Anna Ratz‐Łyko, Jacek Arct, Anna Herman, Katarzyna Pytkowska, Sławomir Majewski,
... v/v) extracts from O enothera biennis , B orago officinalis , N igella sativa seedcake before and after ...
Tópico(s): Cassava research and cyanide
2014 - Wiley | International Journal of Food Science & Technology
Tópico(s): Medieval Iberian Studies
1989 - University of Coimbra | Revista de História das Ideias
DM Othero, ASS Orago, Ted Groenewegen, D. O. Kaseje, PA Otengah,
Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among under-fives especially in rural and peri-urban communities in developing countries. Home management of diarrhea is one of the key household practices targeted for enhancement in the Community Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (C-IMCI) strategy.The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of mothers/caregivers regarding the causes of diarrhea among under-fives and how it was managed in the home before seeking help ...
Tópico(s): Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
2009 - African Journals OnLine | East African Journal of Public Health
Emmy J. Chesire, Alloys S. S. Orago, Lawrence P. Oteba, Elizabeth Echoka,
Background: Malnutrition is a major public health concern affecting a significant number of school age children influencing their health, growth and development, and school academic performance. Objective: To establish the determinants of under nutrition among school age children between 6-12 years in a low-income urban community. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Kawangware peri-urban slum, Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects: Three hundred and eighty four school children aged 6 - 12 years. ...
Tópico(s): Global Maternal and Child Health
2009 - African Journals OnLine | East African Medical Journal
Tom Were, Gregory C. Davenport, Emmanuel Yamo, James B. Hittner, Gordon A. Awandare, Michael F. Otieno, Collins Ouma, Alloys S. S. Orago, John Vulule, John Michael Ong’echa, Douglas J. Perkins,
Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES, CCL-5) is an important immunoregulatory mediator that is suppressed in children with malarial anemia (MA). Although pro-inflammatory (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines regulate RANTES production, their effect on RANTES in children with MA has not been determined. Since intraleukocytic malarial pigment, hemozoin (Hz), causes dysregulation in chemokine and cytokine production, ...
Tópico(s): Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
2009 - Elsevier BV | Microbes and Infection
Alloys S. S. Orago, Christine A. Facer,
SUMMARY Quantification of human peripheral blood NK subsets has been made in a group of Kenyan adults and children with acute P. falciparum malaria. Results were compared with data obtained from three age- and sex-matched control cohorts: parasitaemic but asymptomatic children: aparasitaemic children and adults; and adult Caucasians with no previous history of malaria. Separated NK subsets were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity to erythrocytic sehizonts of P. falciparum in the presence and absence ...
Tópico(s): Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
1991 - Oxford University Press | Clinical & Experimental Immunology
Francis W. Muregi, S.C. Chhabra, E.N.M. Njagi, Caroline Langat‐Thoruwa, Wilson Njue, Alloys S. S. Orago, Sabah A. Omar, I.O. Ndiege,
Fifty-five organic and aqueous extracts of 11 plants used in malaria therapy in Kisii District, Kenya were tested in vitro against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Of the plants tested, 73% were active (IC50<100 μg/ml). Three plants, Vernonia lasiopus, Rhamnus prinoides and Ficus sur afforded extracts with IC50 values ranging less than 30 μg/ml against both CQ-sensitive and resistant strains. Combination of some extracts with CQ against the multi-drug resistant ...
Tópico(s): Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
2003 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Simon Kariuki, Altaf A. Lal, Dianne J. Terlouw, Feiko O. ter Kuile, John Michael Ong’echa, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Alloys S. S. Orago, MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Bernard L. Nahlen, Ya Ping Shi,
As part of a large community-based trial on the impact of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed nets (ITNs) on childhood morbidity and mortality in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya, we assessed the effects of ITNs on malaria-specific humoral responses in young children. The IgG responses to Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1) and the blood stage antigen merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1 19 kD) ...
Tópico(s): Parasites and Host Interactions
2003 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
John Arudo, John E. Gimnig, Feiko O. ter Kuile, S. Patrick Kachur, Laurence Slutsker, MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Alloys S. S. Orago, Bernard L. Nahlen, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard,
Estimates of mortality in children less than five years old using government civil registration statistics (passive surveillance) were compared against statistics generated by active demographic surveillance during a randomized controlled trial of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) in western Kenya. Mortality rates were two-fold lower when estimated through civil registration compared with active prospective surveillance (rate ratio [RR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44–0.59). While civil registration ...
Tópico(s): Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
2003 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
John Michael Ong’echa, Altaf A. Lal, Feiko O. ter Kuile, Feiko O. ter Kuile, Simon Kariuki, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Alloys S. S. Orago, Allen W. Hightower, Bernard L. Nahlen, Ya Ping Shi,
Previous studies in animal models have revealed an association between interferon-γ (IFN- γ), produced by CD8 + T cells and irradiated sporozoite-induced sterile immunity. To determine whether IFN-γ can serve as a marker of pre-erythrocytic protective immunity in individuals naturally exposed to malaria, we characterized IFN-γ and lymphocyte proliferative responses to previously defined CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from six pre-erythrocytic stage antigens in 107 children six months to two ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Vectors
2003 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Simon Kariuki, Feiko O. ter Kuile, Kathleen Wannemuehler, Dianne J. Terlouw, MARGARETTE S. KOLCZAK, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Alloys S. S. Orago, Bernard L. Nahlen, Altaf A. Lal, Ya Ping Shi,
As part of a community-based group-randomized trial on the impact of permethrin-treated bed nets (ITNs) on malaria in pregnancy in a holoendemic area of western Kenya, we assessed their effects on antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic antigens (recombinant circumsporozoite protein [CSP] and peptides complimentary to the repeat region of the liver stage antigen-1 [LSA-1]) and blood stage antigen (recombinant C-terminal domain of the merozoite surface protein-1 [MSP-1 19 kD]) in paired ...
Tópico(s): Mosquito-borne diseases and control
2003 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Eric Mibei, Walter Otieno, Alloys S. S. Orago, José A. Stoute,
SUMMARY Plasmodium falciparum infection can lead to deadly complications such as severe malaria‐associated anaemia (SMA) and cerebral malaria (CM). Children with severe malaria have elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (ICs). To further investigate the quantitative differences in antibody class/subclass components of ICs in SMA and CM , we enrolled 75 children with SMA and 32 children with CM from hospitals in western Kenya and matched them to 74 and 52 control children, respectively, with ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Vectors
2008 - Wiley | Parasite Immunology
Lilian Ogonda, Alloys S. S. Orago, Michael F. Otieno, Christine Adhiambo, Walter Otieno, José A. Stoute,
Fc gamma receptor IIIA (CD16/Fc gamma RIIIA) on monocytes/macrophages may play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe malarial anemia (SMA) by promoting phagocytosis of IgG-coated uninfected red cells and by allowing the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) upon cross-linking by immune complexes (ICs). However, not much is known about the differential expression of this receptor on monocytes of children with severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria. Therefore, we investigated ...
Tópico(s): Malaria Research and Control
2010 - American Society for Microbiology | Infection and Immunity
Luna Kamau, Robert A. Skilton, David Odongo, Stephen Mwaura, Naftaly Githaka, Esther Kanduma, M. Obura, E. Kabiru, Alloys S. S. Orago, A.J. Musoke, Richard P. Bishop,
Abstract The transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the Arthropoda. We describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (Ra86) of the Bm86 gut antigen from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus . Bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus . The R. appendiculatus Ra86 proteins contain 654 and 693 amino acids, with only 80% amino acid sequence identity. Reverse‐transcription PCR of gut cDNA showed transcription ...
Tópico(s): Insect and Pesticide Research
2010 - Wiley | Insect Molecular Biology
Peter Odada Sumba, E. W. Kabiru, Eunice Toko Namuyenga, Nancy C. Fiore, R.O Otieno, Ann M. Moormann, Alloys S. S. Orago, Paula F. Rosenbaum, Rosemary Rochford,
Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (eBL) has been associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. But recent evidence suggests that other risk factors are involved. We hypothesised that selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a surrogate of nutritional status, is an important biomarker for eBL risk. We measured plasma GPx, anthropometric markers of malnutrition, EBV viral loads and malaria parasitaemia in children aged 1–9 years (n=258) from two locations in Nyanza ...
Tópico(s): Reproductive System and Pregnancy
2010 - Springer Nature | British Journal of Cancer
George Ayodo, Alkes L. Price, Alon Keinan, Arthur Ajwang, Michael F. Otieno, Alloys S. S. Orago, Nick Patterson, David Reich,
Statistical power to detect disease variants can be increased by weighting candidates by their evidence of natural selection. To demonstrate that this theoretical idea works in practice, we performed an association study of 10 putative resistance variants in 471 severe malaria cases and 474 controls from the Luo in Kenya. We replicated associations at HBB (P=.0008) and CD36 (P=.03) but also showed that the same variants are unusually differentiated in frequency between the Luo and Yoruba (who historically ...
Tópico(s): HIV Research and Treatment
2007 - Elsevier BV | The American Journal of Human Genetics
Tom Oluoch, Ibrahim Mohammed, Rebecca Bunnell, Reinhard Kaiser, Andrea A Kim, Anthony Gichangi, Mary Mwangi, Sufia Dadabhai, Lawrence Marum, Alloys S. S. Orago, Jonathan Mermin,
To identify factors associated with prevalent HIV in a national HIV survey in Kenya.The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey was a nationally representative population-based sero-survey that examined demographic and behavioral factors and serologic testing for HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis in adults aged 15-64 years. We analyzed questionnaire and blood testing data to identify significant correlates of HIV infection among sexually active adults.Of 10,957 eligible women and 8,883 men, we interviewed 10,239 (93%) ...
Tópico(s): HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
2011 - Bentham Science Publishers | The Open AIDS Journal
Collins Ouma, Michael F. Otieno, DOROTHY A. OPONDO, Tom Were, RICHARD O. OTIENO, Michael F. Otieno, Alloys S. S. Orago, John Michael Ong’echa, John Vulule, Robert E. Ferrell, Douglas J. Perkins,
Protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum is partially mediated through binding of malaria-specific IgG antibodies to Fcγ receptors. Polymorphic variability in Fcγ RIIa (H/R-131) is associated with differential binding of IgG subtypes and malaria disease outcomes. However, the role of Fcγ RIIa-131 variability in conditioning susceptibility to severe malarial anemia, the primary manifestation of severe malaria in holoendemic P. falciparum transmission areas, is largely undefined. Thus, Fcγ ...
Tópico(s): Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
2006 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
JSO Osero, MF Otieno, ASS Orago,
Background: Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) have been proved as one of the most effective ways of reducing malaria morbidity and mortality in children and pregnant women. Proper use and care of insecticide treated nets reduce malaria health risk to children. Objective: To determine maternal use of insecticide treated nets in the prevention of malaria among children under five years in Nyamira district.Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study.Setting: Eight health centres in Nyamira district. Subjects: ...
Tópico(s): Malaria Research and Control
2006 - African Journals OnLine | East African Medical Journal
John Michael Ong’echa, ZACHARY LANDIS-LEWIS, Christopher Keller, RICHARD O. OTIENO, ALLOYS S. ORAGO, GEORGE A. OGONJI, Douglas J. Perkins, Stephen Mogere, Collins Ouma, Tom Were, Richard Day, Jamie L. Slingluff, Sandra S. Kaplan, Daniel Ochiel, John Vulule,
Malarial anemia (MA) is a multifactorial disease for which the complex etiological basis is only partially defined. The association of clinical, nutritional, demographic, and socioeconomic factors with parasitemia, anemia, and MA was determined for children presenting at a hospital in a holoendemic area of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in western Kenya. Parasitemia was not associated with malaria disease severity. In univariate logistic regression, fever was significantly associated with parasitemia, ...
Tópico(s): Mosquito-borne diseases and control
2006 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Erick Mibei, Alloys S. S. Orago, José A. Stoute,
Malaria infection leads to the formation of circulating immune complexes. However, it is unclear whether these complexes play a role in the pathogenesis of complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at determining if there are differences in the levels of immune complexes between children with severe malaria-associated anemia and cerebral malaria and between each of these two groups and their respective uncomplicated symptomatic malaria or healthy asymptomatic controls. Children ...
Tópico(s): Complement system in diseases
2005 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Eunita Atieno Ohas, John H. Adams, John Waitumbi, Alloys S. S. Orago, Arnoldo Barbosa, David E. Lanar, José A. Stoute,
Region II of the 175-kDa erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA-175RII) of Plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-EBA-175RII antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of EBA-175RII to erythrocytes, and (iii) determine ...
Tópico(s): Computational Drug Discovery Methods
2004 - American Society for Microbiology | Infection and Immunity
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi, Diana M. S. Karanja, IRERI KAREKO, PHILLIP W. MAGAK, Alloys S. S. Orago, Daniel G. Colley, W. Evan Secor,
To investigate whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) affects fibrosis development in patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, we evaluated schistosomiasis-induced pathology in the livers of Kenyan patients co-infected with HIV-1. Compared with persons with schistosomiasis alone (n = 58), there were no significant differences in distribution of ultrasound-detectable pathology in persons with HIV-1 co-infection (n = 23). Similarly, serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were not ...
Tópico(s): Global Maternal and Child Health
2004 - American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Francis W. Muregi, S.C. Chhabra, E.N.M. Njagi, Caroline Langat‐Thoruwa, Wilson Njue, Alloys S. S. Orago, Sabah A. Omar, I.O. Ndiege,
Abstract Sixty organic and aqueous extracts of eleven plants used for the control of malaria by local communities in Kisii District, Kenya were screened for in vitro anti‐plasmodial activity. The plants selection was based on existing ethnobotanical information and interviews with local communities. The extracts were tested against chloroquine sensitive and resistant laboratory adapted strains of Plasmodium falciparum . The study revealed that 63.6% of the plants were active (IC 50 ≤ 100 µg/mL). Extracts ...
Tópico(s): Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
2004 - Wiley | Phytotherapy Research
Kara Riehman, Jakub Kakietek, Brigitte Manteuffel, Rosalía Rodriguez-García, René Bonnel, N'Della N'Jie, Lucas Godoy Garraza, Alloys S. S. Orago, Patrick Murithi, Joseph Fruh,
International donors have increasingly shifted AIDS funding directly to community-based organizations (CBOs) with the assumption that responding to the epidemic is best achieved at the community level. The World Bank, ICF Macro, and the National Council for Population and Development in Kenya, conducted a study to evaluate the community response in Kenya. The study used a quasi-experimental design comparing seven study communities and seven comparison communities in Nyanza Province and Western Province. ...
Tópico(s): HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
2013 - Taylor & Francis | AIDS Care
Willy K. Tonui, P. A. Mbati, C. O. Anjili, Alloys S. S. Orago, S J Turco, J. I. Githure, D. K. Keoch,
New strategies for control of leishmaniasis is needed as chemotherapy using antimonial drugs is prolonged, expensive, associated with side effects and relapses. Vector control has limitations and a vaccine which may be the best approach is not available.To assess the level of inhibition of promastigote development and gut morphology in infected Phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies fed on different groups of BALB/c mice immunised with rgp63, lipophosglycan (LPG) or their cocktail and whole parasite antigens ...
Tópico(s): Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment
2001 - African Journals OnLine | East African Medical Journal
Michael M. Gicheru, Joseph Olobo, Christopher O. Anjili, Alloys S. S. Orago, Farrokh Modabber, Phillip Scott,
ABSTRACT Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes chronic cutaneous lesions that often leave disfiguring scars. Infections in mice have demonstrated that leishmanial vaccines that include interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant are able to induce protective immunity. In this study, we assessed the safety, immunopotency, and adjuvant potential of two doses of IL-12 when used with a killed L. major vaccine in vervet monkeys. The induction of cell-mediated immunity following vaccination was ...
Tópico(s): SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
2001 - American Society for Microbiology | Infection and Immunity
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi, Diana M. S. Karanja, Daniel G. Colley, Alloys S. S. Orago, W. Evan Secor,
In vitro studies suggest that CD4+ cells with a T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype better support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication than do cells of the Th1 phenotype. As a result, Th2-type immune responses may be substantially affected by HIV-1 coinfection. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was done of proliferation and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with schistosomiasis who were positive or negative for HIV-1. Patients with schistosomiasis ...
Tópico(s): HIV Research and Treatment
2001 - Oxford University Press | The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, John Michael Ong’echa, Yaping Shi, Michael Aidoo, Alloys S. S. Orago, A J Oloo, Penelope A. Phillips–Howard, Bernard L. Nahlen, Stephen L. Hoffman, Walter R. Weiss, Altaf A. Lal,
Abstract In this study, we have investigated the extent of natural polymorphism in the CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) determinant (amino acids 368–390) of circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from a holoendemic region of Kenya, and determined how this variation affects the CTL reactivities in clinically immune adults and binding specificities to human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B35. Among the eight variant sequences that were found in this region, four ...
Tópico(s): vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
1997 - Wiley | European Journal of Immunology
Luna Kamau, W. A. Hawley, Tovi Lehmann, Alloys S. S. Orago, Anthony J. Cornel, Zhaoxi Ke, Frank H. Collins,
Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis were analysed at 30 short tandem repeat (STR) loci originally developed for use in An. gambiae. All specimens were collected from the same village in Kilifi district, coastal Kenya. All 30 loci were amplified in the An. gambiae specimens, whereas 25 out of 30 loci (83.3%) were successfully amplified in the An. arabiensis specimens. Both species had similar levels of polymorphism for the loci that were amplified (93.3% for An. gambiae and 92% for An. arabiensis). ...
Tópico(s): Genetic diversity and population structure
1998 - Springer Nature | Heredity