Andrew A. Biewener, Richard J. Bomphrey, Monica A. Daley, Auke Jan Ijspeert,
... have been reduced to specialized mechanosensory organs called halteres. Halteres have slender shafts and bulbous tips, and when ... about movement that is important for flight control. Halteres also play a role in maintaining the timing ... calyptrate branch of Diptera, the flies use their halteres in another way too: when rapidly extending their ... the genetic model species of Drosophila, oscillate their halteres while walking and also use them to control ... Using ablation experiments to deprive flies of their halteres, the authors showed diminished take-off speed and ...
Tópico(s): Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
2022 - Royal Society | Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
Bradley H. Dickerson, Alysha M. de Souza, Ainul Huda, Michael H. Dickinson,
... the wings and structures unique to flies called halteres [7Heide G. Neural mechanisms of flight control in ... 35-52Google Scholar, 8Fayyazuddin A. Dickinson M.H. Haltere afferents provide direct, electrotonic input to a steering ... Google Scholar]. Evolved from the hindwings, the tiny halteres oscillate at the same frequency as the wings, ... J.W.S. The gyroscopic mechanism of the halteres of Diptera.Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. B. 1948; ... J.W.S. The gyroscopic mechanism of the halteres of Diptera.Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. B. 1948; ...
Tópico(s): Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
2019 - Elsevier BV | Current Biology
Nicholas D. Kathman, Jessica L. Fox,
The reduced hindwings of flies, known as halteres, are specialized mechanosensory organs that detect body rotations during flight. Primary afferents of the haltere encode its oscillation frequency linearly over a wide ... it is not currently known whether information from haltere primary afferent neurons is sent to higher brain ... can be modulated by sensory input from experimental haltere movements (driven by a servomotor). Using multichannel extracellular ... of central complex cells to a range of haltere oscillation frequencies alone, and in combination with visual ...
Tópico(s): Visual perception and processing mechanisms
2019 - Society for Neuroscience | Journal of Neuroscience
Thomas L. Mohren, T. L. Daniel, A. L. Eberle, Per G. Reinhall, Jessica L. Fox,
The halteres of flies are mechanosensory organs that serve a crucial role in the control of agile flight, providing ... course corrections to perturbations. Derived from hind wings, halteres are actively flapped and are thus subject to ... fly undergoes complex flight trajectories. Previous analyses of halteres modelled them as a point mass, showing that ... forces. In addition, diversity in the geometry of halteres, such as shape and asymmetries, could not be ... of mass distributions and asymmetries, we examine the haltere subject to both flapping and body rotations using ...
Tópico(s): Visual perception and processing mechanisms
2019 - Royal Society | Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Sweta Agrawal, David A. Grimaldi, Jessica L. Fox,
... modification of the hind wings into club-shaped halteres. Halteres are complex mechanosensory structures that provide sensory feedback ... via an array of campaniform sensilla at the haltere base. The morphology of these sensilla has previously ... to map the gross and fine structures of halteres, including sensillum shape and arrangement. We found that several features of haltere morphology correspond with dipteran phylogeny: Schizophora generally have smaller halteres with stereotyped and highly organized sensilla compared to ...
Tópico(s): Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
2017 - Elsevier BV | Arthropod Structure & Development
Shwetha Mureli, Jessica L. Fox,
... flies, mechanosensory information from modified hindwings known as halteres is combined with visual information for wing-steering behavior. Haltere input is necessary for free flight, making it difficult to study the effects of haltere ablation under natural flight conditions. We thus used tethered flies to examine the relationship between halteres and the visual system using wide-field motion or moving figures as visual stimuli. Haltere input was altered by surgically decreasing its mass, or by removing it entirely. Haltere removal does not affect the flies’ ability to ...
Tópico(s): Plant and animal studies
2015 - The Company of Biologists | Journal of Experimental Biology
... A. Dickinson M. A comparison of visual and haltere-mediated feedback in the control of body saccades ... are equipped with elaborate neuro-mechanical ‘gyroscopes’ called halteres, which mediate powerful equilibrium reflexes during flight [5Dickinson M. Haltere-mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila ... 903-916Crossref PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar]. The halteres look like tiny dumbbells that beat back and ... Coriolis forces distort the beating path of the halteres [6Pringle J.W.S. The gyroscopic mechanism of ...
Tópico(s): Visual perception and processing mechanisms
2007 - Elsevier BV | Current Biology
ABSTRACT The Drosophila haltere is a much reduced and specialised hind wing, which functions as a balance organ. Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is the sole ... the differential development of the fore-wing and haltere in Drosophila. Previous work on the downstream effects ... first detailed description of cell differentiation in the haltere epidermis, and of the developmental processes that distinguish wing and haltere cells. By the end of pupal development, haltere cells are 8-fold smaller in apical surface ... and undergo apoptosis within 2 hours of eclosion. Haltere cells continue to secrete cuticle after eclosion. Differences ...
Tópico(s): Hippo pathway signaling and YAP/TAZ
2000 - The Company of Biologists | Development
Amir Fayyazuddin, Michael H. Dickinson,
... the wings and from specialized equilibrium organs called halteres that beat antiphase to the wings and function ... during flight. We investigated how the wing and haltere inputs interact to determine the firing phase of MNB1. Our results indicate that both wing and haltere afferents make strong monosynaptic connections with MNB1, consisting ... 2+ -sensitive components. Although both the wing and haltere-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) display the two ... is different for the two inputs. Whereas the haltere-evoked EPSP is dominated by the fast electrical ...
Tópico(s): Animal Behavior and Reproduction
1999 - American Physiological Society | Journal of Neurophysiology
... physiological analysis of the gyroscopic mechanism of the halteres of the higher Diptera. (1) A re-examination ... the structure of the articular region of the halteres of Lucilia sericata, Calliphora erythrocephala and Eristalis tenax . ... by its contraction, an upwards movement of the haltere and the downstroke results from the elasticity of the hinge. (3) Stroboscopic observation of the haltere in the living fly shows that the cycle ... forces acting on the basal region of the haltere are the ‘primary’ torques about the main hinge, ( ...
Tópico(s): Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
1948 - Royal Society | Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
... the disturbance of flight after removal of the halteres in flies consists of a loss of equilibrium. The effects of the removal of the halteres are almost eliminated by fixing a piece of ... conception of a purely stimulatory function for the halteres cannot be maintained; the loss in irritability and spontaneity produced in flies by removing the halteres is largely a shock effect. The halteres vibrate during walking. No explanation for this phenomenon ... the Drosophila mutant “vestigial” reduction of wings and halteres runs parallel. In the mutant “bithorax” the increase ...
Tópico(s): Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
1939 - Zoological Society of London | Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
Tanvi Deora, Siddharth S Sane, Sanjay P. Sane,
... the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback for flight stabilization. Although actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high frequencies. ... such perturbations? Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators. We systematically reduced ... wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected. The wing-wing system is a strongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical linkages that ...
Tópico(s): Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
2021 - eLife Sciences Publications Ltd | eLife
Eshagh Dorafshan, Tatyana G. Kahn, A.G. Glotov, Mikhail Savitsky, Matthias Walther, Günter Reuter, Yuri B. Schwartz,
... survive as adults. The mutant adult flies show haltere to wing and third leg towards second leg ... to the second thoracic segment visible as partial haltere (H) to wing and third leg (3L) to ... former is evident from the change in the haltere shape and the appearance of multiple bristles (black ... ash122/ash121 (ash1−) mutants. Ubx expression in the haltere imaginal discs. The expression was assayed by immunostaining ... stochastic clonal loss of the Ubx immunostaining in haltere discs (yellow dashed lines), Set2− larvae have uniform ...
Tópico(s): RNA modifications and cancer
2019 - Springer Nature | EMBO Reports
... are equipped with highly specialized acceleration sensors, called halteres, in place of one of their wing pairs. ... body produces a Coriolis force on the vibrating haltere, acting just like a gyroscope. Small deflections of the haltere from its stroke plane produce strain on the haltere's stalk. These strains are transduced into electrical ... of campaniform sensilla near the base of the haltere. Afferent neurons from these sensors are electrically coupled ... forces. The inertia produced by merely swinging a haltere back and forth is strong and acts in ...
Tópico(s): Children's Physical and Motor Development
2009 - Elsevier BV | Current Biology
L. S. Shashidhara, Namita Agrawal, Ruchi Bajpai, Vellaichamy Bharathi, Pradip Sinha,
... of a pair of tiny balancing organs, the halteres. Here we show that expression of Ubx in the haltere D/V boundary down-regulates its D/V ... V boundary. Somatic loss of Ubx from the haltere D/V boundary thus results in the formation ... a wing-type D/V organizer in the haltere field. Long-distance signaling from this organizer was ... ability of a Ubx− clone induced in the haltere D/V boundary to effect homeotic transformation of ... clonally restored wing D/V organizer in mosaic halteres not only enhanced the homeotic transformation of Ubx− ...
Tópico(s): Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
1999 - Elsevier BV | Developmental Biology
... flies will twitch to the side if the haltere is deflected rapidly forwards. Head movements are always away from the stimulated haltere and do not occur if the haltere is deflected up, down or backwards. The anatomy ... muscles is described. Cobalt fills of the whole haltere nerve show that the sensory axons project to ... are phasically activated by forward deflexion of the halteres after a latency of 2.5-3 ms. ... in the motoneurones follow the vibration of the haltere, one to one, up to 200 Hz. Recordings ...
Tópico(s): Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies
1980 - The Company of Biologists | Journal of Experimental Biology
Eléanor Simon, Isabel Guerrero,
... the two dorsal primordia; the wing and the haltere imaginal discs. In the wing disc, Decapentaplegic and ... the wing disc are not expressed in the haltere disc due to their repression by the Hox ... gene optomotor-blind escapes this repression in the haltere disc, and therefore is expressed in both the haltere and wing discs. Optomotor-blind is a major ... investigated in this tissue, however, its role in haltere development has not been reported so far. Here we show that Optomotor-blind function in the haltere disc differs from that in the wing disc. ...
Tópico(s): Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
2015 - Public Library of Science | PLoS ONE
Joshua M. Hall, Dane P. McLoughlin, Nicholas D. Kathman, Alexandra M. Yarger, Shwetha Mureli, Jessica L. Fox,
The halteres of flies are mechanosensory organs that provide information about body rotations during flight. We measured haltere movements in a range of fly taxa during ... tethered flight. We find a diversity of wing–haltere phase relationships in flight, with higher variability in ... families and less in more derived families. Diverse haltere movements were observed during free walking and were correlated with phylogeny. We predicted that haltere removal might decrease behavioural performance in those flies ...
Tópico(s): Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
2015 - Royal Society | Biology Letters
Sarah E. Bondos, Daniel J. Catanese, Xin-Xing Tan, Alicia A. Bicknell, Likun Li, Kathleen S. Matthews,
... analysis. Ectopic expression of DIP1 in wing and haltere imaginal discs malforms the adult structures and enhances ... analysis. Ectopic expression of DIP1 in wing and haltere imaginal discs malforms the adult structures and enhances ... central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, leg, and haltere development (6Bondos S.E. Tan X.-X. Crit. ... c was ectopically expressed in the wing and haltere using the Gal4-UAS system (35Brand A. Perrimon ... virgins and Dp(1;Y) males. Pictures of halteres remaining on the fly and dissected wings and ...
Tópico(s): RNA Research and Splicing
2004 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Biological Chemistry
Prasad Mohit, Ruchi Bajpai, L. S. Shashidhara,
... selector gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) in order to mediate haltere development. Previously, we have shown that Ubx represses dorsoventral (DV) signaling to specify haltere fate. Here we examine the mechanism of Ubx- ... Vestigial (Vg) are differentially regulated in wing and haltere discs. In wing discs, although Vg expression in ... repress Vestigial expression in non-DV cells of haltere discs. At the DV boundary, it functions downstream ... be crucial for Ubx-mediated specification of the haltere fate. Overexpression of Vg in haltere discs is ...
Tópico(s): Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
2003 - The Company of Biologists | Development
Amir Fayyazuddin, Michael H. Dickinson,
... the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres. Halteres are sophisticated equilibrium organs of flies that function ... the campaniform sensilla at the base of the halteres are responsible for the phasic activity of b1. ... and mechanical stimulation, we have found one identified haltere campaniform field (dF2) that provides strong synaptic input to the mnb1. This haltere to mnb1 connection consists of a fast and ... by an electrical synapse, and thus can follow haltere stimulation at high frequencies. The slow component is ...
Tópico(s): Physiological and biochemical adaptations
1996 - Society for Neuroscience | Journal of Neuroscience
Kathryn A. Daltorio, Jessica L. Fox,
... specialized sensors like the vertebrate inner ear. The halteres of flies, specialized mechanoreceptive organs derived from hindwings, ... and some groups of flies also oscillate their halteres while walking. The dynamics of halteres are such that they could act as gravity ... known. We observed the behaviors of intact and haltere-ablated flies during walking and during perturbations in ... to gravity suddenly changed. We found that intact halteres are necessary for flies to maintain normal walking ... sudden changes in gravity. Our results suggest that halteres can serve multiple sensory purposes during different behaviors, ...
Tópico(s): Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
2018 - The Company of Biologists | Journal of Experimental Biology
... at the base of the wing and the halteres (the modified hind wings of flies) provide reflexive ... to specific phases of the wingbeat. The tiny halteres are subject to Coriolis forces that deflect them ... of visual input without crashing. Ablation of the halteres, however, causes an immediate catastrophic failure, which indicates ... with rapid mechanosensory input from the wings and halteres to create a command code that can advance ... one intriguing feature of the system is that halteres possess their own set of tiny steering muscles ...
Tópico(s): Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
2006 - Elsevier BV | Current Biology
Bradley M. Hersh, Craig E. Nelson, Samantha J. Stoll, Jason E. Norton, Thomas J. Albert, Sean B. Carroll,
... regulatory network of the wing to generate the haltere, a modified hindwing. We used whole-genome microarrays ... to identify differentially expressed genes in wing and haltere imaginal discs. To elucidate the regulation of selected ... specifically expressed in either the wing disc or haltere disc. We demonstrate that UBX binds directly to ... these sites are critical for activation in the haltere disc. These results indicate that haltere and metathoracic segment morphology is not achieved merely ... activated to form these structures. The evolution of haltere morphology involved changes in UBX-regulated target genes, ...
Tópico(s): Plant Molecular Biology Research
2006 - Elsevier BV | Developmental Biology
... encoded by mechanoreceptors at the base of the halteres, small dumb–bell–shaped organs derived through evolutionary ... hind wings. To study the input of the haltere system onto the flight control system, I constructed ... uni– and bilateral ablation experiments demonstrate that the halteres are required for these stability reflexes. The results also confirm that halteres encode angular velocity of the body by detecting ... that result from the linear motion of the haltere within the rotating frame of reference of the ...
Tópico(s): Animal Behavior and Reproduction
1999 - Royal Society | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
Wai Pang Chan, Michael H. Dickinson,
The halteres of Dipteran insects play an important role in flight control. They are complex mechanosensory devices equipped with ... into five fields at the base of each haltere. Despite the important role of these mechanosensory structures ... projections is not limited to axons from the haltere fields, but is also observed between afferents originating from the haltere fields and those from serially homologous fields on ... not determined the specific cellular targets of the haltere sensory cells, the afferents of a dorsal field ...
Tópico(s): Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
1996 - Wiley | The Journal of Comparative Neurology
... description of campaniform sensilla on the wing and haltere of Drosophila melanogaster is provided. Six types of ... appendage, as well as between the wing and haltere, are apparent. These data are used to assess ... mutants of the bithorax complex in which the halteres are transformed into wings. Flies homozygous for abxbx3pbx ... abx, bx3 and bx3pbx homozygotes the transformation of haltere into wing is incomplete, and each mutant shows characteristic fields of haltere and wing sensilla. It appears that specific regions ...
Tópico(s): Animal Behavior and Reproduction
1982 - The Company of Biologists | Development
Shwetha Mureli, Ilakkiya Thanigaivelan, Michael L. Schaffer, Jessica L. Fox,
... which lack a vestibular organ. In flies, the halteres, reduced hindwings imbued with hundreds of mechanosensory cells, ... movement responses to visual motion in intact and haltere-ablated tethered flies to explore the haltere's role in modulating visually-guided head movements ... guided head movements occur only during flight. Although halteres are not necessary for head movements, the amplitude ... gaze-control behavior. The cross-modal influence of halteres on the fly's responses to fast visual motion indicates that the haltere's role in gaze stabilization extends beyond its ...
Tópico(s): Animal Behavior and Reproduction
2017 - The Company of Biologists | Journal of Experimental Biology
Gabriel L. Smith, Sarah S. Bedair, Brian E. Schuster, W. D. Nothwang, Jeffrey S. Pulskamp, Christopher Meyer, R. G. Polcawich,
... have designed novel IMUs based on the biological haltere system in a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). MEMS haltere sensors were successfully simulated, designed, and fabricated with ... accurately decouples the three component parts from the haltere sensors. Individual, coupled, and arrayed halteres were fabricated. A series of static electrical tests ... taken as a whole, indicate that the MEMS haltere sensors will be inherently sensitive to the Coriolis ...
Tópico(s): Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
2012 - SPIE | Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE
Prasad Mohit, Kalpana Makhijani, M.B. Madhavi, Vellaichamy Bharathi, Ashish Lal, Gururaj Sirdesai, V. Ram Reddy, Ramesh Palaparthi, R. Kannan, Jyotsna Dhawan, L. S. Shashidhara,
Suppression of wing fate and specification of haltere fate in Drosophila by the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax is a classical example of Hox regulation of serial homology (Lewis, E.B. 1978. Nature ... to identify potential targets of Ultrabithorax function during haltere specification. Expression patterns of 18 validated target genes ... posterior and dorso-ventral signaling is critical for haltere fate specification. This is further confirmed by the ... override the effect of Ubx and cause dramatic haltere-to-wing transformations. Our results also demonstrate that ...
Tópico(s): Plant Molecular Biology Research
2006 - Elsevier BV | Developmental Biology