Laurent Madelain, Céline Paeye, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
Saccade and smooth pursuit are the eye movements used by primates to shift gaze. In this article we review evidence for the effects of reinforcement on several dimensions of these responses such as their latencies, velocities or amplitudes. We propose that these responses are operant behaviours controlled by their consequences on performance of visually guided tasks. Studying the conditions under which particular eye movement patterns might emerge from the cumulative effects of reinforcement provides ...
Tópico(s): Visual perception and processing mechanisms
2011 - Elsevier BV | Behavioural Processes
Vinca Rivière, Melissa Becquet, Emilie Peltret, Bruno Façon, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a high-probability (high-p) request sequence as a means of increasing compliance with medical examination tasks. Participants were children who had been diagnosed with autism and who exhibited noncompliance during general medical examinations. The inclusion of the high-p request sequence effectively increased compliance with medical examination tasks. In addition, the procedure was efficient, could be implemented by parents and medical ...
Tópico(s): Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
2011 - Wiley | Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Jérôme Alessandri, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Yvonne Delevoye, Thomas R. Zentall,
Humans prefer (conditioned) rewards that follow greater effort (Aronson & Mills, 1959). This phenomenon can be interpreted as evidence for cognitive dissonance (or as justification of effort) but may also result from (1) the contrast between the relatively greater effort and the signal for reinforcement or (2) the delay reduction signaled by the conditioned reinforcer. In the present study, we examined the effect of prior force and prior time to produce stimuli associated with equal reinforcement. As expected, ...
Tópico(s): Behavioral Health and Interventions
2008 - Springer Science+Business Media | Learning & Behavior
Jérôme Alessandri, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Thomas R. Zentall,
Justification of effort is a form of cognitive dissonance in which the subjective value of an outcome is directly related to the effort that went into obtaining it. However, it is likely that in social contexts (such as the requirements for joining a group) an inference can be made (perhaps incorrectly) that an outcome that requires greater effort to obtain in fact has greater value. Here we present evidence that a cognitive dissonance effect can be found in children under conditions that offer better ...
Tópico(s): Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
2008 - Springer Science+Business Media | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Pierre‐Marie Preux, Samuel Delepoulle⋆, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
In this paper, we present MAABAC, a generic model for building adaptive agents: they learn new behaviors by interacting with their environment. These agents adapt their behavior by way of reinforcement learning, namely temporal difference methods. MAABAC is presented in its generality and then, different instantiations of the generic model are presented and experiments are reported. These experiments show the strength of this way of learning.
Tópico(s): Data Stream Mining Techniques
2003 - Elsevier BV | Information Sciences
Jean Claude Darcheville, Laurent Madelain, C Buquet, J Charlier, Yanik Miossec,
Smooth pursuit is a complex behaviour which is not considered as totally functional at birth. The lack of maturation of the visuo-motor systems is generally invoked to explain this phenomenon. However, if this oculomotor response is an operant behaviour, an alternate explanation may be found in the absence of previous confrontation with the environmental contingencies. A first group of young infants were placed in situations in which their oculomotor responses could produce an auditory stimulus. ...
Tópico(s): Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
1999 - Elsevier BV | Behavioural Processes
Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Vinca Rivière, J. H. Wearden,
Twenty-six infants, 3 to 23 months old, were trained on fixed-interval schedules ranging from 10 s to 80 s. The operant response was touching an illuminated location on a touch-sensitive screen, and 20 s of cartoon presentation was the reinforcer. The subjects were also trained in a six-phase self-control procedure in which the critical phases involved choice between 20 s of cartoon available after a 0.5-s delay (impulsive choice) and 40 s of cartoon delayed for 40 s (self-controlled choice). All ...
Tópico(s): Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1993 - Wiley | Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Vinca Rivière, J. H. Wearden,
Operant responses of 16 children (mean age 6 years and 1 month) were reinforced according to different fixed‐interval schedules (with interreinforcer intervals of 20, 30, or 40 s) in which the reinforcers were either 20‐s or 40‐s presentations of a cartoon. In another procedure, they received training on a self‐control paradigm in which both reinforcer delay (0.5 s or 40 s) and reinforcer duration (20 s or 40 s of cartoons) varied, and subjects were offered a choice between various combinations of delay ...
Tópico(s): Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
1992 - Wiley | Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
... org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0104Samuel Delepoulle, Philippe Preux, Jean-Claude Darcheville Learning as a Consequence of Selection, (Apr 2002): ...
Tópico(s): Psycholinguistics and Behavioral Studies
1896 - University of Chicago Press | The American Naturalist
Arthur Prével, Vinca Rivière, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Gonzalo P. Urcelay, Ralph R. Miller,
Prével and colleagues reported excitatory learning with a backward conditioned stimulus (CS) in a conditioned reinforcement preparation. Their results add to existing evidence of backward CSs sometimes being excitatory and were viewed as challenging the view that learning is driven by prediction error reduction, which assumes that only predictive (i.e., forward) relationships are learned. The results instead were consistent with the assumptions of both Miller's Temporal Coding Hypothesis and Wagner' ...
Tópico(s): Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
2018 - SAGE Publishing | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Vinca Rivière, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Céline Clément,
Infants trained on FI schedules are able to adjust their post-reinforcement pause, but many sessions at a given parameter value are necessary before the FI cumulative record appears stable. We analysed transitions from one FI value to another from our earlier experiments. Infants were exposed to FI schedules from 10 to 80 s. Under these schedules, they showed long post-reinforcement pauses with most intervals involving the emission of a single, reinforced response. The passage from one FI value ...
Tópico(s): Neuroscience and Music Perception
2000 - Elsevier BV | Behavioural Processes
Arthur Prével, Vinca Rivière, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Gonzalo P. Urcelay,
In the present study, excitatory backward conditioning was assessed in a conditioned reinforcement paradigm. The experiment was conducted with human subjects and consisted of five conditions. In all conditions, US reinforcing value (i.e. time reduction of a timer) was assessed in phase 1 using a concurrent FR schedule, with one response key leading to US presentation and the other key leading to no-US. In phase 2, two discrete stimuli, S+ and S−, were paired with US and no-US respectively using an ...
Tópico(s): Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
2016 - Elsevier BV | Learning and Motivation
Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Catherine L. Boyer, Y. Miossec,
Reaching is considered to be a mature response in infants when they are 5 months old. The emergence of reaching is traditionally attributed to the maturation of cortical or cognitive structures. It is suggested that the reaching response could emerge from the operant contingencies taking place during, mother-infant interactions. Infants younger than 2months were placed in an experimental situation in which precise spatial positioning of the hand led to a contingent presentation of the mother's voice ...
Tópico(s): Hearing Impairment and Communication
2004 - Taylor & Francis | European Journal of Behavior Analysis
Tony Regia-Corte, Marion Luyat, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Yanik Miossec,
Résumé Dans une première expérience, seize participants doivent juger (sans faire réellement l'action) si une surface inclinée, placée à différents angles par rapport au sol, permet le maintien d'une posture verticale stable. Le maintien de la posture effective (action réelle) est, ensuite, mesuré. Les résultats, en accord avec ceux obtenus par Fitzpatrick, Carello, Schmidt et Corey (1994) mais différents de ceux trouvés par Klevberg et Anderson (2002), montrent que l'inclinaison perceptive limite ne ...
Tópico(s): Action Observation and Synchronization
2004 - Presses Universitaires De France | L’Année psychologique
Céline Clément, Kenon A. Lattal, Vinca Rivière, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
A critique of the operant procedures used to study the ontogenesis of temporal regulation in infants and children is presented. The main thesis is that there is a transition in such regulation from nonhuman-like contingency-governed operant behavior to verbally-governed behavior in humans. Some studies have shown that responding of infants and young children during fixed-interval (FI) and differential-reinforcement-of-low rate (DRL) schedules is typical of the behavior of nonhumans under such schedules, ...
Tópico(s): Early Childhood Education and Development
2007 - Taylor & Francis | European Journal of Behavior Analysis
Vinca Rivière, Jean Claude Darcheville,
Three experiments used procedures to increase the selection of larger, more delayed reinforcers over smaller immediate reinforcers and observed the consequences of training on fixed-interval schedule performance. Six infants from a previous experiment (Darcheville, Rivière, & Wearden, 1993) showed impulsivity under a self-control paradigm and presented high rates of responses under FI schedules. The first training (the same as Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1988) consisted in gradually increasing the duration ...
Tópico(s): Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
2001 - Taylor & Francis | European Journal of Behavior Analysis
Samuel Delepoulle⋆, Pierre‐Marie Preux, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
We study the evolution of social behaviors within a behavioral framework. To this end, we define a “minimal social situation” that is experimented with both humans and simulations based on reinforcement learning algorithms. We analyse the dynamics of behaviors in this situation by way of operant conditioning. We show that the best reinforcement algorithm, based on Staddon-Zhang’s equations, has a performance and a variety of behaviors that comes close to that of humans, and clearly outperforms the ...
Tópico(s): Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications
2000 - Springer Science+Business Media | Lecture notes in computer science
Samuel Delepoulle⋆, Pierre‐Marie Preux, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
Since the end of the XIXth century, the influence of learning on natural selection has been considered. More recently, this influence has been investigated using computer simulations. However, it has not yet been shown how the ability of learning can be the product of natural selection. This point is precisely the subject of this paper.
Tópico(s): Behavioral and Psychological Studies
2002 - Springer Science+Business Media | Lecture notes in computer science
Samuel Delepoulle⋆, Pierre‐Marie Preux, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
The law of effect is a very simple law which relates the probability of emission of a behavior by a living being to the consequences of the emission of this behavior by this living being in the past. As such, this law models very basic learning. This law can be considered as an experimental fact as far as it has been observed for a whole range of living beings including human beings. In this paper, we first show that this general law can be the result of a selection process such as natural selection. ...
Tópico(s): Child and Animal Learning Development
2001 - Springer Science+Business Media | Lecture notes in computer science
Jérémie Jozefowiez, Jean‐Claude Darcheville, PHILlPPE PREUX,
We propose an operant approach to the emergence of cooperation in the iterated Prisoners' Oilemma (IPO). The approach yields to the design of reinforcementlearning agents whose behavioral repertoire includes not only cooperation-related behaviors, but also controlling behaviors that may influence the behavior of the other player. The task of an agent is to learn to coordinate its own cooperation- and controlrelated behaviors with those of the other agents. It is suggested that this situation is closer ...
Tópico(s): Game Theory and Applications
2011 - National Autonomous University of Mexico | Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta
Samuel Delepoulle⋆, PHILlPPE PREUX, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
This paper deals with an extension of behavioral principies to the study 01 social situations, In order to understand how individual contingencies are structured in a collective situation, we propose to investigate social situations using experiments with humans, in conjunction with simulations with behavioral artificial agents, In the first part, we present results obtained with humans in a minimal social situation. In this kind of situation, participants unknowingly interact by reinforcing and ...
Tópico(s): Psychological Treatments and Disorders
2011 - National Autonomous University of Mexico | Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta
Claire Lambert, Jean‐Claude Darcheville,
Tópico(s): Linguistics and Discourse Analysis
1988 - Springer Science+Business Media | European Journal of Psychology of Education
Jean‐Claude Darcheville, Jean-Pierre Derquenne, Jacqueline Hayez, Françoise Somet, Germaine Stanesco,
On s'intéresse dans cette expérience à l'apparition de l'opération d'addition dans les naturels chez des enfants entre 5 ; 6-6 ; 6 ans. Vergnaud a montré que l'addition dans les naturels recouvre soit une composition de deux états soit une transformation d'un état. On présente aux enfants deux situations. L'une est une composition de deux états, l'autre une transformation par ajouts d'un ensemble discret. Pour répondre, ces enfants peuvent procéder soit à l'aide de l'addition, soit à l'aide du dénombrement. ...
Tópico(s): Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
1983 - | Revue française de pédagogie
This is a new experimental checking about Luria's thesis relating to the coming out of a directive influence of the semantic aspect of the speech on the motor activity going along with this activity. Former verifications of this approach referred to Luria's experimental schema as following : a motorial task ordered by a luminous stimulation {pressing twice on a ball) going with the uttering « I am pushing twice ». As a matter of fact, the semantic of this formulation does not correspond the real activity ...
Tópico(s): Information Technology and Learning
1977 - Presses Universitaires De France | Enfance