Zafar Iqbal, Suryanarayana Bulusu, J. Autera,
... β-polymorph of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (commonly known as ``HMX'' in the explosives field) and its isotopic isomers, HMX-15NO2, HMX-15N(NO2), HMX-13C(50%), and HMX-d8, have been recorded in the spectral region ... 1. Single crystal polarized Raman measurements on β-HMX were also made in order to separate out ... proposed for the complex internal vibrations of β-HMX based mainly on the observed isotopic shifts. The spectra of HMX and HMX-d8 in solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile ... and probably similar to that in the β-HMX crystal.
Tópico(s): Structural and Chemical Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
1974 - American Institute of Physics | The Journal of Chemical Physics
Yutaka Yano, Naminosuke Kubota,
Abstract The burning rate characteristics of HMX‐CMDB propellants were examined as a function of HMX concentration. In the region of low HMX concentration, below about 50%, the burning rate decreases with increasing the HMX concentration. However, in the region of high HMX concentration, above about 50%, the burning rate increases with increasing the HMX concentration. When the measured results are extrapolated to the 100% HMX concentration, it is recognized that the burning rate approaches the burning rate of an HMX single crystal. The burning rate analysis indicates that ...
Tópico(s): Rocket and propulsion systems research
1986 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
S.R. Ahmad, David A. Russell, Peter Golding,
... tetranitramine, commonly known as High Melting point Explosive (HMX) by a near IR (NIR) diode laser (801 ... was needed for the reliable ignition of unbound HMX and its formulations with polyGLYN, PPZ‐E and PPZ. Under similar conditions HMX/polyNIMMO and HMX/HTPB required 3% CB. Ignition maps (ignition time ... of ignition times and ignition energy densities for HMX and HMX/polyGLYN showed this binder to have only a ... contrast, HTPB, PPZ and PPZ‐E all retarded HMX ignition at the threshold flux density, but showed ...
Tópico(s): Combustion and Detonation Processes
2009 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Jong Moon Yoon, Byung‐Taek Oh, Craig L. Just, Jerald L. Schnoor,
... 5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), using hybrid poplar trees (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34) ... investigated. The fate, transport, and toxicity were determined. HMX was taken up by poplar cuttings from hydroponic ... term experiments (65 days) without evidence of toxicity. HMX was not toxic to actively growing hybrid poplar ... under saturated conditions. The measured log Kow for HMX was 0.19, less than other explosives, TNT, ... factor (TSCF) and root concentration factor (RCF) for HMX from an uptake study using radiolabeled [U-14C] ...
Tópico(s): Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
2002 - American Chemical Society | Environmental Science & Technology
Chaoyang Zhang, Qiang Peng, Liyan Wang, Xiaochuan Wang,
... SEM detections in this research showed that the HMX crystals and the HMX‐based explosives treated under different conditions can possess ... higher impurity, smaller granularity, and worse integrity of HMX crystals can make them more thermally sensitive. The ... metal or metal oxide particles, especially nanoparticles to HMX can also enhance its thermal sensitivity. Meanwhile, coating of HMX crystals with polymers to form perfect PBX and ... sensitivity. Furthermore, the thermal sensitivity of temperature‐aged HMX changes differently in terms of the integrity of ...
Tópico(s): Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure
2010 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Nikita V. Muravyev, Yurii Frolov, Алла Н. Пивкина, Константин А. Моногаров, O. S. Ordzhonikidze, Иван С. Бушмаринов, Аlexander А. Korlyukov,
... widely used components of high‐energy condensed systems – HMX and aluminium – were studied. Morphology, thermal behaviour, chemical purity and combustion parameters of HMX as a monopropellant and Al/HMX as a binary system were investigated using particles ... combustion velocities are almost identical for micrometer‐sized HMX (m‐HMX) and ultrafine HMX (u‐HMX) monopropellants under pressure from 2 to 10 MPa. ... with ultrafine one in the system with m‐HMX leads to a burning rate increase by a ... 4. Two mixing techniques to prepare binary Al/HMX compositions were applied: conventional and ‘wet’ technique with ...
Tópico(s): Nanotechnology research and applications
2010 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Chunjiang An, Yanling He, Guohe Huang, Yonghong Liu,
... 5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) was investigated under various conditions. The results of ... showed that anaerobic granules were capable of removing HMX from aqueous solution with high efficiency. Both biotic and abiotic mechanisms contributed to the removal of HMX by anaerobic granules under mesophilic conditions. Adsorption appeared ... a significant role in the abiotic process. Furthermore, HMX could be biodegraded by anaerobic granules as the ... incubation, 99.04% and 96.42% of total HMX could be removed by 1 g VSS/L ...
Tópico(s): Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
2010 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Hazardous Materials
Kristina J. Brunjes, Scott A. Severt, Jun Liu, Xiaoping Pan, John M. Brausch, Stephen Cox, George P. Cobb, Scott T. McMurry, Ronald J. Kendall, Philip N. Smith,
... 5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), an energetic compound found in soils at military training installations. Depuration of HMX into eggs was examined in an initial study, ... chicks were examined in a follow-up study. HMX was readily and rapidly transferred from female quail ... quail exposed to 125 and 250 mg/kg HMX in food, likely due to reductions in food ... decreases in egg laying rates were observed. No HMX-related effects were found in chick growth or survival. Quail inhabiting HMX-contaminated sites could possibly be exposed to HMX ...
Tópico(s): Synthesis and Biological Evaluation
2007 - Taylor & Francis | Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
Eric Surber, Aaron Lozano, Alexei Lagutchev, Hackjin Kim, Dana D. Dlott,
The surfaces of solution-grown β-HMX (β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) crystals were studied using vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG). ... variability results from ubiquitous small deposits of δ-HMX on the surface of β-HMX single crystals. SFG is a selective probe of molecules in noncentrosymmetric environments. Since β-HMX is centrosymmetric, only the surface is SFG-active; however, δ-HMX is noncentrosymmetric, so a tiny δ-HMX deposit on a β-HMX surface could dominate ...
Tópico(s): Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure
2007 - American Chemical Society | The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
Byoung‐Min Lee, Soo-Jung Kim, Byung‐Chul Lee, Hyoun‐Soo Kim, Hwayong Kim, Youn-Woo Lee,
This study investigated the micronization of HMX (cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine) using two types of recrystallization methods with supercritical carbon dioxide as an antisolvent, namely, the aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) and ... of experimental variables on the recrystallization of β-HMX particles in the GAS process were also studied. ... 900 rpm in the GAS process. The precipitated HMX particles were characterized by field-emission scanning electron ... and the type of recrystallization method, the precipitated HMX particles showed a variety of morphologies, particle size ...
Tópico(s): Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure
2011 - American Chemical Society | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
J.-K. Choi, H-S. Son, T-S. Kim, Michael K. Stenstrom, Kyung‐Duk Zoh,
... 5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) with a circular photocatalytic reactor, using a UV ... of various parameters, such as the RDX or HMX concentration, the amount of TiO2, and the initial ... of both UV light and TiO2, RDX and HMX were more effectively degraded than with either UV ... Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Increases in the RDX and HMX degradation rates were obtained with decreasing initial concentrations of the explosives. The RDX and HMX degradation rates were higher at pH 7 than ... 0.7 g l−1 of TiO2 degraded HMX more rapidly than did higher or lower TiO2 ...
Tópico(s): Mercury impact and mitigation studies
2006 - Taylor & Francis | Environmental Technology
K. Krishnan, R. Anandavally Ammal, B. Hariharanath, A. G. Rajendran, C. B. Kartha,
... the influence of two nitramine explosives, RDX and HMX, on the ignition characteristics of B-KNO3 composition ... were prepared by varying the amount of RDX/HMX from 10 per cent to 50 per cent. ... B-KNO3 decreases on the addition of RDX/HMX while the onset of RDX or HMX decomposition is not significantly affected by B-KNO3. ... output of B-KNO3 increases on adding RDX/HMX. The heat output of B-KNO3 is not much affected by the addition of RDX or HMX, even though the heat of explosion of RDX and HMX are low. This is due to the reaction ...
Tópico(s): Rocket and propulsion systems research
2006 - Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre | Defence Science Journal
... of solid rocket and gun propulsion. Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) is a nitramine compound that is well known as an energetic material. The burning characteristics of HMX-based composite propellants have been investigated, but the ... mechanism. In this study, the burning characteristics of HMX-based propellants were measured using three HMX samples, each with different particle sizes, and six propellant formulations of each sample with HMX content varying from 55% to 80%. Then, the relationship of HMX particle size and content with the burning rate ...
Tópico(s): Combustion and Detonation Processes
2012 - Elsevier BV | Aerospace Science and Technology
Yadollah Bayat, Seied Mahdi Pourmortazavi, Hatef Iravani, Hamideh Ahadi,
... parameters of SAS process in order to prepare HMX nanoparticles. The current application of the Taguchi statistical ... optimizing of experimental variables which are effective in HMX particle size produced by the SAS technique. The effect of operation conditions such as: pressure, temperature, HMX concentration, solution flow rate, solvent identification, and flow rate of CO2 on the size of micronized HMX particles under various levels was investigated. The effects ... these variables on the particle size of produced HMX were quantitatively evaluated by the analysis of variance ( ...
Tópico(s): Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
2012 - Elsevier BV | The Journal of Supercritical Fluids
The response to temperature of HMX polymorph is important for understanding the sensitivity, stability, and phase transitions of energetic material. Using ReaxFF-lg with isothermal-isobaric molecular ... methods, the crystal and molecular structures of -, -, and -HMX crystals in a temperature range of 303-503 ... potential can correctly describe the thermal expansion of HMX polymorph. The linear thermal expansion coefficients indicate that the thermal expansion of -HMX is anisotropic, the thermal expansion along c axis ...
Tópico(s): Crystallography and molecular interactions
2012 - Science Press | Acta Physica Sinica
Lin He, Shunguan Zhu, Lin Zhang, Xinhua Peng, Pengyuan Chen, Hongzhen Li,
... 5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) is a high energy density material (HEDM). But the application of HMX is limited, due to its high sensitivity. Thus, ... as a cocrystal former (CCF) to cocrystallize with HMX in the present work. The binding energies, heat ... molecules, and natural bond orbital analysis of four HMX/NTO complexes have been calculated using density functional ... B97D, ωB97XD). In addition, the crystal structure of HMX/NTO cocrystal has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and first principles methods. The HMX/NTO cocrystal is most likely to crystallize in ...
Tópico(s): Chemical Thermodynamics and Molecular Structure
2012 - Wiley | International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
Fanny Monteil‐Rivera, Louise Paquet, Annamaria Halasz, Michael T. Montgomery, Jalal Hawari,
... 3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3, ... to wide environmental contamination. In contrast to RDX, HMX tends to accumulate in soils due to its ... the potential of zerovalent iron (ZVI) to transform HMX under anoxic conditions. HMX underwent a rapid transformation when added in well- ... Time course experiments showed that the mechanism of HMX transformation occurred through at least two initial reactions. ... NO2 groups to the five nitroso products (1NO−HMX, cis-2NO−HMX, trans-2NO−HMX, 3NO−HMX, ...
Tópico(s): Advanced oxidation water treatment
2005 - American Chemical Society | Environmental Science & Technology
Jeong Park, S. D. Comfort, Patrick J. Shea, Jong Sung Kim,
... RDX and TNT are more readily destroyed than HMX. Adding didecyldimethylammonium bromide (didecyl) at 2% w/v ... Los Alamos National Laboratory soil containing solid-phase HMX (45 000 mg/kg) resulted in >80% destruction within 6 days. Because the HMX concentration did not increase in solution and the ... Fe0 alone or mixed with didecyl in removing HMX from solution, but it was less effective than Fe0 + didecyl when solid-phase HMX was present. Reseeding HMX to mimic dissolution indicated an initial high reactivity ...
Tópico(s): Radioactive element chemistry and processing
2005 - American Chemical Society | Environmental Science & Technology
J. Park, S. D. Comfort, Patrick J. Shea, T. A. Machacek,
... contaminated from military operations often contain mixtures of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3, ... destruction for RDX and TNT (98%) but not HMX. Our objective was to determine if HMX destruction by Fe0 could be enhanced by increasing HMX solubility by physical (temperature) or chemical (surfactants) means. ... determine electron acceptor preference, we treated RDX and HMX with Fe0 in homogeneous solutions and binary mixtures. Increasing aqueous temperature (20 to 55°C) increased HMX solubility (2 to 22 mg L−1) but ...
Tópico(s): Graphene research and applications
2004 - Wiley | Journal of Environmental Quality
Diane Fournier, Annamaria Halasz, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman, Dominic Manno, Jalal Hawari,
... 5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is a recalcitrant energetic chemical that tends to ... The present study describes the aerobic biodegradability of HMX using Phanerochaete chrysosporium. When added to 7 day old static P. chrysosporium liquid cultures, HMX (600 nmol) degraded within 25 days of incubation. The removal of HMX was concomitant with the formation of transient amounts of its mono-nitroso derivative (1-NO-HMX). The latter apparently degraded via two potential routes: ... to ring cleavage. The degradation of 1-NO-HMX gave the ring-cleavage product 4-nitro-2, ...
Tópico(s): bioluminescence and chemiluminescence research
2004 - American Chemical Society | Environmental Science & Technology
Naminosuke Kubota, Takuo Kuwahara,
... materials. The crystalline materials evaluated were cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) and triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN). The thermochemical properties of HMX and TAGN were different to each other: HMX is a high energy material but the burning ... ECM are decreased significantly by the addition of HMX and TAGN even though the burning rates of GAP, HMX, and TAGN are higher than those of the ... GAP is reduced significantly by the addition of HMX and remains unchanged by the addition of TAGN. The reduced burning rates of GAP/HMX and GAP/TAGN are caused by the reduced ...
Tópico(s): Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
2000 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Chongwei An, Hequn Li, Wenjian Guo, Xiaoheng Geng, Jingyu Wang,
Abstract The solubility of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) in four ionic liquids (ILs): 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([Memim]DMP), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ... methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim]BF 4 ) was investigated. Nano‐HMX were produced particles by spraying [Hmim]Br solution ... impact sensitivity, and thermal decomposition properties of nano‐HMX particles were tested and analyzed. All four ILs could dissolve HMX to a greater or lesser extent in the ...
Tópico(s): Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
2014 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Yanzhong Wang, Wei Jiang, Xiaolan Song, Guo Dong Deng, F. Li,
A mechanical approach had been adopted for fabricating HMX nanoparticles. This fabrication method avoided the recrystallization process ... increased the possibility of its industrial application. Specifically, HMX particles, that had a mean size of 0. ... by mechanical milling; a significant proportion of nano-HMX (<100 nm) were present and these were observed ... TEM and SEM images. The thermal decomposition of HMX samples before and after pulverization was investigated by ... difference between the thermographs of raw and pulverized HMX. The HMX samples were investigated by friction, impact, ...
Tópico(s): Combustion and Detonation Processes
2013 - | Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Lin He, Shunguan Zhu, Hongzhen Li, Xinhua Peng,
... 5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐ tetrazocine (HMX) / 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide ( ... natural bond orbital analysis were performed to investigate HMX/LLM‐105 complexes. Results show that the main intermolecular interactions between HMX and LLM‐105 are CH…O, NH…O, ... was employed to predict the crystal structure of HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal. The HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal is most likely to crystallize ... g/cm 3 . Detonation velocity and pressure of HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal are 8.95 km/s, 37.69GPa, a little lower than those of HMX (9.10 km/s, 37.76GPa). However, according ...
Tópico(s): Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
2013 - Wiley | Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry
Ghulam Hussain, Gwilym J. Rees,
Abstract Thermal decomposition of pure HMX shows DSC endothermic peaks at 210°C from β to γ phase transformation and at 285°C from the HMX melting followed by an instantaneous exothermic decomposition leading ... and 270°C assigned to nitroguanidine etc. and HMX decomposition. Addition of NH 4 ClO 4 to HMX causes the decomposition to take place before melting ... the addition of NH 4 CIO 4 to HMX increases the decomposition of HMX, however this effect is more pronounced in GS‐ ... The addition of NH 4 NO 3 to HMX and GS‐2 shows DSC exothermic decomposition peaks ...
Tópico(s): Flame retardant materials and properties
1995 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Xiaofeng Shi, Jingyu Wang, Xiaodong Li, Chongwei An, Jiang Wang, Wei Ji,
... 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) was prepared by spray drying using Viton A as a binder. The HMX sample without binder (HMX-1) was obtained by the same spray drying ... Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the impact sensitivity of HMX-1 and nanocomposites were also being tested. The ... 200 nm in size. The crystal type of HMX-1 and HMX/Viton A agrees with raw HMX. The activation energy of raw HMX, HMX-1 and HMX/Viton A is 523.16 kJ mol-1, ...
Tópico(s): Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
2015 - Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre | Defence Science Journal
Jingyu Wang, Baoyun Ye, Chongwei An, Bi‐Dong Wu, Hequn Li, Yanju Wei,
To improve the safety performance of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) particles, the new carbon material graphene oxide (GO) and Viton were used to coat HMX via a solvent–slurry process. For comparison, the HMX/Viton/graphite (HMX/Viton/G) and HMX/Viton composites were also prepared by the same ... The impact sensitivity and shock wave sensitivity of HMX-based composites were also measured and analyzed. The ... and XPS indicate that the cladding layer of HMX-based composites is successfully constructed. HMX/Viton/GO ...
Tópico(s): Combustion and Detonation Processes
2016 - Taylor & Francis | Journal of Energetic Materials
Xiaogan Dai, Jinjiang Xu, Yushi Wen, Yubin Li, Fenglei Huang, Ming Li, Qun Zeng,
... β→δ phase transition (PT) of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) plays an important role in the safety of ... to heat. In this work the effect of HMX content on the PT of HMX in Polymer Bonded Explosive (PBX) is reported. Using ... of the PT temperature and dynamic behavior of HMX in PBX formulations [HMX+triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)+Olefin] on the content of HMX is investigated. The results show that the β→ ... PT temperature gradually increases with the reduction of HMX content and with the increase of TATB content. ...
Tópico(s): Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
2016 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Qing Zhu, Chun Xiao, Shangbin Li, Guan Luo,
... facile method for large scale production of insensitive HMX particles is of great importance for energetic materials, especially for insensitive munitions. Inspired by mussels, HMX particles with a thin, robust, wettable and uniform ... stirring processes in the study. The as‐prepared HMX@PDA particles showed stable shape, size, and polymorphy compared with original HMX particles. With PDA (polydopamine) coating, the HMX@PDA particles exhibited better wettability, which could improve ... Furthermore, the mechanical sensitivities were decreased for the HMX@PDA particles because of the uniform and smooth ...
Tópico(s): Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
2016 - Wiley | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics
Feiyan Gong, Jianhu Zhang, Ling Ding, Zhijian Yang, Xiaobing Liu,
... 5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) was used as substrate. In-depth characterizations confirmed ... a dense graphite-like structure PDA on every HMX crystal. The phase transition temperature of the crystals ( ... phase) was improved by 27.5 °C for HMX enabled in 0.5 wt% PDA. In situ XRD showed that 94.8% of β-HMX was transformed to δ-HMX, whereas only 14.7% of β-HMX was transformed in HMX with 2.1% PDA at 210 °C. The heated HMX/PDA crystals (210 °C, 30 min) retained primary ... damage in energetic crystals. The impact sensitivities of HMX and HMX/PDA were tested by Bundesanstalt für ...
Tópico(s): Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
2016 - Elsevier BV | Chemical Engineering Journal