Г. Митрофанов, Jean‐Luc Josset, M. C. De Sanctis, Jean‐Pierre Bibring, F. Rull, F. Goesmann, H. Steininger, W. Goetz, W. Brinckerhoff, Cyril Szopa, F. Raulin, Francès Westall, Howell G. M. Edwards, Lyle G. Whyte, Alberto González Fairén, Jean‐Pierre Bibring, J. C. Bridges, Ernst Hauber, G. G. Ori, Stéphanie C. Werner, D. Loizeau, R. O. Kuzmin, R. M. E. Williams, J. Flahaut, F. Forget, Jorge L. Vago, D. Rodionov, Oleg Korablev, H. Svedhem, E. Sefton‐Nash, Gerhard Kminek, L. Lorenzoni, Luc Joudrier, В. С. Михайлов, Alexander Zashchirinskiy, S. N. Alexashkin, F. Calantropio, Andrea Merlo, Pantelis Poulakis, Olivier Witasse, Olivier Bayle, Silvia Bayón, Uwe J. Meierhenrich, John Carter, Juan Manuel García‐Ruiz, P. Baglioni, A. F. C. Haldemann, Andrew Ball, A. Debus, Robert Lindner, Frédéric Haessig, David Monteiro, R. Trautner, Christoph Voland, Pierre Rebeyre, Duncan Goulty, F. Didot, Stephen Durrant, Eric Zekri, D. Koschny, Andrea De Toni, Gianfranco Visentin, Martin Zwick, M. van Winnendael, Martín Azkarate, Christophe Carreau, the ExoMars Project Team,
The second ExoMars mission will be launched in 2020 to target an ancient location interpreted to have strong potential for past ... with searching for signs of extinct life. The ExoMars rover will be equipped with a drill to ... biosignatures. Using the powerful Pasteur payload instruments, the ExoMars science team will conduct a holistic search for ... seek corroborating geological context information. Key Words: Biosignatures—ExoMars—Landing sites—Mars rover—Search for life. Astrobiology ... 510. 1. Article Organization 2. Introduction 2.1. ExoMars origin 2.2. A difficult adolescence 2.3. ...
Tópico(s): Astro and Planetary Science
2017 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Marco Veneranda, J. A. Manrique, G. López-Reyes, J. Medina, I. Torre-Fdez, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel Madariaga, C. Lantz, F. Poulet, Agata M. Krzesińska, Helge Hellevang, Stéphanie C. Werner, F. Rull,
... deploy (2021) on Mars as part of the ExoMars/ESA rover payload. In order to extrapolate valuable ... the mineralogical data that could derive from the ExoMars/Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS), laboratory results were then ... with the molecular data gathered through the RLS ExoMars Simulator. Beside correctly identifying all major phases (feldspar, pyroxene and olivine), the RLS ExoMars Simulator confirmed the presence of additional minor compounds ( ... in-depth study of olivine grains, the RLS ExoMars simulator was able to effectively detect the shifting ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2019 - Elsevier BV | Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
Christopher Brunskill, Nildeep Patel, Thibault P. Gouache, Gregory Scott, Chakravarthini M. Saaj, M. Matthews, Liang Cui,
The European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars mission involves landing a rover on the surface of Mars on an exobiology mission to extend the search for life. The locomotion capabilities of the ExoMars rover will enable it to use its scientific ... understood. To test the locomotion performance of the ExoMars rover, three martian regolith simulants were selected: a ... sand analogue. To predict the performance of the ExoMars rover locomotion system in these three regolith simulants, ... at normal stresses similar to those of the ExoMars rover in all but one of the simulants, ...
Tópico(s): Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
2011 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Terramechanics
M. R. Balme, Ellen Robson, R. B. Barnes, Frances Butcher, Peter Fawdon, Ben Huber, Thomas Ortner, Gerhard Paar, Christoph Traxler, J. C. Bridges, Sanjeev Gupta, Jorge L. Vago,
... provide a mobility hazard to Mars rovers. The ExoMars rover will launch in 2020 to one of ... whether these bedforms will be traversable by the ExoMars rover. We informally refer to these bedforms as " ... our knowledge of the hazards in the proposed ExoMars landing sites. We propose a methodology to infer ... good analogues for the smaller bedforms at the ExoMars rover candidate landing sites. We show that bedform ... many of the smaller aeolian bedforms in the ExoMars rover Oxia Planum candidate landing site, and find ...
Tópico(s): Aeolian processes and effects
2017 - Elsevier BV | Planetary and Space Science
C. R. Cousins, A. D. Griffiths, Ian Crawford, Bryan J. Prosser, Michael C. Storrie‐Lombardi, Lottie E. Davis, M. Gunn, A. J. Coates, Adrian Jones, John M. Ward,
... provide visible-near IR multispectral imaging of the ExoMars rover's surroundings to identify regions of interest ... on Mars. Therefore, the geological filters for the ExoMars PanCam will be redesigned to accommodate the astrobiology focus of ExoMars, where hydrated mineral terrains (evidence of past liquid ... initial investigation into new filter wavelengths for the ExoMars PanCam and present results from tests performed on ... 2 filter set (currently the baseline for the ExoMars PanCam), were tested on their ability to identify ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2010 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
N. Bost, Claire Ramboz, N. LeBreton, Frédéric Foucher, G. López-Reyes, Simone De Angelis, M. Josset, G. Venegas, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, F. Rull, J. Medina, Jean‐Luc Josset, A. Souchon, E. Ammannito, M. C. De Sanctis, Tatiana Di Iorio, Cristian Carli, Jorge L. Vago, Francès Westall,
The future ExoMars rover mission (ESA/Roscosmos), to be launched in 2018, will investigate the habitability of the Martian surface and ... ISAR samples were analysed by prototypes of the ExoMars rover instruments used for petrographic study.The objective ... the basis of the data obtained by the ExoMars visible-IR imager and spectrometer (MicrOmega), the close- ... relevant outcrops (as would be available during the ExoMars mission) before being presented to two geologists tasked ... this test is that, when processed together, the ExoMars payload instruments produce complementary data allowing reliable interpretation ...
Tópico(s): Astro and Planetary Science
2015 - Elsevier BV | Planetary and Space Science
Javier Martín‐Torres, María‐Paz Zorzano,
... 2016, and in 2020 the launch of the ExoMars rover and surface platform. On October 19, 2016, ... Irradiation, and Temperature) to be part of the ExoMars Surface Platform, which will travel to Mars in ... HABIT instrument to fly on board ESA's ExoMars 2020, and cross-section view of the containers ... Planets 119:237–254. Crossref, Google ScholarESA. (2016) ExoMars 2020 surface platform. In Robotic Exploration of Mars, ... online at http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2018-surface-platform Google ScholarCampbell B., Carter L., ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2016 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Marco Veneranda, G. López-Reyes, Elena Pascual Sanchez, Agata M. Krzesińska, J. A. Manrique, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, C. Lantz, E.A. Lalla, Andoni Moral, J. Medina, F. Poulet, Henning Dypvik, Stéphanie C. Werner, Jorge L. Vago, F. Rull,
... evaluate what will be the effectiveness of the ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) to determine the degree ... these results with those obtained using our RLS ExoMars Simulator. Our work shows that the RLS ExoMars Simulator successfully identified all major phases. Moreover, when ... operating mode of the flight instrument, the RLS ExoMars simulator also detected several minor compounds, some of ... biosignatures on Mars the main objective of the ExoMars rover mission.
Tópico(s): Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
2020 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Marco Veneranda, G. López-Reyes, J. A. Manrique, J. Medina, Patricia Ruiz‐Galende, I. Torre-Fdez, Kepa Castro, C. Lantz, F. Poulet, Henning Dypvik, Stéphanie C. Werner, F. Rull,
... were performed by the Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) ExoMars Simulator. This instrument represents the most reliable tool to effectively predict the scientific capabilities of the ExoMars/Raman system that will be deployed on Mars ... analytical procedures and operational restrictions established by the ExoMars mission rover design, it was proved that the RLS ExoMars Simulator is able to detect the amorphization of ... of water in impact targets. Furthermore, the RLS ExoMars Simulator capability of performing smart molecular mappings was ...
Tópico(s): Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
2020 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Marco Veneranda, G. López-Reyes, J. A. Manrique, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, J. Medina, Carlos Pérez, César Quintana, Andoni Moral, Jose Antonio Rodriguez, Jesús Zafra, L. M. Nieto, F. Rull,
... Franklin rover and to enhance collaboration practices between ExoMars working groups. During the first trial, a replicate of the ExoMars rover was remotely operated from Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) ... at the Tabernas Desert (Spain). By following the ExoMars Reference Surface Mission (RSM), the rover investigated the ... then complemented by laboratory analysis using the RLS ExoMars simulator and the commercial version of the Curiosity/ ... the Tabernas Desert. In light of the forthcoming ExoMars mission, the results here presented proves that RLS ...
Tópico(s): Spaceflight effects on biology
2021 - Elsevier BV | Microchemical Journal
Dave Barnes, E. Battistelli, Reinhold Bertrand, Francesco Butera, Raja Chatila, Alessandro Del Biancio, Chris Draper, Alex Ellery, Rolando Gelmi, Félix Ingrand, C. Koeck, Simon Lacroix, Pierre Lamon, Chris Lee, Piergiovanni Magnani, Nildeep Patel, C. Pompei, E. Re, L. Richter, Mark Rowe, Roland Siegwart, R. Slade, Mark F. Smith, Gregoire Terrien, Ronan Wall, Roger Ward, L. Waugh, Mark Woods,
... explorer missions – the first of these is the ExoMars rover mission currently scheduled for launch in 2013 (originally 2011). The ExoMars rover – developed during a Phase A study – is ... of extant or extinct life. In other words, ExoMars represents a new approach to experimental astrobiology in ... complement and aspects of the design decisions made. ExoMars represents a highly challenging mission, both programmatically and ...
Tópico(s): Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence
2006 - Cambridge University Press | International Journal of Astrobiology
C. R. Cousins, M. Gunn, Bryan J. Prosser, Dave Barnes, Ian Crawford, A. D. Griffiths, Lottie E. Davis, A. J. Coates,
... will provide surface remote sensing data for the ExoMars mission. A combination of wide-angle stereo, multispectral, ... account for the highly diverse mineralogical terrains the ExoMars rover will hopefully encounter. Six new alternative test ... When compared to past filter sets, the updated ExoMars filters capture rock and mineral spectral data more effectively, enhancing the ability of the ExoMars PanCam to detect lithological and compositional variation within ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2012 - Elsevier BV | Planetary and Space Science
Davide Bonetti, Gabriele De Zaiacomo, Gonzalo Blanco, Irene Pontijas Fuentes, S. Portigliotti, Olivier Bayle, L. Lorenzoni,
The ExoMars programme is pursued as part of a broad cooperation between ESA and Roscosmos with significant contribution from NASA. Two missions compose the ExoMars programme with launches in 2016 and 2020. The ExoMars 2016 mission, led by ESA, has been launched ... EDL technologies. DEIMOS Space has been involved in Exomars since 2004 providing more than 12 years of ...
Tópico(s): Space Satellite Systems and Control
2018 - Elsevier BV | Acta Astronautica
G. López-Reyes, Marco Veneranda, J. A. Manrique, Álvaro González Martín, Andoni Moral, Carlos Pérez, J. A. R. Prieto, Aurelio Sanz Arranz, Jesús Saiz Cano, E.A. Lalla, Menelaos Konstantinidis, O. Prieto‐Ballesteros, J. Medina, Manuel Ángel González, E. Charro, J. M. López, F. Rull,
... instrument onboard the Rosalind Franklin rover of the ExoMars 2022 mission will analyze powdered samples on Mars ... the RLS scientific team has developed the RLS ExoMars Simulator (RLS Sim), a flexible model of RLS ... key model to perform support science for the ExoMars mission and the RLS instrument on the Rosalind ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2021 - Wiley | Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
Oleg Korablev, Yurii Dobrolensky, Н. А. Евдокимова, Anna Fedorova, R. O. Kuzmin, Sergei N. Mantsevich, E. A. Cloutis, John Carter, F. Poulet, J. Flahaut, A. D. Griffiths, M. Gunn, Nicole Schmitz, Javier Martín‐Torres, María‐Paz Zorzano, Д. С. Родионов, Jorge L. Vago, A. V. Stepanov, A. Yu. Titov, Nikita A. Vyazovetsky, Аlexander Trokhimovskiy, A. G. Sapgir, Yurii K. Kalinnikov, Yuriy Ivanov, Alexei A. Shapkin, A. Yu. Ivanov,
ISEM (Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars) is a pencil-beam infrared spectrometer that will measure reflected solar radiation in the near infrared range for context assessment ... the surface mineralogy in the vicinity of the ExoMars rover. The instrument will be accommodated on the ... design, and operational scenarios are described. Key Words: ExoMars—ISEM—Mars—Surface—Mineralogy—Spectroscopy—AOTF—Infrared. Astrobiology ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2017 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
F. Rull, A. Sansano, Eva Díaz, Carlos Pérez, Andoni Moral, C. Tato, M. Colombo, T. Belenguer, Manuel Fernández, J. A. Rodríguez‐Manfredi, R. Canchal, B. Dávila, A. Jiménez, P. Gallego, S. Ibarmia, J. A. R. Prieto, Amaia Santiago, J. Plá, G. Ramos, Carlos Díaz, C. González,
... instruments, within the ESA's Aurora Exploration Programme, ExoMars mission. ExoMars 2018 main Scientific objective is "Searching for evidence ...
Tópico(s): Planetary Science and Exploration
2011 - SPIE | Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE
A. J. Coates, A. D. Griffiths, C. Leff, Nicole Schmitz, David Barnes, J. L. Josset, B. Hancock, C. R. Cousins, R. Jaumann, Ian Crawford, Gerhard Paar, Arnold Bauer,
... we describe the PanCam instrument from the ESA ExoMars rover and its possible adaptation for the proposed ... lunar lander. The scientific objectives of the ESA ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. The ExoMars PanCam instrument will set the geological and morphological ...
Tópico(s): Spacecraft Design and Technology
2012 - Elsevier BV | Planetary and Space Science
Kaisa Koskinen, Petra Rettberg, Rüdiger Pukall, Anna Auerbach, Lisa Wink, Simon Barczyk, Alexandra Perras, Alexander Mahnert, Diana Margheritis, Gerhard Kminek, Christine Moissl‐Eichinger,
The ExoMars 2016 mission, consisting of the Trace Gas Orbiter and the Schiaparelli lander, was launched on March 14 ... protection policy. To reach the required cleanliness, the ExoMars 2016 flight hardware was assembled in a newly ... and did not raise any concern for the ExoMars 2016 mission. The cleanroom complex at Thales Alenia ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2017 - BioMed Central | Microbiome
Valérie Ciarletti, Stephen M. Clifford, Dirk Plettemeier, Alice Le Gall, Yann Hervé, Sophie Dorizon, Cathy Quantin‐Nataf, Wolf-Stefan Benedix, S. P. Schwenzer, Elena Pettinelli, Essam Heggy, Alain Hérique, J. J. Berthelier, W. Kofman, Jorge L. Vago, S. E. Hamran, The Wisdom Team,
... the principal objective of the 2020 ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Rover mission. If such evidence is to be ... radiation and atmospheric oxidants. For this reason, the ExoMars Rover mission has been optimized to investigate the ... Key Words: Ground penetrating radar—Martian shallow subsurface—ExoMars. Astrobiology 17, 565–584.
Tópico(s): Scientific Research and Discoveries
2017 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Ali Gülhan, Thomas Thiele, Frank Siebe, Rolf Kronen,
... aerothermal parameters on the back cover of the ExoMars Schiaparelli lander the instrumentation package COMARS+ was developed ... devices. For the sensor heads located on the ExoMars back cover radiation tests were carried out to ... the Schiaparelli capsule in January 2015 at the ExoMars integration site at Thales Alenia Space in Turin. ...
Tópico(s): Planetary Science and Exploration
2017 - Springer Science+Business Media | Space Science Reviews
F. Rull, S. Maurice, Ian Hutchinson, Andoni Moral, Carlos Pérez, Carlos Díaz, M. Colombo, Tomás Belenguer, G. López-Reyes, A. Sansano, O. Forni, Yann Parot, Nicolas Striebig, S. Woodward, C. Howe, Nicolau Tarcea, Pablo Rodríguez, Laura Seoane, Amaia Santiago, Jose A. Rodriguez-Prieto, J. Medina, P. Gallego, R. Canchal, P. Santamaría, G. Ramos, Jorge L. Vago, on behalf of the RLS Team,
... Laser Spectrometer (RLS) on board the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 mission will provide precise identification of the ... be launched in 2020. The Raman instrument for ExoMars 2020 consists of three main units: (1) a ... Mars during the mission. Key Words: Raman spectroscopy—ExoMars mission—Instruments and techniques—Planetary sciences—Mars mineralogy ...
Tópico(s): Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
2017 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Isabel Egea-González, Alberto Jiménez‐Díaz, Laura M. Parro, Federico Mansilla, James Holmes, S. R. Lewis, Manish Patel, Javier Ruíz,
... role that they play in the InSight and ExoMars missions. InSight landed in Elysium Planitia and will ... on Mars. Similarly, the Rosalind Franklin rover on ExoMars 2020 will also provide useful information to understand ... 16%, respectively. In regard to the area surrounding ExoMars landing site, these differences can reach 28% for ... the geothermal heat flux at the InSight and ExoMars landing sites.
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2019 - Elsevier BV | Icarus
Pol Ribes-Pleguezuelo, Denis Guilhot, Marta Gilaberte Basset, Erik Beckert, Ramona Eberhardt, Andreas Tünnermann,
... and another through the European Space Agency (ESA) ExoMars mission. The ExoMars mission laser is one of the components of ... to mechanical considerations and assembly procedures, as the ExoMars laser assembly has required soldering techniques in contrast ...
Tópico(s): Space Exploration and Technology
2019 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Instruments
Jordanka Semkova, R. Koleva, Victor Benghin, Tsvetan Dachev, Yuri Matviichuk, Borislav Tomov, Krasimir Krastev, Stephan Maltchev, Plamen Dimitrov, N. Bankov, И. Г. Митрофанов, A. Malakhov, D. V. Golovin, Maxim Mokrousov, А. Б. Санин, M. L. Litvak, Alexander Kozyrev, Sergey Nikiforov, Denis Lisov, A. A. Anikin, Vyacheslav Shurshakov, Sergey Drobyshev,
ExoMars is a joint ESA - Rosscosmos program for investigating Mars. Two missions are foreseen within this program: ... MO for measuring the radiation environment onboard the ExoMars TGO is a module of the Fine Resolution ... rates and estimation of dose equivalent rates at ExoMars TGO science orbit, provided by Liulin-MO dosimeter. ...
Tópico(s): Astro and Planetary Science
2020 - Elsevier BV | Icarus
Marco Veneranda, G. López-Reyes, J. A. Manrique, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, E.A. Lalla, Menelaos Konstantinidis, Andoni Moral, J. Medina, F. Rull,
... to evaluate whether the multi-point analysis the ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) will perform on powdered ... rocks on Mars. To do so, the RLS ExoMars Simulator was used to study terrestrial analogues of ... of the volcanic geological areas detected at the ExoMars landing site (Oxia Planum), whose mineralogical composition and ...
Tópico(s): Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma
2020 - Nature Portfolio | Scientific Reports
F. Rull, Marco Veneranda, J. A. Manrique, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, Jesús Sáiz, J. Medina, Andoni Moral, Carlos Pérez, Laura Seoane, E.A. Lalla, E. Charro, J. M. López, L. M. Nieto, G. López-Reyes,
... s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover reached Mars. The ExoMars mission Rosalind Franklin rover is scheduled for launch ... key mission objectives of the Mars 2020 and ExoMars 2022 missions is the detection of traces of ... validated for space exploration missions (Mars 2020/SuperCam, ExoMars/RLS and RAX/MMX), the present review summarizes ... as well as the lessons learned mainly from ExoMars mission simulations conducted at representative analogue sites. Learning ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2021 - Elsevier BV | Analytica Chimica Acta
Marco Veneranda, J. A. Manrique, Clara Garcia‐Prieto, Aurelio Sanz‐Arranz, Jesús Sáiz, E.A. Lalla, Menelaos Konstantinidis, Andoni Moral, J. Medina, F. Rull, L. M. Nieto, G. López-Reyes,
... scientific outcome of the Raman system onboard the ExoMars 2022 rover. Feldspar, pyroxene and olivine samples were first analyzed through the RLS ExoMars Simulator to determine the spectroscopic indicators to be ... impact this analytical method could have for the ExoMars mission, further methodological improvements to be discussed in ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2021 - Elsevier BV | Icarus
C. Pilorget, Jean‐Pierre Bibring,
... that has been selected as part of the ExoMars rover payload. We demonstrate here that this instrument ... be further targeted by other instruments within the ExoMars payload. Results will also be used to perform ... robust and efficient. They will be used onboard ExoMars rover, and could also be adapted for future ...
Tópico(s): Remote-Sensing Image Classification
2014 - Elsevier BV | Planetary and Space Science
A. J. Coates, R. Jaumann, A. D. Griffiths, C. Leff, N. Schmitz, Jean‐Luc Josset, Gerhard Paar, M. Gunn, Ernst Hauber, C. R. Cousins, Rachel E. Cross, P. M. Grindrod, J. C. Bridges, M. R. Balme, Sanjeev Gupta, Ian Crawford, P. G. J. Irwin, Roger Stabbins, Daniela Tirsch, Jorge L. Vago, T. Theodorou, M. Caballo-Perucha, G. R. Osinski, the PanCam Team,
The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill ... and a rover inspection mirror. Key Words: Mars—ExoMars—Instrumentation—Geology—Atmosphere—Exobiology—Context. Astrobiology 17, 511– ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2017 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology
Michael C. Storrie‐Lombardi, Jan‐Peter Müller, M. R. Fisk, C. R. Cousins, Birgit Sattler, A. D. Griffiths, A. J. Coates,
The European Space Agency will launch the ExoMars mission in 2016 with a primary goal of surveying the martian subsurface for evidence of organic material. We have recently investigated the utility ... a 375 nm laser light source in the ExoMars rover panoramic camera (PanCam). Such a modification would ... depth to the 2 m limit of the ExoMars drill. The technique described requires no sample preparation, ...
Tópico(s): Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
2009 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Astrobiology