News from 18/11/1999
1999; Gale Group;
Autores
Paul Lorber, Phil Yates, Giles Tremlett, Arthur Leathley, Transport Correspondent, Helen Johnstone, Nick Nuttall Environment Correspondent, L. C. Green, Joanna Hunter, Simon A. Hawkins, Zahid Hussain, Trevor Lyttleton, Founder-Chairman, Sarah Potter, Frances Gibb and Richard Ford, Aidan Rankin, Magnus Linklater, Alexandra Frean Local Government Correspondent, Valerie Elliott and Nick Nuttall, Michaele Roberts, Mark Souster, David Rhys Jones, Gavin Lumsden, Christopher Walker, Chief Ireland Correspondent, Edward Dawnay, Philip Howard, Adam Mars-Jones, Matthew Taylor, Michael Binyon, W. D. Cormie, Clive Davis, Alexandra Frean Social Affairs Correspondent, Oliver Holt Football Correspondent, Lynne Truss, James Bone and Grace Bradberry, David Robinson and Perry Cleveland-Peck, Tony Patrick, Stewart Tendler, Crime Correspondent, Kevin Eason, Christine Buckley Industrial Correspondent, Geoff Brown, Fraser Nelson, Retail Correspondent, Robert Sheehan, Bridge Correspondent, Joe Joseph, Giles Coren, Pat Gibson, Valerie Elliott Countryside Editor, Ruth Gledhill, Religion Correspondent, John Bryant, John O'leary Education Editor, Valerie Elliott, Philip R. Grant, Dominic Walsh, Ruth Gledhill, Debra Craine, Carol Midgley, Media Correspondent, Raymond Keene Chess Correspondent, Martin Barrow, Dalya Alberge Arts Correspondent, Michael Theodoulous and Peter Shaw-Smith, Matthew Parris Political Sketch, Richard Ford Home Correspondent, Mark Inglefield, Robert Bruce, Shashi Tharoor Director, Anatole Kaletsky, James Landale Political Correspondent, Ian Hughes, Susan Symons, Frances Bissell, David Hands, Charles Bremner, Helen Rumbelow, Alan M. Calverd, Peter Barnard, Roger Scruton, Russell Kempson, Daniel McGrory, Paul Armstrong, Martin Cruwys, Paul Durman, David Lister, Jill Sherman Whitehall Editor, Rowland Whitehead, President, Christopher Martin-Jenkins, Sam Kiley Middle East Correspondent and Peter Shaw-Smith, Celia Brayfield, Rob Wright, Christopher Martin-Jenkins, Chief Cricket Correspondent, David Watts, Adam Jones, David Powell Athletics Correspondent, Raymond Keene, Christine Buckley, Richard McKeogh, Matt Dickinson, Andrew Roberts, Paul Wilkinson, David Orr, Carl Mortished, International Business Editor, Tom Baldwin, Roland Watson and Philip Webster, Richard Owen, Damian Whitworth, Erica Wagner, Roger Boyes, Nick Hasell, Philip Webster, Political Editor, Oliver Holt, Football Correspondent, Roland Watson, Tom Baldwin and Philip Webster, Ian Finlayson, Martin Fletcher European Correspondent, Alison Jane Reid, Nick Szczepanik, From their own correspondent Politika, Giles Whittell, Simon De Bruxelles, Saeed Shah, Arundhati Roy, Mel Webb, Kevin McCarra, Chris McGrath, Melissa Kite Parliamentary Correspondent, Graham Oliver, David Stafford, Peter Riddell, Ben MacIntyre, John Goodbody Sports News Correspondent, David Williams, Brian Brivati, Graham Searjeant, Mark Henderson, Martin Waller, Chris Ayres, Nigel Hawkes Science Editor, Benedict Nightingale, G. J. Robinson, Chairman, Frances Gibb, Legal Editor, Dr Thomas Stuttaford, Helen Rumbelow, Medical Reporter, James Christopher, Alex O'connell, Adam Sherwin, Susan MacDonald, David Summerscale, Robert Whymant, Humphrey Hinshelwood, Alix Ramsey, Edward Gorman Sailing Correspondent, Peter Roebuck, David Hands, Rugby Correspondent, Patience Wheatcroft, Alasdair Murray, Economics Correspondent, Roland Watson and Tom Baldwin, Morris Rossabi, Christopher Irvine, Christine Buckley, Industrial Correspondent, Arthur Leathley Transport Correspondent,
ResumoLivingstone U-turn over manifesto 'A clap of thunder rumbled outside the party boardroom.'Aim it at him, not at us' muttered one of the 12 on the vetting panel' Blair bid to clear decks for election Free Software Schools Sex, snobbery and sadism Fur flies as hereditaries hit back David Trimble's problems in selling the new… A des. res. for the millennium Campus murder arrest Tiffany & Co. Defeated England struggle through Today in The Times 2 Business Sport 3 Features Arts, TV Abbey National Education is a BBC priority says Dyke Boycotts harm child workers, says Short News in Brief NHS drug files blunder Protest silences Cherie Women win skirt battle Cordon Irn Bru Queen splits infinitive for new Labour BT Mother sues over school trip murder By a Correspondent: Ex-Paras 'set up nationwide drug ring' Fanny leaves Faldo for a younger man Boy, 10, appeals for sister to return ShopSmart Cleared teacher loses support IRA statement does Trimble no favours The Link The man to silence the guns Catholic soldier alleges religious discrimination Call for year 2000 charity cheques City Flooring Detective 'had affair with drug dealer' Dell Man defies planners from beyond grave Fish By a Correspondent: Murder charge trio were 'caught on tape' No Title Jane MacQuitty's Top 100 This week in the Saturday Times Barclays Labour official in danger over mayoral fiasco Livingstone bid for Tube bonds Times 3 Anthony Robbins Labour's trouble with Red Ken Tom Baldwin, Roland Watson and Philip Webster on what was said behind closed doors at Millbank Tower Woodstock Boxclever Hospital staff shortages 'are killing the old' Mutant mice hold clue to longevity B M W Pill linked to reduced Alzheimer's Poet pitches for greatness as bard of the ball Gays and Masons can sit as judges B M W Cezanne with colourful past goes on sale Fertility ceremony to open BBC's new year Dixons Police to examine Glitter press deal Multiple Display Advertising Items £4m secures German literary heritage Boxer, 21, killed love rival Clegg appeal Guilty plea CD price cut Jury impasse Straw is facing 'battle royal' on law reforms Comet Psychiatric patients to be given the vote Parliamentary logjam ahead MPs prepare to rebel over Freedom Bill Parties to have £20m election spending limit Military win legal rights of civilians Drive to accelerate congestion charging Police are given new powers to tackle extremist groups Austin Reed Picture Gallery Crackdown on absent fathers aims to rescue ailing CSA Welfare Cities to elect own mayor Town Halls Greater freedom for postal services 'Education remains top priority' Boots Hague leads attack on Blair's broken promises Debate Walkers poised to win right to roam Support for teenagers out of care New rights over schooling Education E-commerce rules relaxed Technology Negligent landowners face stricter controls Utilities must cut charges BT Ban on fur farms 'within two years' BRlEFING Today in Parliament PC World Packard Bell PC Healthcheck PC World Laptops Anglican, plea for monks and nuns By a Correspondent: Managers seek monastic habit Lloyds TSB Business Kwik-Fit 25% off These Exhausts Kwik-Fit Star Buys Laity swears by choice of words Peter Howson Images from the Kosovo War Kwik-Fit Batteries Birdfeed 'could spread GM plants' Modified soya beaten by heat Chauteauonline Co. Uk (Reuter): Czechs remember Churchill Bungling gang sends cannabis to Tesco Marks & Spencer Life Assurance The great man meets his match Life for killer of boy, 15 News in Brief Hirst record Visa cash 'theft' Life-saving boy Dome cutbacks Diana's cause Meteor Crash pilot faced hefty medical bills Family defends reputation Cheltenham & Gloucester Picture Gallery Most flights cancelled on New Year's Eve Harry Enfield Norman Ormal Egyptian media reject suicide Vodafone Pirates trapped after chase in Arabian Sea Clues found to parents of Nazi 'master race' children Eagle Star Waterstone's Gower Street Malaysia election dispute Coup leaders say Sharif will get a fair trial Gateway Hillary urged to move Nixon Leagacy NatWest Arctic ice has thinned by 40 per cent in 20 years Reuters: Castro hears calls for freedom Briton in Internet scam held in Spain Everest Fit the Best (AP): Lottery win woman loses $1.3m (AFP): Prison deaths (AFP): Family appeals (AFP): Cholera fear (AP): New adventure (AFP): Congo peace Sex scandal general forced out Sky digital FBI told by court to restage Waco siege Times Saga Time Solana supports Security Council EU seat Beaujolais boycott fears evaporate Row over beef fails to staunch flow of wine, reports Charles Bremner from Paris Scottish Widows Quake survivor rescued Jospin accused of incompetence over Corsica The Times Yeltsin to 'teach the world a lesson' Hollywood agent is found hanged World in Brief (AP): Porn ruling overturned (AFP): Free media for Jordan (AP): King's widow testifies (Reuters): Execution struggle Leica Emirates Cook will demand action on Chechnya The Sixth Sense Japanese jeweller to pay for racist insult 'Jesus in love' film backed by Vatican The Sunday Times Pope rebukes cardinal over calls for Church reform It's time the Left came in from the cold 2nd opinion Exciting times the ahead for new Labour, says Matthew Taylor Exclusion zone Centre of attention Down the Tube Picture Gallery Aon Patience Wheatcroft In the City Lesson One: how to make a philistine Britain's schoolchildren are sinking into illiteracy 'Like a failed utility, the Church of England should be let go. That might give us all greater access to faiths whose elders have not sold their souls to fashion' Picture Gallery Goliaths never win In the contest between Ken and the Labour giant, there can be only one result Ermine stole Diary In his Own Head The problem in Labour's Queen's Speech and mayoral race Rules of the Game There are real levers to make Russia see sense in Chechnya Lands of Hope England needs a sporting anthem of its own Beef dispute Soap opera search for London mayor Chancellor's charitable tax relief Charity appeals Commonwealth ban English for all nations UN and book preface Tombstones as a treasury of taste War memorials 'News at Ten' Scots abroad Court Circular Church news Personal Column Picture Gallery Dinners Birthdays Memorial services Anniversaries To place death notices, acknoledgements or notices… New peers Forthcoming marriages Marriage Anniversary Hope and Homes for Children Meeting Royal Institute of International Affairs Thomas Pitfield Thomas Pitfield, composer, died on November 11 aged 96. He was born on April 5 1903 Personal Column Multiple Classified Advertising Items Champions League Uefa Cup Premier Events Multiple Classified Advertising Items Howard Ferguson Howard Ferguson, composer, died in Cambridge on November 1 aged 91. He was born in Belfast on October 21,1908 Thomas Eastwood Thomas Eastwood, composer, died on October 25 aged 77. He was born on March 12,1922 Court & Social Legal, Public, Company & Parliamentary Notices Picture Gallery From a Correspondent: A Cruise in the Baltic A leisured correspondent, sailing a 27-ton ketch in the Baltic before the First World War, had time to reflect on the cleanliness and safety of British harbours. In his opinion, their lighting and buoyage were woefully inadequate Clifford Harker Clifford Harker, organist, conductor and compower, died on November 2 aged 87. He was born on February 5,1912 News Business Sport The Times Crossword No 21,264 South Africa tries to counter apartheid boycott A century in photographs Today: 1973 The Times Times 3 Forecast Ebokers. com Opinion Comment Patience Wheatcroft Letters Obituaries Business Break-up for National Power More UK generating capacity will be sold as company demerges Britannic and United abandon merger Banham to chair Whitbread Picture Gallery Bank looked at rate rise of half a point Goldman injunction sought Oil companies scramble to lock in gains HSBC Maxwell stays calm Index Invensys close to £190m disposals Automation group one step nearer its £1.8bn sell-off goal 'British' likely to go as BAe lifts lid off new identity GLBN BMW Wal-Mart eyes Dunnes Glaxo to expand US salesforce Exchange Rates Reliance Mutual closes to new business Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada PFI bank to be included in Bill Business Roundup Record BCCI payout Ottakars joins the Net Scotia drug boost Jongleurs to be sold Ombudsmen named First half disappoints Hornby Orange Energy combine reveals war chest By Our City Editor: Draining the gene pool Commentary Chief goes at troubled Alldays Land Sees rules out Net threat Global plan for access to markets Blue chips sent reeling by shake-up in index Commodities Liffe Options London Financial Futures Money Rates (%) European Money Deposits (%) Gold/precious Metals (Baird & Co) Sterling Spot and Forward Rates Major Indices Recent Issues Rights Issues Major Changes National Power Airtours Dollar Rates Other Sterling FTSE Volumes Britannic still rules Tempus Land Securities Wall Street Street Upbeat Maxwell stays relaxed despite growing financial woes Adam Jones reports on the troubles at Kevin Maxwell's new telecoms venture Repoachful Picture Gallery Politics are still 40 per cent proof Unstylish The Times City Diary Backed out The Times City Diary Not at home The Times City Diary Manchester Business School Hollywood's price a slice of the action Marshall joins Railtrack Agilent Technologies Airtours back on acquisition trail with £500m war chest Parachutes firm falls to £114m bid Three Atlantic Computers accountants suspended Scoot shares soar on Vivendi venture Business Roundup Bank arrest in Tokyo QXL air fare auction ICL creates 4,400 jobs NTT cuts 21,000 Shares reined back from highs Hargreaves Lansdown Think first, and pay less tax Companies' choice of business model has big effects on liability to taxation, says Susan Symons Agilent Technologies Any Other Business Should the magnificent Andersens act as one? Phone giants play numbers game Chris Ayres reports on the latest moves by mobile operators to boost holdings Ie Reckitt & Colman plc Cisco Systems The Times Unit Trust Information Service Red Hot Penny Shares Prostate progress Overpriced and overdecorated, the nightmare of the dream home A study of Britain's newly built housing estates has revealed what buyers supposedly want from a dream home. Apart from demanding at least four bedrooms, a grand staircase, dried floral arrangements and paired sofas instead of three-piece suites, the house should hide all evidence of children and have enough space for families to escape each other. Ceila Brayfield reports Aquascutum Complete TV and Radio Good news for prostate sufferers The Times Report praises pathologists Victory for mental care Diabetes is ancient and anything but mild Why Glenda went to theatre Warriors:'this is the role I had to play Hornblower star loan Gruffudd feared his costume drama past would prevent him from being cast as an embattled UN peacekeeper. Interview by Alison Jane Reid No peace, even for the dead As aid efforts focus on Turkey's latest earthquake, Daniel McGrory finds that survivors of August's massive quake are still desperate for help Metro This week in the Saturday Times Fleming 's lament for Britain Bond's creator used his hero to observe his country's changing role in the world, says David Stafford The Times Could Bond tackle Barthes? Giles Coren Licence to Thrill By James Chapman I. B. Tauris £14.95 Isbn 1 860 64387 6 £13.95 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Between the teller and the tale Fishing for Amber By Ciaran Carson Granta £14.99 Isbn 1 862 07302 3 £12.99 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Price of being human Roger Scruton ponders the true meaning of morality The Times Bestsellers Mao's inexplicable rise Morris Rossabi Mao By Jonathan Spence Weidenfeld & Nicolson, £12.99 Isbn 0 297 64347 9 £10.99 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Mao: A Life By Philip Short Hodder & Stoughton, £25 Isbn 0 340 60624 X £22 (Free P&p) 0870 160 80 80 Anew dam buster The Cost of Living By Arundhati Roy Flamingo, £5.99 Isbn 0 00 2571870 £4.99 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Good man Lord Goodman By Brian Brivati Richard Cohen Books, £20 Isbn 1 86066 156 4 £19 (Free P&p) 0870 160 80 80 Vive le roi Louis Xiv By Ian Dunlop Chatto & Windus, £25 Isbn 1 85619 453 1 £22 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Faith in the Word Michèle Roberts salutes a fresh look at the Bible The Pocket Canons Ii Canongate, 12.99 Isbn 0 862 41963 8 £11.99 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 The Times Secrets of No 10 The Powers behind the Prime Minister by dennis Kavanagh & Anthony Seldon Haper Collins, £19.99 Isbn 0 002 57086 6 £17.99 (Free P&p) 05870 160 80 80 Woman with a taste for life Writing at the Kitchen Table Elizabeth David: the Authorised Biography By Artemis Cooper Michael Joseph, £20 Isbn 0 718 14244 1 £17 (free p&p) 0870 160 80 80 Diary & Letters This summer? It's a killer London Film Festival The Cup Taxi Big brother goes bopping London Jazz Festival: The straight-ahead music of Brandford Marsalis gives Clive Davis a good time Random Hearts Cheers, my little Ray of sunshine Movies: Ray winstoner tackles romantic comedy in Fanny and Elvis, and James Christopher comes over all soppy and that ... Onegin Warner Village New videos Metro What's on in your Area Ralph and Martha's wintry warmer ... while Adam Mars-Jones enjoys onegin, an ambitious family affair in which not much happens, but happens beautifully The Royal Opera ENO Brilliant Prompt Opening Tonight In Preview Cardiff Picture Gallery Plymouth Art Galleries Pajama game This MacBeth is no Sher thing Theatre: Benedict Nightingale is underwhelmed at Stratford Dance Bishopstock If ever the schedules needed a makeover, it's now Choice Satellite, Cable and Digital Radio Choice Radio BBC1 ITV Variations Today's Choice Today's Films Pack your Bags Bargains of the week: from a break in the Sussex weald to a weekend in Nice and a trip to the jazz capital of the world, New Orleans Airline Network Winter USA Mega Sale Airline Network Trailfinders The Times Australia Super Saver OT&T Overseas Express Benz Multiple Display Advertising Items British Midland Bangkok Special Glasgow Flight Centre Multiple Display Advertising Items Air France Iti Lot Valley Weekend Travel Emirates Travelbag Optimistic McRae maintains his focus Motor Rallying The Sunday Times Treading the boards for drama Sheehan on Bridge Word-Watching Keene on Chess Winning Move Cayard buoyant despite defeat Stormyfairweather blown off course Racing: Hennessy Gold Cup Favourite to Miss Race after Lacklustre Workout at Kempton Sedgefield The Times Results from Yesterday's Three Meetings Folkestone Meeting Points The Times Guide to Today's Racing Warwick Reading the Racecard Graf takes the plaudits, with a tear and a smile Ebdon is unable to disguise dismay in defeat Snooker 'Those who dream of Britain staging the Olympics have been blindsided' By our Sports Staff: Blaisdell calls for more steel Ice Hockey Kennedy fails to fashion progress in glamour-tie Bowls Wilkins 'broke no rules' Athletics Sport in Brief Word-Watching Codes set to share academy Rugby League Cotton canvasses support for Club England Rugby Union Cooke calls for return of automatic promotion Henry backs British league Neary offers inside information Lawrie to join US Tour Big stage will suit the top players to a tee For the Record Basketball Picture Gallery The Finalists Fixtures Football By our Sports Staff: Walton top of the form in return to school Tudor presses fast forward Christopher Martin-Jenkins on England's bowling cast The Times By our Sports Staff: Perseverance pays for Schofield Legal & Public Notices Legal, Public, Company & Parliamentary Notices Relations stumped by French maiden's over Pat Gibson on the cricket version of the beef war that has got Lamb in a stew Lord 's list aims to insure against fixture disorder Cricket Guide to 2000 International and County Cricket Fixtures Natwest Trophy Picture Gallery Cowdrey continues Kent link Pakistan regroup to strike back England Turkey and trimmings leave sour taste Irish England hang on to prize England V Scotland Scotland look secure for future goals Kevin McCarra says that Craig Brown's team can return with heads held high Last Night's Results Metro Toshack pays for Real's fall Moyes maintains Preston front Nick Szczepanik on a manager with a dream to take success to Preston By our Sports Staff: Ukraine frozen out as Slovenia finish the job Scotland win Euro song contest England v Scotland The Times No Title Picture Gallery Lucky England take low road Scotland win battle but lose war as Keegan's team stumble into European championship finals Times Two Crossword The Times Bookshop New Times Crossword Book Available! John Bryant 58 Keegan's players and tactics fail to pass the quality test Matt Dickinson finds few reasons for optimism after a performance that highlighted the coach's naivety Cricket 61 Sun Picture Gallery La Crème de la crème appears on page 24 State Street ITC Crossley House Recruitment Limited First Executive P1-3 MANAGEMENTplusp3-16premier… The Equitable Life Michael Page Why graduates with imagination are suddenly hot… Visionaries required Property firms are looking for graduates with imagination, says Susan MacDonald Royal Navy Maxima Group Plc Crossroads First Point International A genuine USP Institute of Directors Freelance Consultants/distributors Wanted Photo-Me Pitney Bowes Management Services Ltd. Multiple Display Advertising Items Up the Ladder I want to be a ... Music Therapist Hamptons International Howard Sheard Times Newspapers EC International Octagon MANAGEMENTplus Chello Kendric Ash BOC Accountancy Additions Freemans People Net International Profits with honour A new course aims to teach managers to think about ethics, says David Williams Picture Gallery MANAGEMENTplus RDS Antal International Ltd Arthur Andersen Altran Entranet Retail Logic Newburn Consulting E-business & internet recruitment Armstrong International McGregor-boyall Questor International Motorola SHP Associates Gateway BT Vodafone Whitehead Selection Harvey Nash The Gillette Company Link Ltd MMi Nova Kingfisher McKinsey & Company Heinz CDC Ernst & Young Harvey Nash Argos Architel Thames Water Harvey Nash Mci Worldcom Boo. com Zundel Ridge Recruitment Consultants Strategic Dimensions PA Consulting Group Multiple Display Advertising Items Pricewaterhousecoopers Deloitte & Touche AlTion Network Support Systems HACASconsulting Hays Accountancy Personnel Russell & Partners Selection Limited Martin Ward Anderson Arcplan Fss Financial Highfield Meterpoint PfJ Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate Manchester City Centre Management Company Securities Institute Times Newspapers Ruthin School DfEE Multiple Classified Advertising Items Msx International Ecc-Ao Centre for Policy Studies General Manager/british Virgin Islands Market Contract Renewal Manager Primark GT Software Times Newspapers Methods Application Ltd SEEDA The University of Birmingham Ernst & Young Cambridge Management Consulting Focus Executive Limited Saffery Champness Consultancy Services National Consultancy Commercial Officers The Lansbury Estate Career Analysts Ltd Ovum Hitachi Credits (UK) Plc The Surrey Institute of Art & Design University… Connaught Britains Executive Career Service Haldane bernard associates S&H Siemens Breckenridge Consultants Limited Caminus Chloride Power Protection Racal Avionics Marshall-Wilkins Executive Sybase Afa Dextra Executive & Selection Gentia the Intelligent Applications Company Roche LBA Executive Selection Mic Validation Technologies Europe Limited Telinco Holset JSP International Engineered plastic foams Pygmalion Network Solution Sales UK Insurance Industry Times Newspapers Premier Appointments NB Odgers Courting success A Step in the Right Direction North-south divide FSA BDR Consulting Enriching customer experience Recent Appointments Arlington DHL Worldwide Express Cable & Wireless Harvey Nash International Search and Selection Whitehead Selection NB Adderley-Featherstone plc Selector Europe Spencer Stuart NB GKR Imparta Capability Building GKR K/f Selection Environment Agency Ernst & Young GKR Bartlett Merton Recruitment Solutions Environment Agency Siemens Communications Limited Eva & Co Search & Selection Investor in People Anite Hanover Fox International Odgers Harvey Nash Mercuri Urval Martin Ward Anderson Limited TMP. MSL Investor in People EMR SD Walton Churchill Rk Ennismore LLR Recruitment Fletcher-Jones Inter Exec Odgers BRAL Lincolnshire County Council Rainbow Recruitment Successful import re-distribution warehouse… Times Newspapers Multiple Display Advertising Items Institute of Education QCi Ltd. Succession Planning Associates TMP. MSL Capita Ras New International Newspapers Ltd Tricia Townend Associates International Relocation… Secretary/property Manager ACME appointments Minton Group Westminster School Administrator for Property Management Dept. Property Secretary International Trading Company Export Managers Pa PA/SECRETARY to Chairman PAs - Legal & Recruitment Departments Tay Associates Recruitment Consultants The Times The Recruitment Company Architects' Administrator Construction Ltd Secretary/Office Assistant Administrative Support Multiple Classified Advertising Items Harrington Lowndes Multiple Classified Advertising Items Halcyon Days The Times Multiple Classified Advertising Items Head Receptionist Multiple Classified Advertising Items Arcplan Times Newspapers
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