Raisa Raulino, Guillaume Thaurignac, Christelle Butel, Christian Julián Villabona‐Arenas, Thomas Foe, Sévérin Loul, Simon-Pierre Ndimbo-Kumugo, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Karen Kerkhof, Éric Delaporte, Kevin K. Ariën, Vincent Foulongne, Eitel Mpoudi Ngole, Martine Peeters, Ahidjo Ayouba,
Background Epidemic arbovirus transmission occurs among humans by mosquito bites and the sylvatic transmission cycles involving non-human primates (NHPs) still exists. However, limited data are available on the extent in NHPs infections and their role. In this study, we have developed and validated a high-throughput serological screening tool to study the circulation of multiple arboviruses that represent a significant threat to human health, in NHPs in Central Africa. Methodology/Principal findings ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Vectors
2021 - Public Library of Science | PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Jessica L. Abbate, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Nicolás Berthet, Eric M. Leroy, Pierre Becquart, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum,
For more than 95% of acute febrile jaundice cases identified through surveillance for yellow fever, a reemerging arthropod-borne viral disease, no etiological exploration is ever done. The aim of this study was to test for other arthropod-borne viruses that can induce the same symptoms in patients enrolled in the yellow fever surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Of 652 patients included in the surveillance of yellow fever in DRC from January 2003 to January 2012, 453 patients ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
2018 - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
Anja De Weggheleire, Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Joachim Mariën, Esaie Kindombe-Luzolo, Gillon Ilombe, Donatien Mangala-Sonzi, Guillaume Binene-Mbuka, Birgit De Smet, Florian Vogt, Philippe Selhorst, Mathy Matungala-Pafubel, Frida N’Kawa, Fabien Vulu, Mathias Mossoko, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Wim Van Bortel, Francis Wat’senga-Tezzo, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
Early March 2019, health authorities of Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alerted a sudden increase in acute fever/arthralgia cases, prompting an outbreak investigation. We collected surveillance data, clinical data, and laboratory specimens from clinical suspects (for CHIKV-PCR/ELISA, malaria RDT), semi-structured interviews with patients/caregivers about perceptions and health seeking behavior, and mosquito sampling (adult/larvae) for CHIKV-PCR and estimation of infestation levels. ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
2021 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Viruses
Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Frédéric Le Gal, Nadine Ngwaka-Matsung, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Richard Onanga, Berthold Bivigou‐Mboumba, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Athénaïs Gerber, Jessica L. Abbate, Dieudonné Mwamba, Nicolás Berthet, Eric M. Leroy, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Pierre Becquart,
The majority of patients with acute febrile jaundice (>95%) identified through a yellow fever surveillance program in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) test negative for antibodies against yellow fever virus. However, no etiological investigation has ever been carried out on these patients. Here, we tested for hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D (HDV), and hepatitis E (HEV) viruses, all of which can cause acute febrile jaundice, in patients included in the yellow fever ...
Tópico(s): Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
2017 - American Society for Microbiology | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Bram Vrancken, Tony Wawina-Bokalanga, Bert Vanmechelen, Joan Martí‐Carreras, Miles W. Carroll, Justus Nsio, Jimmy Kapetshi, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Guy Baele, Kurt Vermeire, Valentijn Vergote, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Piet Maes,
Ebolaviruses pose a substantial threat to wildlife populations and to public health in Africa. Evolutionary analyses of virus genome sequences can contribute significantly to elucidate the origin of new outbreaks, which can help guide surveillance efforts. The reconstructed between-outbreak evolutionary history of Zaire ebolavirus so far has been highly consistent. By removing the confounding impact of population growth bursts during local outbreaks on the free mixing assumption that underlies coalescent- ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Vectors
2020 - Public Library of Science | PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Christian Julián Villabona‐Arenas, Nicole Vidal, Jacques Likofata, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Patrick Mukadi, Charles Kumakamba, Bathe Djokolo, Ahidjo Ayouba, Éric Delaporte, Martine Peeters, Jean‐Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
Ten days after the declaration of the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, rapid identification of the species Zaire Ebola virus using partial gene amplification and nanopore sequencing backed up the use of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-Zaire Ebola virus vaccine in the recommended ring vaccination strategy.
Tópico(s): SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
2018 - Oxford University Press | Clinical Infectious Diseases
Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Gervais T. Folefack, Marc K Yambayamba, Paul M Tshiminyi, Benito M. Kazenza, John Otokoye Otshudiema, Noé Guinko, Moreau D. Umba, Anastasie Mulumba, Lionel K Baketana, Patrick K Mukadi, Chris Smith, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda,
Abstract Serologic surveys are important tools for estimating the true burden of COVID-19 in a given population. After the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections, a household-based survey conducted in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, estimated >292 infections going undiagnosed for every laboratory-confirmed case. To ascertain the cumulative population exposure in Kinshasa after the second wave of COVID-19, we conducted a prospective population-based cross-sectional study using a highly sensitive ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 epidemiological studies
2023 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Emerging infectious diseases
Eduan Wilkinson, Marta Giovanetti, Houriiyah Tegally, James Emmanuel San, Richard Lessells, Diego F. Cuadros, Darren P. Martin, David A. Rasmussen, Abdel‐Rahman N. Zekri, Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Abdoul–Salam Ouédraogo, Abdul Karim Sesay, Priscilla Abechi, Adedotun-Sulaiman Kemi, Adewunmi M. Olubusuyi, Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi, Adnène Hammami, Adrienne Amuri-Aziza, Ahmad Sayed, Ahmed E. O. Ouma, Aida Elargoubi, Nnennaya Anthony Ajayi, Ajogbasile F. Victoria, Kazeem Akano, Akpede George, Alexander J. Trotter, Yahaya Ali Ahmed, Alpha Kabinet Keïta, Amadou Diallo, A. Koné, Amal Souissi, Amel Chtourou, Ana Victoria Gutiérrez, Andrew J. Page, Anika Vinzé, Arash Iranzadeh, Arnold W. Lambisia, Arshad Ismail, Rosemary Audu, Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Femi Ayoade, Azeddine Ibrahimi, Baba M, Bamidele Soji Oderinde, Bankole Bolajoko, Beatrice Dhaala, Belinda L. Herring, Berthe‐Marie Njanpop‐Lafourcade, Bronwyn Kleinhans, Bronwyn McInnis, Bryan Tegomoh, Cara E. Brook, Catherine Pratt, Cathrine Scheepers, Chantal Akoua‐Koffi, Charles N. Agoti, Christophe N. Peyrefitte, Claudia Daubenberger, Collins M. Morang’a, D. James Nokes, Daniel G. Amoako, Daniel Lule Bugembe, Daniel J. Park, David Baker, Deelan Doolabh, Deogratius Ssemwanga, Derek Tshiabuila, Bassirou Diarra, Dominic S. Y. Amuzu, Dominique Goedhals, Donwilliams O. Omuoyo, Dorcas Maruapula, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Edgar Simulundu, Edidah M. Ong’era, Edith N. Ngabana, Edwin Shumba, Elmostafa El Fahime, Emmanuel Lokilo, Enatha Mukantwari, Eromon Philomena, Essia Belarbi, Etienne Simon‐Lorière, Etilé A. Anoh, Fabian H. Leendertz, F. Ajili, Fakayode O. Enoch, Wasfi Farès, Fatma Abdelmoula, Fausta Mosha, Faustinos Tatenda Takawira, Fawzi Derrar, Fériel Bouzid, Onikepe Folarin, Fowotade Adeola, Francisca Muyembe, Frank Tanser, Fred Athanasius Dratibi, Gabriel K. Mbunsu, Gaetän Thilliez, Gemma L. Kay, George Githinji, Gert U. van Zyl, Gordon A. Awandare, Grit Schubert, Gugu Maphalala, Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson, Hajar Lemriss, Anise Happi, Haruka Abe, Héla Karray, Hellen Nansumba, Hesham A. Elgahzaly, Hlanai Gumbo, Ibtihel Smeti, Ikhlas Ben Ayed, Ikponmwosa Odia, Ilhem Boutiba Ben Boubaker, Imed Gaâloul, Inbal Gazy, Innocent Mudau, Isaac Ssewanyana, Iyaloo Konstantinus, Jean B. Lekana-Douk, Jean-Claude Makangara-Cigolo, Jean‐Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Jean‐Michel Héraud, Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Jennifer Giandhari, Jingjing Li, Jiro Yasuda, Joana Q. Mends, Jocelyn Kiconco, John Mwita Morobe, John O. Gyapong, Johnson Okolie, John Kayiwa, Johnathan A. Edwards, Jones Gyamfi, Jouali Farah, Joweria Nakaseegu, Joyce M. Ngoi, Joyce Namulondo, Julia C. Andeko, Julius J. Lutwama, Justin O’Grady, Katherine J. Siddle, Kayode T. Adeyemi, Kefentse A. Tumedi, Khadija Said Mohammed, Hae‐Young Kim, Kwabena Obeng Duedu, Lahcen Belyamani, Lamia Fki‐Berrajah, Lavanya Singh, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, Lynn Tyers, Magalutcheemee Ramuth, Maha Mastouri, Mahjoub Aouni, Mahmoud El Hefnawi, M.I. Matsheka, Malebogo Kebabonye, Mamadou Diop, Manel Turki, Mariétou F Paye, Martin M. Nyaga, Mathabo Mareka, Damaris Matoke-Muhia, Maureen W. Mburu, Maxmillian Mpina, Nwando Mba, Michael Owusu, Michael R. Wiley, Mirabeau T. Youtchou, Mitoha Ondo’o Ayekaba, Mohamed Abouelhoda, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Mohamed K. Khalifa, Mooko Sekhele, Mouna Ouadghiri, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Mulenga Mwenda, Mushal Allam, My V. T. Phan, Nabil Abid, Nadia Touil, Nadine Rujeni, Najla Kharrat, Nália Ismael, Ndongo Dia, Nédio Mabunda, Marvin Hsiao, Nelson Boricó Silochi, Ngoy Nsenga, Nicksy Gumede, Nicola Mulder, Nnaemeka Ndodo, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Nosamiefan Iguosadolo, Judith U. Oguzie, Ojide C. Kingsley, Okogbenin Sylvanus, Okokhere Peter, Femi Oladiji, Idowu B. Olawoye, Testimony Olumade, Omoruyi Ewean Chukwuma, Onwe Emeka Ogah, Chika Onwuamah, Oshomah Cyril, Ousmane Faye, Oyewale Tomori, Pascale Ondoa, P Combe, Patrick Semanda, Paul E. Oluniyi, Paulo Arnaldo, Peter K. Quashie, Philippe Dussart, Phillip Armand Bester, Placide Mbala, Reuben Ayivor-Djanie, Richard Njouom, Richard Odame Phillips, Richmond Gorman, Robert A. Kingsley, Rosina Carr, Saâd El Kabbaj, Saba Gargouri, Saber Masmoudi, Safiétou Sankhe, Salako B. Lawal, Samar K. Kassim, Sameh Trabelsi, Samar Metha, S. Kammoun, Sanaâ Lemriss, Sara H. A. Agwa, Sébastien Calvignac‐Spencer, S. F. Schaffner, Seydou Doumbia, Sheila Makiala Mandanda, Sherihane Aryeetey, Shymaa S. Ahmed, Siham Elhamoumi, S. F. Andriamandimby, Sobajo Tope, Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Sophie J. Prosolek, Soumeya Ouangraoua, Steve Ahuka Mundeke, Steven Rudder, Sumir Panji, Sureshnee Pillay, Susan Engelbrecht, Susan Nabadda, Sylvie Behillil, Sylvie L. Budiaki, Sylvie van der Werf, Tapfumanei Mashe, Tarik Aanniz, Thabo Mohale, Thanh Le-Viet, Tobias Schindler, Ugochukwu J. Anyaneji, Chinedu Ugwu, Upasana Ramphal, Uwanibe Jessica, Uwem E. George, Vagner Fonseca, Vincent Enouf, Vivianne Gorova, Wael H. Roshdy, William Ampofo, Wolfgang Preiser, Wonderful T. Choga, Yaw Bediako, Yeshnee Naidoo, Yvan Butera, Zaydah R. de Laurent, Amadou A. Sall, Ahmed Rebaï, Anne von Gottberg, Bourèma Kouriba, Carolyn Williamson, Daniel J. Bridges, Ihekweazu Chikwe, Jinal N. Bhiman, Madisa Mine, Matthew Cotten, Sikhulile Moyo, Simani Gaseitsiwe, Ngonda Saasa, Pardis C. Sabeti,
SARS-CoV-2 across Africa The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been hard to track in African countries, largely because of patchy data. Wilkinson et al . curated viral genomes collected in 2021 from several countries across the continent. Outbreaks during 2020 in each African country were initiated by imported cases, mostly from Europe. As the pandemic developed, case numbers in African countries were likely many times higher than reported, and ...
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Junior Bulabula-Penge, Anja De Weggheleire, Bart K. M. Jacobs, François Edidi-Atani, Fabrice Mambu-Mbika, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Martin Faye, Cheick T Diagne, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Oumar Faye, Masahiro Kajihara, Ousmane Faye, Ayato Takada, Amadou A. Sall, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Johan van Griensven, Kevin K. Ariën, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
Background The Democratic Republic of the Congo has confronted 13 outbreaks of Ebola virus disease since 1976. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting viral antigens have been developed to circumvent difficulties encountered with RT-PCR for diagnosis in remote low-resource settings, but there is still uncertainty about their performance characteristics and usability during outbreaks. We aimed to assess the field performance of three antigen detection RDTs compared with the gold-standard Cepheid GeneXpert ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 epidemiological studies
2022 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Anja De Weggheleire, Shino Muramatsu, Daisuke Kato, Koichi Inano, Fumio Gondaira, Masahiro Kajihara, Reiko Yoshida, Katendi Changula, Aaron S. Mweene, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Justin Masumu, Steve Ahuka, Ayato Takada,
The recent large outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have highlighted the need for rapid diagnostic tests to control this disease. In this study, we clinically evaluated a previously developed immunochromatography-based kit, QuickNaviTM-Ebola. During the 2018 outbreaks in DRC, 928 blood samples from EVD-suspected cases were tested with QuickNaviTM-Ebola and the WHO-approved GeneXpert. The sensitivity and specificity of QuickNaviTM-Ebola, ...
Tópico(s): Hepatitis B Virus Studies
2019 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Viruses
Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Junior Bulabula-Penge, Bart K. M. Jacobs, Anja De Weggheleire, François Edidi-Atani, Fabrice Mambu-Mbika, Anaïs Legand, John D. Klena, Peter N. Fonjungo, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Masahiro Kajihara, Ayato Takada, Joel M. Montgomery, Pierre Formenty, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Kevin K. Ariën, Johan van Griensven, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Hgo Kavunga-Membo, Elie-Ishnel Ishara-Nshombo, Stijn Rogé, Noëlla Mulopo-Mukanya, Espérance Tsiwedi-Tsilabia, Emile Muhindo-Milonde, Marie-Anne Kavira-Muhindo, Maria Morales-Betoulle, Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye,
Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks have emerged in Central and West Africa. EVD diagnosis relies principally on RT-PCR testing with GeneXpert®, which has logistical and cost restrictions at the peripheral level of the health system. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) would offer a valuable alternative at the point-of-care to reduce the turn-around time, if they show good performance characteristics. We evaluated the performance of four EVD RDTs against the reference standard GeneXpert® on stored EVD positive ...
Tópico(s): Disaster Response and Management
2023 - Elsevier BV | EBioMedicine
Justus Nsio, Jimmy Kapetshi, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Frédéric Raymond, Gaston Tshapenda, Nancy Boucher, Jacques Corbeil, Antoine Okitandjate, Gisèle Mbuyi, Musa Kiyele, Vital Mondonge, Marie Jose Kikoo, Michel Van Herp, Philippe Barboza, Roberta Petrucci, Guido Benedetti, Pierre Formenty, Baby Muyembe Muzinga, Oly Ilunga Kalenga, Steve Ahuka, Hugues Fausther‐Bovendo, Benoît Kebela Ilunga, Gary Kobinger, Jean-Jacques Muyembe,
In 2017, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) recorded its eighth Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, approximately 3 years after the previous outbreak.Suspect cases of EVD were identified on the basis of clinical and epidemiological information. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis or serological testing was used to confirm Ebola virus infection in suspected cases. The causative virus was later sequenced from a RT-PCR-positive individual and assessed using phylogenetic ...
Tópico(s): Mosquito-borne diseases and control
2019 - Oxford University Press | The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Philippe Selhorst, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Birgit De Smet, Joachim Mariën, Colin Anthony, Guillaume Binene-Mbuka, Anja De Weggheleire, Gillon Ilombe, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Léopold Lubula, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye, Florian Vogt, Francis Wat’senga, Wim Van Bortel, Veerle Vanlerberghe, Kevin K. Ariën, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
Early 2019, a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak hit the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Though seldomly deadly, this mosquito-borne disease presents as an acute febrile (poly)arthralgia often followed by long-term sequelae. Although Aedes aegypti is the primary vector, an amino acid substitution in the viral envelope gene E1 (A226V) is causing concern as it results in increased transmission by Aedes albopictus, a mosquito with a much wider geographical distribution. Between January and March ...
Tópico(s): Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
2020 - Taylor & Francis | Emerging Microbes & Infections
Houriiyah Tegally, James Emmanuel San, Matthew Cotten, Monika Moir, Bryan Tegomoh, Gerald Mboowa, Darren P. Martin, Cheryl Baxter, Arnold W. Lambisia, Amadou Diallo, Daniel G. Amoako, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Abay Sisay, Abdel‐Rahman N. Zekri, Abdou Salam Guèye, Abdoul Karim Sangaré, Abdoul–Salam Ouédraogo, Abdourahmane Sow, Abdualmoniem O. Musa, Abdul Karim Sesay, Abe G. Abias, Adam Elzagheid, Adamou Lagaré, Adedotun-Sulaiman Kemi, Aden Elmi Abar, Adeniji A. Johnson, Adeola Fowotade, Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi, Adrienne Amuri-Aziza, Agnes Juru, Ahmed Kandeil, Ahmed Mostafa, Ahmed Rebaï, Ahmed Sayed, Kazeem Akano, Aladje Baldé, Alan Christoffels, Alexander J. Trotter, Allan Campbell, Alpha Kabinet Keïta, A. Koné, Amal Bouzid, Amal Souissi, Ambrose Agweyu, Amel Naguib, Ana Victoria Gutiérrez, Anatole Nkeshimana, Andrew J. Page, Anges Yadouléton, Anika Vinzé, Anise N. Happi, Anissa Chouikha, Arash Iranzadeh, Arisha Maharaj, Armel L. Batchi‐Bouyou, Arshad Ismail, Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Augustine Goba, Femi Ayoade, Ayotunde E. Sijuwola, Baba M, Babatunde Lawal Salako, Bamidele Soji Oderinde, Bankole Bolajoko, Bassirou Diarra, Belinda L. Herring, Benjamin Tsofa, Bernard Lekana-Douki, Bernard Mvula, Berthe‐Marie Njanpop‐Lafourcade, Blessing T. Marondera, Bouh Abdi Khaireh, Bourèma Kouriba, Bright Adu, Brigitte Pool, Bronwyn McInnis, Cara E. Brook, Carolyn Williamson, Cassien Nduwimana, Catherine Anscombe, Catherine Pratt, Cathrine Scheepers, Chantal Akoua‐Koffi, Charles N. Agoti, Chastel M. Mapanguy, Cheikh Loucoubar, Chika Onwuamah, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Christian Malaka, Christophe N. Peyrefitte, Chukwa Grace, Chukwuma Ewean Omoruyi, Clotaire Donatien Rafaï, Collins M. Morang’a, Cyril Erameh, Daniel Lule Bugembe, Daniel J. Bridges, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Daniel J. Park, David A. Rasmussen, David Baker, D. James Nokes, Deogratius Ssemwanga, Derek Tshiabuila, Dominic S. Y. Amuzu, Dominique Goedhals, Donald S. Grant, Donwilliams O. Omuoyo, Dorcas Maruapula, Dorcas Wanjohi, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Edgar Simulundu, Edidah M. Ong’era, Edith N. Ngabana, Edward Okoth Abworo, Edward Otieno, Edwin Shumba, Edwine Barasa, El Bara Ahmed, Elhadi Abdalla Ahmed, Emmanuel Lokilo, Enatha Mukantwari, Eromon Philomena, Essia Belarbi, Etienne Simon‐Lorière, Etilé A. Anoh, Eusébio Manuel, Fabian H. Leendertz, Fahn Taweh, Wasfi Farès, Fatma Abdelmoula, Faustinos Tatenda Takawira, Fawzi Derrar, Fehintola V. Ajogbasile, Florette K. Treurnicht, Onikepe Folarin, Francine Ntoumi, Francisca Muyembe, Frank Edgard Zongo Ragomzingba, Fred Athanasius Dratibi, Fred-Akintunwa Iyanu, Gabriel K. Mbunsu, Gaetän Thilliez, Gemma L. Kay, George O. Akpede, Gert U. van Zyl, Gordon A. Awandare, Grace Kpeli, Grit Schubert, Gugu Maphalala, Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson, Hannah E. Omunakwe, Harris Onywera, Haruka Abe, Héla Karray, Hellen Nansumba, Henda Triki, Herve Albéric Adje Kadjo, Hesham A. Elgahzaly, Hlanai Gumbo, Hota Mathieu, Hugo Kavunga‐Membo, Ibtihel Smeti, Idowu B. Olawoye, Ifedayo Adetifa, Ikponmwosa Odia, Ilhem Boutiba Ben Boubaker, Iluoreh Ahmed Muhammad, Isaac Ssewanyana, Isatta Wurie, Iyaloo Konstantinus, Jacqueline Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, James Ayei, Janaki Sonoo, Jean-Claude Makangara-Cigolo, Jean‐Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Jean‐Michel Héraud, Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Jennifer Giandhari, Jennifer Musyoki, Jerome Nkurunziza, Jessica N. Uwanibe, Jinal N. Bhiman, Jiro Yasuda, Joana Morais, Jocelyn Kiconco, John Demby Sandi, John Huddleston, John Kofi Odoom, John Mwita Morobe, John O. Gyapong, John Kayiwa, Johnson Okolie, Joicymara S. Xavier, Jones Gyamfi, Joseph Francis Wamala, Joseph Humphrey Kofi Bonney, Joseph Nyandwi, Josie Everatt, Joweria Nakaseegu, Joyce M. Ngoi, Joyce Namulondo, Judith U. Oguzie, Julia C. Andeko, Julius J. Lutwama, Juma J. H. Mogga, Justin O’Grady, Katherine J. Siddle, Kathleen Victoir, Kayode T. Adeyemi, Kefentse A. Tumedi, Kevin Sanders Da Rosa Carvalho, Khadija Said Mohammed, Koussay Dellagi, Kunda Musonda, Kwabena Obeng Duedu, Lamia Fki‐Berrajah, Lavanya Singh, Lenora Kepler, Leon Biscornet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, Lucious Chabuka, Luicer A. Ingasia, Lul Deng Ojok, Lul Lojok Deng, Lynette Isabella Ochola‐Oyier, Lynn Tyers, Madisa Mine, Magalutcheemee Ramuth, Maha Mastouri, Mahmoud ElHefnawi, Maïmouna Mbanne, M.I. Matsheka, Malebogo Kebabonye, Mamadou Diop, Mambu Momoh, Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça, Marietjie Venter, Mariétou F Paye, Martin Faye, Martin M. Nyaga, Mathabo Mareka, Damaris Matoke-Muhia, Maureen W. Mburu, Maxmillian Mpina, Michael Owusu, Michael R. Wiley, Mirabeau Youtchou Tatfeng, Mitoha Ondo’o Ayekaba, Mohamed Abouelhoda, Mohamed Amine Beloufa, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Mohamed K. Khalifa, Mooko Marethabile Matobo, Mouhamed Kane, Mounérou Salou, Mphaphi B. Mbulawa, Mulenga Mwenda, Mushal Allam, My V. T. Phan, Nabil Abid, Nadine Rujeni, Nadir Abuzaid, Nália Ismael, Nancy Elguindy, Ndeye Marième Top, Ndongo Dia, Nédio Mabunda, Marvin Hsiao, Nelson Boricó Silochi, Ngiambudulu M. Francisco, Ngonda Saasa, Nicholas Bbosa, Nickson Murunga, Nicksy Gumede, Nicole Wolter, Nikita Sitharam, Nnaemeka Ndodo, Nnennaya Anthony Ajayi, Noël Tordo, Nokuzola Mbhele, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Nosamiefan Iguosadolo, Nwando Mba, Ojide C. Kingsley, Okogbenin Sylvanus, Femi Oladiji, Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi, Testimony Olumade, Olusola Ogunsanya, Oluwatosin Fakayode, Onwe Emeka Ogah, Ope-Ewe Oludayo, Ousmane Faye, Pamela Smith-Lawrence,
Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite ...
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Takanari Hattori, Takeshi Saito, Boniface Pongombo Lombe, Hiroko Miyamoto, Akina Mori‐Kajihara, Masahiro Kajihara, Agathe B. Nkoy, Augustin T. Twabela, Justin Masumu, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Manabu Igarashi, Eun‐Sil Park, Shigeru Morikawa, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Ayato Takada,
BackgroundBas-Congo virus (BASV), an emerging tibrovirus, was associated with an outbreak of acute haemorrhagic fever in Mangala, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 2009. In 2012, neutralising antibodies to BASV were detected in the lone survivor and one of his close contacts. However, subsequent serological and molecular surveys were unsuccessful as neither BASV antibodies nor its RNA were detected. In this study, we determined the seroprevalence of BASV infection in Mangala 13 years after the ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
2024 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Microbe
Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Jessica L. Abbate, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Eric M. Leroy, Pierre Becquart,
In the battle to quickly identify potential yellow fever arbovirus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, active syndromic surveillance of acute febrile jaundice patients across the country is a powerful tool. However, patients who test negative for yellow fever virus infection are too often left without a diagnosis. By retroactively screening samples for other potential viral infections, we can both try to find sources of patient disease and gain information on how commonly they may ...
Tópico(s): Parvovirus B19 Infection Studies
2021 - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | Medicina
Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Patrick I. Mpingabo, Marc K Yambayamba, Paul M Tshiminyi, Aimé Umba-Phuati, Jacques Kimfuta, Ferdinand A Phukuta, Goethe Makindu, Raymond Mufwaya-Nsene, Ryoko Asari, Saeda Makimoto, Lionel K Baketana, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Mitsuo Isono, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum,
By the end of the third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic (May-October 2021), only 3130 of the 57 268 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were reported in Kongo Central. This province, and especially its capital city, Matadi, has essential trade and exchanges with Kinshasa, the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in DRC. Kinshasa accounted for 60.0% of all cases during the same period. The true burden of COVID-19 ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
2023 - Oxford University Press | Open Forum Infectious Diseases
Patrick Mukadi-Kakoni, Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Gracia Kashitu-Mujinga, Marguerite Manwana-Pemba, Niclette Zenga-Bibi, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Christelle Mbelu-Kabongo, Fleurette Domai-Mbuyakala, Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu, Pierre Mutantu-Nsele, Yoshinao Kubo, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Koya Ariyoshi, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum,
Tópico(s): Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
2025 - BioMed Central | Tropical Medicine and Health
Rebekah Wood, W. Tembele, Arsène Héma, Anyirékun Fabrice Somé, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Charles Basilubo, Raphael Lumembe, Nicole Alama, Gabriel K. Mbunsu, Arsène Zongo, Steve Ahuka, JJ Muyembe, Fabian H. Leendertz, Tim Eckmanns, Grit Schubert, Thérèse Kagoné, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Sara Tomczyk,
Abstract Background The coronavirus pandemic again highlighted the need for robust health care facility infection prevention and control (IPC) programmes. WHO guidelines on the core components (CCs) of IPC programmes provides guidance for facilities, but their implementation can be difficult to achieve in resource-limited settings. We aimed to gather evidence on an initial WHO IPC implementation experience using a mixed methods approach. Methods A five-day training on the WHO IPC CCs was conducted ...
Tópico(s): Disaster Response and Management
2024 - BioMed Central | Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
Sheila Makiala Mandanda, Nadine Ngwaka, Pierre Becquart, Steve Ahuka, Nicolás Berthet, Eric M. Leroy, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum,
Tópico(s): Mosquito-borne diseases and control
2016 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Virus Eradication
Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Patrick I. Mpingabo, Paul Tshiminyi-Munkamba, Aimé Umba-Phuati, Jacques Kimfuta, Ferdinand Ango-Phukuta, Goethe Makindu, Raymond Mufwaya-Nsene, Ryoko Asari, Saeda Makimoto, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Mitsuo Isono, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum,
Background Several governments from African countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), implemented stringent public health measures to curb COVID-19 transmission in the early phases of the pandemic. While these restrictive measures are believed to have contributed to lowering case incidence and related mortality in DRC, data on the population’s knowledge and adherence are limited. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, attitudes, and practices of COVID-19 preventive ...
Tópico(s): Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
2024 - Frontiers Media | Frontiers in Public Health
Ahmadou Barry, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Yahaya Ali Ahmed, Y Allarangar, Julienne Ngoundoung Anoko, Brett N. Archer, Aaron Aruna Abedi, Jayshree Bagaria, Marie Roseline Darnycka Bélizaire, Sangeeta Bhatia, Théophile Bokenge, Emanuele Bruni, Anne Cori, Ernest Dabire, Amadou Mouctar Diallo, Boubacar Diallo, Christl A. Donnelly, Ilaria Dorigatti, Tshewang Dorji, Aura Rocio Escobar Corado Waeber, Ibrahima Socé Fall, Neil M. Ferguson, Richard G. FitzJohn, Gervais Leon Folefack Tengomo, Pierre Formenty, Alpha Forna, Anne Fortin, Tini Garske, Katy A. M. Gaythorpe, Céline Gurry, Esther Hamblion, Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey, Christopher Haskew, Stéphane Hugonnet, Natsuko Imai, Bénido Impouma, Guylain Kabongo, Oly Ilunga Kalenga, Emerencienne Kibangou, Theresa Min-Hyung Lee, Charles Okot Lukoya, Ousmane Ly, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Augustin Mamba, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Franck Mboussou, Tamayi Mlanda, Vital Mondonge Makuma, Oliver Morgan, Anastasie Mulumba, Patrick Mukadi, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Jean-Jaques Muyembe, Ndjoloko Tambwe Bathé, Patricia Ndumbi Ngamala, Roland Ngom, Guillaume Ngoy, Pierre Nouvellet, Justus Nsio, Kevin Ousman, Emilie Peron, Jonathan A. Polonsky, Michael J. Ryan, Alhassane Touré, Rodney Towner, Gaston Tshapenda, R Van de Weerdt, Maria D. Van Kerkhove, Annika Wendland, Nda Konan Michel Yao, Zabulon Yoti, Etienne Yuma, Guy Kalambayi Kabamba, Jean de Dieu Lukwesa Mwati, Gisele Mbuy, Léopold Lubula, Anny Mutombo, Oscar Mavila, Yyonne Lay, Emma Kitenge,
Summary Background On May 8, 2018, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Équateur Province in the northwest of the country. The remoteness of most affected communities and the involvement of an urban centre connected to the capital city and neighbouring countries makes this outbreak the most complex and high risk ever experienced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We provide early epidemiological information arising from the ongoing ...
Tópico(s): Disaster Response and Management
2018 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet
Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Catherine Pratt, Michael R. Wiley, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Amuri Aziza, Nicholas Di Paola, Joseph A Chitty, Mamadou Diop, Ahidjo Ayouba, Nicole Vidal, Ousmane Faye, Oumar Faye, Stormy Karhemere, Aaron Aruna, Justus Nsio, Felix Mulangu, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Patrick Mukadi, John Kombe, Anastasie Mulumba, Sophie Duraffour, Jacques Likofata, Elisabeth Pukuta, Katie Caviness, Maggie L. Bartlett, Jeanette Gonzalez, Timothy D. Minogue, Shanmuga Sozhamannan, Stephen M Gross, Gary P Schroth, Jens H. Kuhn, Eric Donaldson, Éric Delaporte, Mariano Sánchez-Lockhart, Martine Peeters, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum, Amadou Alpha Sall, Gustavo Palacios, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
BackgroundThe 2018 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, began on May 8, and was declared over on July 24; it resulted in 54 documented cases and 33 deaths. We did a retrospective genomic characterisation of the outbreak and assessed potential therapeutic agents and vaccine (medical countermeasures).MethodsWe used target-enrichment sequencing to produce Ebola virus genomes from samples obtained in the 2018 Équateur Province outbreak. Combining these ...
Tópico(s): Mosquito-borne diseases and control
2019 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Amuri Aziza, Nicholas Di Paola, Michael R. Wiley, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Katie Caviness, Catherine Pratt, Jason T. Ladner, Jeffrey R Kugelman, Karla Prieto, Joseph A Chitty, Peter A. Larson, Brett Beitzel, Ahidjo Ayouba, Nicole Vidal, Stomy Karhemere, Mamadou Diop, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Martin Faye, Ousmane Faye, Aaron Aruna, Justus Nsio, Felix Mulangu, Daniel Mukadi‐Bamuleka, Patrick Mukadi, John Kombe, Anastasie Mulumba, Christian Julián Villabona‐Arenas, Elisabeth Pukuta, Jeanette Gonzalez, Maggie L. Bartlett, Shanmuga Sozhamannan, Stephen M Gross, Gary P Schroth, Roger Tim, Junhua Zhao, Jens H. Kuhn, Boubacar Diallo, Michel Yao, Ibrahima Socé Fall, Bathe Ndjoloko, Mathias Mossoko, Audrey Lacroix, Éric Delaporte, Mariano Sánchez-Lockhart, Amadou A. Sall, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Martine Peeters, Gustavo Palacios, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke,
BackgroundThe real-time generation of information about pathogen genomes has become a vital goal for transmission analysis and characterisation in rapid outbreak responses. In response to the recently established genomic capacity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we explored the real-time generation of genomic information at the start of the 2018 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu Province.MethodsWe used targeted-enrichment sequencing to produce two coding-complete Ebola virus ...
Tópico(s): Viral Infections and Vectors
2019 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Emilande Guichet, Paul M Tshiminyi, Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Marc K Yambayamba, Benito M. Kazenza, Trésor M Kabeya, Elysee B Matungulu, Lionel K Baketana, Naomi M Mitongo, Guillaume Thaurignac, Fabian H. Leendertz, Veerle Vanlerberghe, Raphaël Pelloquin, Jean-François Étard, David Maman, Placide Mbala, Ahidjo Ayouba, Martine Peeters, Jean-Jacques Muyembe, Éric Delaporte, Steve Ahuka,
Abstract Background In October 2020, after the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), only 8290 confirmed cases were reported in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the real prevalence remains unknown. To guide public health policies, we aimed to describe the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the general population in Kinshasa. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, household-based serosurvey between ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
2021 - Oxford University Press | Clinical Infectious Diseases
Grit Schubert, Vincent Achi, Steve Ahuka, Essia Belarbi, Ouattara Bourhaïma, Tim Eckmanns, Siobhan L. Johnstone, Nongodo Firmin Kaboré, O. Kra, Adriano Mendes, Abdoul–Salam Ouédraogo, Armel Poda, Arsène Satouro Somé, Sara Tomczyk, Emmanuel Couacy‐Hymann, Jean-Marie Kayembe, Nicolas Méda, Jean‐Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Soumeya Ouangraoua, Nicola Page, Marietjie Venter, Fabian H. Leendertz, Chantal Akoua‐Koffi, Vincent Assé Kouadio, Aude Aka-Tano, A. Diarrassouba, Etilé A. Anoh, Adjaratou Traoré, Fidèle Touré Sounan, Safiatou Karidioula, Gabriel Mbunsu Kizito, Benilde Bepouka Izizag, Nicole Mpwekela, Benoit O. Kabengele, Nicole Alama, Olivier Tshiani, Eddy Kinganda-Lusamaki, Baby Muyembe, Naomie Mitongo, John Manienga, Franck Lionzo, Alliance Mbandu, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Muna Abu Sin, Karin Gröschner, Susanne Köhler, Sandra Niendorf, Kathrin Nowak, Paul Pitzinger, Andreas Sachse, Ann Christin Vietor, Juno Thomas, Sibongile Walaza, Linda de Gouvea, Claire von Mollendorf, Vanessa Quan, Karen H. Keddy, Anthony M. Smith, Ntsieni Ramalwa, Theunis Avenant, Nicolette du Plessis, Kgothatso Menu, Marthi Pretorius, Caitlyn McIntyre, Elise Bonnet, Rebecca Jeal,
Abstract Background In sub-Saharan Africa, acute respiratory infections (ARI), acute gastrointestinal infections (GI) and acute febrile disease of unknown cause (AFDUC) have a large disease burden, especially among children, while respective aetiologies often remain unresolved. The need for robust infectious disease surveillance to detect emerging pathogens along with common human pathogens has been highlighted by the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The African Network for ...
Tópico(s): Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
2021 - BioMed Central | BMC Infectious Diseases
Sheila Makiala Mandanda, Frédéric Le Gal, Nadine Ngwaka, Berthold Bivigou Mboumba, Steve Ahuka, Nicolás Berthet, Eric M. Leroy, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Pierre Becquart,
Tópico(s): Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
2016 - Elsevier BV | Journal of Virus Eradication
Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Patient Okitale-Talunda, Takanari Hattori, Takeshi Saito, Boniface Pongombo Lombe, Hiroko Miyamoto, Akina Mori‐Kajihara, Masahiro Kajihara, Agathe B. Nkoy, Augustin T. Twabela, Justin Masumu, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Jean‐Jacques Muyembé‐Tamfum, Manabu Igarashi, Eun‐Sil Park, Shigeru Morikawa, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Ayato Takada,
We thank Lifeng Zhao and colleagues for raising potential issues in our Article1Munyeku-Bazitama Y Okitale-Talunda P Hattori T et al.Seroprevalence of Bas-Congo virus in Mangala, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a population-based cross-sectional study.Lancet Microbe. 2024; 5: e529-e537Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar with respect to the stability of Bas-Congo virus (BASV) neutralising antibodies. With regard to the first point, we indeed used 284 archived samples ...
Tópico(s): SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
2024 - Elsevier BV | The Lancet Microbe
John Otokoye Otshudiema, Gervais Léon Tengomo Folefack, Justus Nsio, Cathy H. Kakema, Luigino Minikulu, Aimé Bafuana, Joel B. Kosianza, Antoine Mfumu Kihumba, Edith Nkwembe, Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Noé Guinko, Gisèle Mbuyi, Jean-Marie K. Tshilumbu, Guy N. Saidi, Moreau-Serge Umba-di-Masiala, Amos K. Ebondo, Jean-Jacques Mutonj, Serge Kalombo, J. Lukusa Kabeya, Taty K. Mawanda, Faustin N. Bile, Gaby K. Kasereka, Placide Mbala‐Kingebeni, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, Humphrey Karamagi, Karl Njuwa Fai, Amédée Prosper Djiguimde,
A community-based coronavirus disease (COVID-19) active case-finding strategy using an antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) was implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to enhance COVID-19 case detection. With this pilot community-based active case finding and response program that was designed as a clinical, prospective testing performance, and implementation study, we aimed to identify insights to improve community diagnosis and rapid response to COVID-19. This pilot study ...
Tópico(s): COVID-19 epidemiological studies
2023 - Public Library of Science | PLoS ONE
Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah, Aboubacry Gaye, Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye, Anna Vicco, Moussa Dia, Oumar Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye, Franck William Mendy, M. Thiam, Idrissa Dieng, Benoit Mputu-Ngoyi, Paul Tshiminyi Munkamba, Lionel Baketana-Kinzonzi, Elysé Matungulu-Biyala, Frida N’Kawa, Evans Asamoah Adu, Eric Ebenezer Boham, Hakim Alani, Akua Pomaah Wiredu, Louis Adu-Amoah, Clare P. McCormack, Martine Guillerm, Christian Obirikorang, Shubham Shrivastava, Guillaume Thaurignac, Eva Lorenz, Nicole S. Struck, Jürgen May, Sheila Makiala‐Mandanda, Isabela Ribeiro, Cheikh Loucoubar, Cheikh Talla, Christl A. Donnelly, Belén Pedrique, Steve Ahuka‐Mundeke, John Amuasi, Oumar Faye, Ilaria Dorigatti,
Tópico(s): Zoonotic diseases and public health
2025 - Elsevier BV | International Journal of Infectious Diseases