... left of any one entering, and represents the Narasinha or man lion, the fourth Avatar of Vishnu, ...
0000 - Gale Group | NCCO Photography
Narasinha Shurpali, Niina Hyvönen, Jari T. Huttunen, Robert Clement, Markus Reichstein, Hannu Nykänen, Christina Biasi, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Abstract The area under the cultivation of perennial bioenergy crops on organic soils in the northern countries is fast increasing. To understand the impact of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinaceae L. ) cultivation on the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) balance of an organic soil, net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) was measured for four years in a RCG cultivated cutover peatland in eastern Finland using the eddy covariance technique. There were striking differences among the years in the annual precipitation. ...
Tópico(s): Bioenergy crop production and management
2009 - Wiley | GCB Bioenergy
... block will be recognised another representation of the Narasinha, or man-lion, the fourth Avatar of Vishnu, ...
0000 - Gale Group | NCCO Photography
Niina Hyvönen, Jari T. Huttunen, Narasinha Shurpali, Niina M. Tavi, Maija E. Repo, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Drained organic soils are among the most risky soil types as far as their greenhouse gas emissions are considered. Reed canary grass (RCG) is a potential bioenergy crop in the boreal region, but the atmospheric impact of its cultivation is unknown. The fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured from an abandoned peat extraction site (an organic soil) cultivated with RCG using static chamber and snow gradient techniques. The fluxes were measured also at an adjacent site which is under active peat extraction ...
Tópico(s): Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
2009 - Elsevier BV | Bioresource Technology
... are covered with sculpture, - this one representing the Narasinha [Narasimha], or fourth Avatar of Vishnu; but the ...
0000 - Gale Group | NCCO Photography
Narasinha Shurpali, Niina Hyvönen, Jari T. Huttunen, Christina Biasi, Hannu Nykänen, Niina M. Pekkarinen, Pertti J. Martikainen,
This paper reports chamber measurements of ecosystem respiration (ER) from reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) (RCG) cultivation made during 2004 and 2005 and respiration rates from an adjacent, bare peat extraction site. Annually, the RCG site released 1465 g in 2004 and 1968 g CO2 m-2 in 2005. The peat extraction site, however, emitted 498 g in 2004 and 264 g CO2 m-2 in 2005. Heterotrophic respiration accounted for about 45% of the RCG ER. Temperature explained 75–88% of the variation in ...
Tópico(s): Bioenergy crop production and management
2008 - Taylor & Francis | Tellus B
Christina Biasi, Saara E. Lind, Niina M. Pekkarinen, Jari T. Huttunen, Narasinha Shurpali, Niina Hyvönen, Maija E. Repo, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Liming is a common management practice used to achieve optimum pH for plant growth in agricultural soils. Addition of lime to the soil, however, may cause CO2 release when the carbonates in lime dissolve in water. Although lime may thereby constitute a significant carbon source, especially under acidic soil conditions, experimental data on the CO2 release are lacking so far. We conducted a split-plot experiment within a cut-away peatland cultivated with a bioenergy crop (reed canary grass, Phalaris ...
Tópico(s): Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
2008 - Elsevier BV | Soil Biology and Biochemistry
Narasinha Shurpali, Harri Strandman, Antti Kilpeläinen, Jari T. Huttunen, Niina Hyvönen, Christina Biasi, Seppo Kellomäki, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Abstract Marginal organic soils, abundant in the boreal region, are being increasingly used for bioenergy crop cultivation. Using long‐term field experimental data on greenhouse gas (GHG) balance from a perennial bioenergy crop [reed canary grass (RCG), Phalaris arundinaceae L.] cultivated on a drained organic soil as an example, we show here for the first time that, with a proper cultivation and land‐use practice, environmentally sound bioenergy production is possible on these problematic soil types. ...
Tópico(s): Forest Management and Policy
2010 - Wiley | GCB Bioenergy
Jukka Alm, Narasinha Shurpali, Kari Minkkinen, Lasse Aro, Jyrki Hytönen, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Marja Maljanen, Pertti J. Martikainen, Päivi Mäkiranta, Timo Penttilä, Sanna Saarnio, Niko Silvan, Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila, Jukka Laine,
This paper summarises the results of several research groups participating in the research programme Greenhouse Impacts of the use of Peat and Peatlands in Finland, and presents emission factors for peat-atmosphere fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, filling gaps in knowledge concerning the afforestation of organic croplands and cutaways, and improves the emission assessment of peatlands drained for forestry. Forest drainage may result in net binding of soil carbon or net release, depending on site characteristics ...
Tópico(s): Fire effects on ecosystems
2007 - | Boreal environment research
Sanna Saarnio, Micaela Morero, Narasinha Shurpali, Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila, M. Mäkilä, Jukka Alm,
This study was conducted to improve the estimates of C gas fluxes in boreal ombrotrophic and minerotrophic mires used in the lifecycle analysis of peat energy. We reviewed literature and collected field data from two new sites in southern Finland. In the literature, annual estimates of net CO 2 exchange varied from -85 to +67 g C m -2 a -1 for ombrotrophic mires and from -101 to +98 g C m -2 a -1 for minerotrophic mires. Correspondingly, net CH 4 flux estimates varied from less than -1 up to -16 g C m -2 a - ...
Tópico(s): Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
2007 - | Boreal environment research
Päivi Mäkiranta, Jyrki Hytönen, Lasse Aro, Marja Maljanen, Mari Pihlatie, H. Potila, Narasinha Shurpali, Jukka Laine, Annalea Lohila, Pertti J. Martikainen, Kari Minkkinen,
The effects of land-use and land-use change on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are of concern due to Kyoto Protocol requirements. To quantify the soil GHG-fluxes of afforested organic soils in Finland, chamber measurements of soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were made during the years 2002 to 2005 on twelve organic soil cropland and six cutaway peatland sites afforested 9 to 35 years ago. The annual soil CO 2 effluxes were statistically modelled using soil temperature as the driving variable and ...
Tópico(s): Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
2007 - | Boreal environment research
Kari Minkkinen, Jukka Laine, Narasinha Shurpali, P. Maekiranta, Jukka Alm, Timo Penttilä,
Heterotrophic soil respiration (CO 2 efflux from the decomposition of peat and root litter) in three forestry-drained peatlands with different site types and with a large climatic gradient from the hemi-boreal (central Estonia) to south (southern Finland) and north boreal (northern Finland) conditions was studied. Instantaneous fluxes varied between 0 and 1.3 g CO 2 -C m -2 h -1 , and annual fluxes between 248 and 515 g CO 2 -C m -2 a -1 . Variation in the annual fluxes among site types was studied only in the ...
Tópico(s): Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
2007 - | Boreal environment research
Lars Kutzbach, Judit Schneider, Torsten Sachs, M. Giebels, Hannu Nykänen, Narasinha Shurpali, Pertti J. Martikainen, Jukka Alm, Martin Wilmking,
Abstract. Closed (non-steady state) chambers are widely used for quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between soils or low-stature canopies and the atmosphere. It is well recognised that covering a soil or vegetation by a closed chamber inherently disturbs the natural CO2 fluxes by altering the concentration gradients between the soil, the vegetation and the overlying air. Thus, the driving factors of CO2 fluxes are not constant during the closed chamber experiment, and no linear increase or decrease ...
Tópico(s): Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
2007 - Copernicus Publications | Biogeosciences
... Martin -- Gujarat: Krishna-Lila in the songs of Narasinha Mehta / Neelima Shukla-Bhatt -- Sanskrit from Tamil Nadu: ...
Tópico(s): Shakespeare, Adaptation, and Literary Criticism
2007 - Association of College and Research Libraries | Choice Reviews Online
Marja Maljanen, Narasinha Shurpali, Jyrki Hytönen, Päivi Mäkiranta, Lasse Aro, H. Potila, Jukka Laine, Changsheng Li, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Tópico(s): Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
2011 - Springer Science+Business Media | Biogeochemistry
Jinnan Gong, Kaiyun Wang, Seppo Kellomäki, Chao Zhang, Pertti J. Martikainen, Narasinha Shurpali,
A process-based model was developed and validated to predict the regional dynamics of the water table (WT) in peatlands under climatic forcing. The model detailed the water-energy feedbacks in the common SVAT (soil–vegetation–atmosphere transportation) model and specified the differences in processes in pristine fens, pristine bogs and drained peatlands. The spatiotemporal changes in the WT of the peatlands throughout Finland were computed based on 10 km × 10 km grids for the period 2000–2099. The calculations ...
Tópico(s): Climate change and permafrost
2012 - Elsevier BV | Ecological Modelling
Taru Palosuo, Bente Foereid, Magnus Svensson, Narasinha Shurpali, Aleksi Lehtonen, M. Herbst, Tapio Linkosalo, Carina A. Ortiz, Gorana Rampazzo Todorovic, Saulius Marcinkonis, Changsheng Li, Robert Jandl,
We simulated soil carbon stock dynamics of an Austrian coniferous forest stand with five soil-only models (Q, ROMUL, RothC, SoilCO2/RothC and Yasso07) and three plant–soil models (CENTURY, CoupModel and Forest-DNDC) for an 18-year period and the decomposition of a litter pulse over a 100-year period. The objectives of the study were to assess the consistency in soil carbon estimates applying a multi-model comparison and to present and discuss the sources of uncertainties that create the differences ...
Tópico(s): Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
2012 - Elsevier BV | Environmental Modelling & Software
Narasinha Shurpali, Christina Biasi, Simo Jokinen, Niina Hyvönen, Pertti J. Martikainen,
With the aim of addressing the broader issues of land use, climate change and energy crisis, eddy covariance measurements of energy and CO2 exchange from a bioenergy crop (reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinaceae, L.) cultivated on a drained organic soil (a cutover peatland) in eastern Finland were initiated in the spring of 2004. Based on the climatically diverse dataset from the 2004 to 2010 period, the objectives of the work presented here are to characterize the interannual variability in water ...
Tópico(s): Soil and Unsaturated Flow
2012 - Elsevier BV | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
Narasinha Shurpali, Shashi B. Verma, R. Clement, D. P. Billesbach,
Methane flux was measured using the micrometeorological eddy correlation technique during 62 days in mid‐May through mid‐October 1991 in a peatland ecosystem in north central Minnesota. Application of this technique allows measurement of spatially integrated fluxes. The distribution of methane flux consisted of a gradual pattern with several episodic emissions superimposed. The gradual (nonepisodic) pattern of methane flux (daytime average) exhibited an increase from 30–120 mg m −2 d −1 in late May ...
Tópico(s): Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
1993 - American Geophysical Union | Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
Robert Frank Weiss, Narasinha Shurpali, Tapani Sallantaus, Raija Laiho, Jukka Laine, Jukka Alm,
Hydrology controls the physical, chemical and biological processes in peatlands and hence could be the most important process regulating their function, development and characteristic biogeochemistry. Models describing hydrological processes and soil heat exchange phenomena are an important tool in understanding the peatland biogeochemical cycles of C and N. Presented in this paper is a peat soil climate model that uses weather data, mire site and peat characteristics as input data. The model is ...
Tópico(s): Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
2005 - Elsevier BV | Ecological Modelling
R. L. Yadav, B. S. Dwivedi, Kamta Prasad, O. K. Tomar, Narasinha Shurpali, P.S Pandey,
Tópico(s): Agricultural Science and Fertilization
2000 - Elsevier BV | Field Crops Research
M. R. Turetsky, Agnieszka Kotowska, Jill L. Bubier, Nancy B. Dise, P. M. Crill, Edward R. C. Hornibrook, Kari Minkkinen, Tim R. Moore, Isla H. Myers‐Smith, Hannu Nykänen, David Olefeldt, Janne Rinne, Sanna Saarnio, Narasinha Shurpali, Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila, J. M. Waddington, Jeffrey R. White, Kimberly P. Wickland, Martin Wilmking,
Abstract Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane. Here, we assess controls on methane flux using a database of approximately 19 000 instantaneous measurements from 71 wetland sites located across subtropical, temperate, and northern high latitude regions. Our analyses confirm general controls on wetland methane emissions from soil temperature, water table, and vegetation, but also show that these relationships are modified depending on wetland type (bog, fen, or swamp), region ( ...
Tópico(s): Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
2014 - Wiley | Global Change Biology
Niina Hyvönen, Jari T. Huttunen, Narasinha Shurpali, Saara E. Lind, Maija E. Marushchak, Lauri Heitto, Pertti J. Martikainen,
We studied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from drainage ditches and leaching losses in a boreal cutaway peatland cultivated with reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) for bioenergy. The objectives of the study were to assess to what extent GHG emissions from drainage ditches and leaching of carbon and nutrients via surface drainage contribute to the total losses of carbon and nitrogen from the site. The emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 were measured with static chamber methods for three years and ...
Tópico(s): Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
2013 - | Boreal environment research
Jinnan Gong, Seppo Kellomäki, Kaiyun Wang, Chao Zhang, Narasinha Shurpali, Pertti J. Martikainen,
This study predicted the spatiotemporal changes in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the pristine peatlands throughout Finland during the 21st century based on 10 km × 10 km grids. The predictions are based on a regional carbon (C) model that emphasizes the mire-type differences in ecohydrology and biogeochemistry. The model was validated by field measurements performed at multiple sites in Finland. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the CO2 flux was more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes ...
Tópico(s): Climate change and permafrost
2013 - Elsevier BV | Ecological Modelling
Narasinha Shurpali, Shashi B. Verma, J. Kim, Timothy J. Arkebauer,
Micrometeorological measurements of carbon dioxide exchange were made in an open peatland in north central Minnesota during two growing seasons (1991 and 1992). The vegetation at the site was dominated by Sphagnum papillosum, Scheuchzeria palustris , and Chamaedaphne calyculata . The objective of the study was to examine the diurnal and seasonal variations in canopy photosynthesis ( P ) and develop information on the net ecosystem CO 2 exchange. The two seasons provided contrasting microclimatic conditions: ...
Tópico(s): Fire effects on ecosystems
1995 - American Geophysical Union | Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
Amit Bhatnagar, Kavindra Kumar Kesari, Narasinha Shurpali,
Tópico(s): Biofuel production and bioconversion
2015 - Springer Science+Business Media | Water Air & Soil Pollution
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Annalea Lohila, Juha‐Pekka Tuovinen, Dennis Baldocchi, Ankur R. Desai, Nigel T. Roulet, Timo Vesala, A. J. Dolman, Walter C. Oechel, Barbara Marcolla, Thomas Friborg, Janne Rinne, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Lutz Merbold, Ana Meijide, Gerard Kiely, Matteo Sottocornola, Torsten Sachs, Donatella Zona, Andrej Varlagin, Derrick Y.F. Lai, Elmar Veenendaal, Frans‐Jan W. Parmentier, Ute Skiba, Magnus Lund, A. Hensen, J. van Huissteden, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Narasinha Shurpali, Thomas Grünwald, Elyn Humphreys, M. Jackowicz-Korczyński, Mika Aurela, Tuomas Laurila, C. Grüning, C. Corradi, A. P. Schrier‐Uijl, Torben R. Christensen, Mikkel P. Tamstorf, Mikhail Mastepanov, Pertti J. Martikainen, Shashi B. Verma, Christian Bernhofer, Alessandro Cescatti,
Significance Wetlands are unique ecosystems because they are in general sinks for carbon dioxide and sources of methane. Their climate footprint therefore depends on the relative sign and magnitude of the land–atmosphere exchange of these two major greenhouse gases. This work presents a synthesis of simultaneous measurements of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes to assess the radiative forcing of natural wetlands converted to agricultural or forested land. The net climate impact of wetlands is strongly ...
Tópico(s): Climate variability and models
2015 - National Academy of Sciences | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Ü. Rannik, Sami Haapanala, Narasinha Shurpali, Ivan Mammarella, Saara E. Lind, Niina Hyvönen, Olli Peltola, M. S. Zahniser, Pertti J. Martikainen, Timo Vesala,
Abstract. Four gas analysers capable of measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration at a response time necessary for eddy covariance flux measurements were operated from spring until winter 2011 over a field cultivated with reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea, L.), a perennial bioenergy crop in eastern Finland. The instruments were TGA100A (Campbell Scientific Inc.), CW-TILDAS-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.), N2O / CO-23d (Los Gatos Research Inc.) and QC-TILDAS-76-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.). The period ...
Tópico(s): Climate variability and models
2015 - Copernicus Publications | Biogeosciences
Maija E. Marushchak, Thomas Friborg, Christina Biasi, M. Herbst, Torbjörn Johansson, I. Kiepe, Maarit Liimatainen, Saara E. Lind, Pertti J. Martikainen, Tarmo Virtanen, H. Soegaard, Narasinha Shurpali,
Abstract. Methane (CH4) fluxes were investigated in a subarctic Russian tundra site in a multi-approach study combining plot-scale data, ecosystem-scale eddy covariance (EC) measurements, and a fine-resolution land cover classification scheme for regional upscaling. The flux data as measured by the two independent techniques resulted in a seasonal (May–October 2008) cumulative CH4 emission of 2.4 (EC) and 3.7 g CH4 m−2 (manual chambers) for the source area representative of the footprint of the EC instruments. ...
Tópico(s): Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
2016 - Copernicus Publications | Biogeosciences
Saara E. Lind, Narasinha Shurpali, Olli Peltola, Ivan Mammarella, Niina Hyvönen, Marja Maljanen, Mari Räty, Perttu Virkajärvi, Pertti J. Martikainen,
Abstract. One of the strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector is to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as bioenergy crops. Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during biomass production, field management and transportation. The present study focuses on the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea L.), a perennial bioenergy crop, on a mineral soil. To quantify the CO2 exchange of this ...
Tópico(s): Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
2016 - Copernicus Publications | Biogeosciences