The British Journal Photographic Almanar and Photographer's Daily Companion 1889
1889; Gale Group; Linguagem: English
Autores
C. Piazzi Smyth, W. B. Bolton, John Spiller, Baynham Jones, H. P. Robinson, G. Watmough Webster, Rev. S. J. Perry, Professor Coleman Sellers, R. L. Maddox, W. Jerome Harrison, W. K. Burton, W. Hanson, Wm. Bishop, W. F. Field, W. Harding Warner, A. E. Bannister, G. W. Valentine, H. C. Carruthers, B. B. Fuller, T. Coan, George Mason, Francis Cobb, William Adcock, Richard Keene, Edgar Scamell, Alexander Scott, Alfred Read, G. W. Valentine, A. R. Dresser, W. Ingles Rogers, John A. Hodges, E. Teaill Hiscock, John A. W. Dollar, John Henry Smith, Dr. H. Valentine Knaggs, George Bankart, H. J. Rabbeth, J. W. Lapham, C. Oakeshott, A. Treyer Evans, Thomas Bedding, J. T. Hackett, W. Tylar, J. S. Dickin, J. A. Forrest, W. Holker Farrow, Friese Greene, G. H. E. Sutton, Lindsay Hemery, J. Barker, J. H. Smith, W. Hooper, Chas. F. Dickinson, J. S. Dickin, W. Holker Farrow, H. S. Bellsmith, Edmund E. Fearn, E. Ferrero, John Jackson, Rev. H. B. Hare, A. L. Henderson, C. D. Bishop, S. W. Woolley, J. Lendon Berry, Charles Stephens, W. T. Wilkinson, Clement J. Leaper, Sylvester Parry, Robert Offord, J. Leisk, W. C. Hall, Russell Sedgfield, George A. Carruthers, Rev. F. C. Lambert, Redmond Barrett, John Harmer, A. A. Carnell, Francis T. Beeson, W. M. Ashman, Rev. J. Carter Browne, Lewis Medland, C. C. Vevers, W. Clement Williams, G. Foxall, G. A. Kenyon, George Mansfield, H. G. Moberly, Chas. A. Parker, Henry Holman, F. A. Bridge, Geo. M. Rabbeth, Horace Warren Gridley, F. C. Beach, A. Pumphrey, John F. Echlin, George Lindsay Johnson, D. E. Benson, Max Boelte, Richard Parr, H. J. Burton, C. C. Hodgson, Gambier Bolton, William Brooks, Alexander Kellar, T. N. Armstrong, Thos. Gulliver, B. J. Sayce, Henry Sturmey, Mark Oute, Wm. Whitehouse, Thomas Samuels, Fred. W. Dew, F. W. Treadway, E. Howard Farmer, Thomas Gulliver, Edgar Clifton, C. Brangwin Barnes, Hugh Brebner, Herbert S. Starnes, J. J. Acworth, Rev. A. Johnson, William Cobb, Valentine Blanchard, C. H. Bothamley, John Nesbit, H. Farnall, W. H. Dickson, T. C. Hepworth, John Birtles, J. Hubert, H. Farnall, Alexander Cowan, William A. Brice, Wm. M. Taylor, W. M. Ayres, W. H. Harrison, Professor Coleman Sellers, Rev. B. Holland, E. C. Middleton, Ellerslie Wallace, W. J. Stillman, J. Waterhouse, A. Levy, Professor Coleman Sellers, E. W. Foxlee, W. H. Sherman, Andrew Pringle, S. W. Rouch, J. Watney Wilson, Edward Dunmore, H. H. O'Fabrell, P. Swanson, J. A. D. Lloyd, J. Vincent Elsden, H. J. Gifford, Horatio N. King, Fred. A. Velasco, J. A. C. Branfill, James Martin, William Lang Jr., W. Irving Adams, William England, G. R. Baker, J. B. B. Wellington, Lyonel Clark, Sir David Salomons, Dr. Hill Norris, A. G. Field, J. R. Gotz,
ResumoCover: The British Journal Photographic Almanar and Photographer's Daily Companion 1889. Display ads: Appleton & Co., Opaline Materials, Edwards's Xl Sensitive Paper, 'Aptus' Sepiatype Paper, The Argentic-Gelatino-Bromide Papers, Ross' Dry-Plate, Photo. Artists' Co-Op. Supply Association. Limited, 'Optimus' Oxy-Hydrogen Bi-Unial Lantern, 'Optimus' Camera, Isochromatic Plates, Ross' Quick-Acting C,-D. V. Lenses, 'Optimus' Printing Frames (Oak), The Amateur's Camera, George Mason & Co. 'S, Chatham Pexton, Wratten & Wainwright's 'Grimston' Shutter, The Ilford Dry Plates, Bowman's Improved Photo Rolling-Press, 'Optimus' Portable (a. P.) Camera, Wratten & Wainwright's Sensitized Albumenized Paper, W. Watson & Sons, J. Werge Photographic Store, Entrekin's Eureka Burnisher, T. Forrest's Patent "Due-Ratio" Drop-Shutter, Stanley, Manufacturer, Lancaster's Patent Watch Camera, Multiple Display Advertisements, 'Aptus' Sensitized Paper, 'Optimus' Developing Gas-Lamp, Archer & Sons' New Optical Lanterns, R. Abraham, Patent Studio Shutter, Joshua Billcliff, Wratten & Wainwright's Sets of Tourists' Apparatus, Thornton-Pickard Patent Time Shutter, Australian Colonies Are Baker and Rouse, New Studio Camera, The "Winning Mount", John Carbutt, Middlemiss Patent Cameras, B. J. Edwards & Co., Ross' Rapid Symmetrical Lenses, Edwards's Xl Sensitized Paper, Cameras, Mawson & Swan's Standard Dry Plates, A. Laverne & Co., Regd. 'Black Band Lenses', Metal Miniature or Hand Cameras, Morgan & Kidd Opal Enlargements, Detective Camera Makers, H. Newton & Co., Jonathan Fallowfield, The Combination Rectigraph Lens, 'Optimus' Oxy-Hydrogen Triple Lantern, Watson's Cyclist's Tripod, M'ghie & Bolton, Glasgow, Sinsel, Dorn & Co., Morley's, 'Multum in Parvo' Photographic Portmanteau, 'Optimus' Double Dark Slides, Watson's Detective Camera, The 1889 International Camera, Reynolds & Branson, Marion's Self-Adjustable Hot Rolling Press and Burnisher, Mckellen's Stereoscopic Camera, Sharp & Hitchough, A. Darlot, Optician, 'Optimus' Portable Folding Camera, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Ferrotype and Card-Cutting Machine, Photo Papers, W. Watson & Sons Ready Sensitized Paper, "Time" Shutter, H. R. H. the Princess Victoria of Teck, Wratten & Wainwright's 'Ordinary' Plates, J. F. Shew & Co., 'Optimus' Lamps for Dark-Room, The Ladies' Camera, Samuel Fry & Co., Argentic Bromide Paper, Gotz's Portable Patent Camera and 'Volute' Instantaneous Shutter, Argentic Gelatino-Bromide Enlargements, 'London' Dry Plates, Improved "Excelsior", Gelatine, Bromide and Other Papers, Camera Cases, 'Optimus' Side-By-Side or Bi-Unial Magic Lantern, Ross' Improved Dry-Plate Cameras, Samuel Fry & Co., Lim., Eastman's Permanent Bromide Paper, Fry's Kingston Special Dry Plates, Thornton's Camera, Thornton's Patent Cameras, Eastman's Stripping Skins, Voigtlander's Lenses.— Euryscope, 'Optimus' Portrait Lens, Collodio - Bromide, George Mason & Co., A. & M. Zimmermann, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Rapid View Lenses, G. Hill & Son's Improved Long-Focus Cameras, The Ilford Bromide Paper, Victoria Cameras, 1889, Pearson & Denham, The 1888 Le 'Merveilleux' Patent, Spirit Levels for Cameras, Cases for Cameras, Morley's New Lenses, J. W. Small & Co., Mawson & Swan's Bromide Paper, Detective Cameras, Lancaster's Apparatus, 'Optimus' Hastings' Magnesium Flash Light, Horne, Thornthwaite, & Wood, Mounts, Oborne's, The 'American Brand' Dry Plates, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' View Finder, Fallowfield's 'Special' 1889 Camera, Ross' Improved Portrait Lenses, Mawson & Swan, Gelatine Dry Plates, P. Meagher, Photographic Apparatus Manufacturer, Eastman Tourists' Cameras, The Platinotype Company, H. Morrell, Wratten & Wainwright's 'Instantaneous' Plates, The Boy's Own Set, The King of Burnishers, 'Optimus' Patent Triple Magic Lantern Dissolver, Watson's Light Portable Tourists' Cameras, Edwards' Xl Dry Plates, Negretti & Zambra's, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Liverpool Camera, E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., The London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company, Limited, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Pic-Nic Basket Detective Camera, 'Aptus' Cameras in Parts, The 'Perfect' Triple Lantern, Portable Camera Stands, Achromatic Microscopes, Beck's 'Autograph' Lenses with Iris Deaphragm, Eastman's Roll Holder, Lancaster's Detective Camera, W. Watson & Sons Improved Magic Lantern, The Sheffield Photo & Fine Art Publishing Co., J. Lancaster & Son, Opticians, Cameras Only, Robert Abraham, Important Reductions, Sichtner & Co., G. W. Austen, 'Optimus' Wide Angle Rectilinear, The 1889 "Instantograph" Sets, Photo. Artists' Co-Op. Supply Association, Limited, Special Quotations for Wholesale Quantities, The British Journal of Photography, 'Optimus' Plunge Shutter, First Quality 1889 Sets, The 'Lancaster' Enlarging Lantern, Eastman's Film Carriers, Sharp & Hitchmough, Porcelain Ware, Sundries, Sharp & Hitchmough, Liverpool, Ross' Lenses, Lenses, Walter Lawley's Lenses, Watson's Portrait Lenses, Edwards's Xl Special Transparency Plates, The Mawson Lantern Plate, Hinton & Co., Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Instanto Complete Outfit, W. W. Rouch & Co., Shew's Eclipse Pocket Camera, The Britannia Works Co., Biunial Lanterns, James Woolley, Sons, & Co., Cut-Out Mounts & Frames, Wratten & Wainwright's 'London' Opals, Wratten & Wainwright's New Enlarging Lantern, J. Lancaster & Son's Apparatus for Dry Plate Photography, The British Journal Photographic Almanac, J. H. Dallmeyer, Optician, The Special 1889 Patent Camera, Taylor's Lenses, A. Pumphrey's, Eastman's Condensing Lenses, 'Optimus' Enlarging Apparatus, Ed. Liesegang, Lancaster's Special 1886 Sets, The New Flash Lamp, P. Meagher's Field and Studio Cameras and Studio Stands, G. W. Austen Artist, Enlarger, & Frame Manufacturer, E. & T. Underwood, F. W. Vérel & Co. 'S Dry Plates, 'Dispatch' Detective Camera, H. Rock, Baker & Rouse, E. & T. Underwood Waterproof Cases, Thomas's Plates, Percy Lund & Co., Taylor, Taylor, & Hobson's Rapid Rectilinear Lenses, Samuel Fry & Co., Limited, Wratten & Wainwright's New Collapsible Camera, Leather, Sadler, & Holmes, Manchester, The Photographic Apparatus and Chemical Co., Ltd., George Houghton & Son, Sharp & Hitchmough's New 'Aptus' Burnisher, Amateur Enlarging and Lecturers' Lanterns, Cameras, Lenses and Apparatus, S. Beverley, Pure Photographic Chemicals, Studio Accessories, Backgrounds, &c, The Kodak, 'Optimus' Tripod and Studio Stand for Cameras, Eastman's Enlarging Lanterns, Ross' New Improved Dry-Plate Cameras, The Australasian Sensitized Photographic Paper Co., Elliott & Son Supply Albumenized Paper, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Lenses, Morgan & Kidd, Beck's Lenses, Wratten & Wainwright, Wratten & Wainwright's 'Drop-Shutter Special' Plates, Photographic Printing, Britannia Dry Plates, J. Lancaster & Son, Opticians, 'Aptus' New Rubber Roller Squeegee, The Enamelling Burnisher, A History of Photography, Steinbach & Co., 'Aptus' Exhibition Camera, 'Optimus' Magic Lantern, The 1889 "Instantograph" Patent, Lancaster's New Lenses, Sulpho-Pyrogallol, The 'London' Dry Plates, Mawson & Swan's Standard Collodion for Enamelling, R. & J. Beck's 'Autograph' Lenses with Iris Diaphragm, Iliffe & Son's Publications, Permanent Contact Prints, R. & J. Beck's Cameras, Nelson's Photographic Gelatine, 'Optimus' Detective Camera, Newman Manufacturer, Marion & Co., Double & Triple Lanterns, 'Optimus' Universal Camera, 'Optimus', Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Rectilinear or Mid-Angle, J. Lancaster & Son, Opticians, Wide Angle Lenses, Lancaster's Folding Retouching Desks, Beck's 'Autograph' Rapid Rectilinear Lenses, Thomas's Collodion, The Photographic Apparatus and Chemical Company, Lmtd., Cyclists' Touring Apparatus, Wratten & Wainwright's Soda Developer, University Optical Works, Rouch's New Detective Camera, J. H. Dallmeyer, 'Optimus' Burnishers for Photographic Prints, R. & J. Beck's Pocket Developing-Set, R. & J. Beck's Detective Camera, Photographic Art Printing, Hughes' Patent Bijou Enlarging Lantern, The Barbican Long-Focus Camera, 'Optimus' Rocking Print Washer, J. R. Gotz, Gold Medal International Inventions Exhibition, Ross & Co., Fry's Kingston Special Plates, 'Optimus' 'Eclipse' Ruby Tent, Sharp & Hitchmouch, Hinton's Magnesium Flasher, Hinton & Co. 'S Photographic Solutions, The Improved Duplex Rotary Polisher, Ross' Portable Symmetrical Lenses, G. Hare's Improved Portable Bellows Camera, 42-SHOTS Revolver Camera, Edwin Cborne, Mayfield, Cobb & Co., Ross' Improved Studio Cameras, Magic Lanterns & Slides, Watson's Complete Photographic Chests, Photographic Stores, Nadar's Studio, Abraham's Detective Camera, "Aptus" Ruby Lamps, The Pamphengos, The Advance Plate, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Cameras, Fallowfield's 'Premier' Ready-Sensitized Papers, Stereoscopic Cameras, Marion's Instantaneous Dry Plate, Guerry's New Pneumatic Shutter, Wratten & Wainwright's 'Drop-Shutter' Special Plates, Shew's Vest or Secret Camera, Tourists' Telescopes, The 'Perfection' Sensitized Paper, Wratten & Wainwright's 'London' Dry Plates, Aptus Burnishers, Fallowfield's Long Focus Portable Bellows Camera, Miss Amy Scott, Lancaster & Son's, Sensitized Paper, Light-Tight Boxes, Mawson & Swan's Dry Plates, J. Lancaster & Son's Advertisement, 'Optimus' Vulcanite Trays, "Aptus" Tripod Stands, Sharp & Hitchmough Photographic Instrument Makers, Brighton Hardcastle & Co., Hand Camera, Kershaw's Instantaneous Shutter, The Britannia Works Company, 'The Crown' Masks & Discs, The 'Chatham' Triple, Magneto-Electric Apparatus, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Euryscope, or Rapid Rectilinear Portrait Series, The Alliance Seascape Foregrounds, John Spencer, Perken, Son, & Rayment, R. & J. Beck's 'Autograph' Lenses, Redmond Barrett, Positive Stock, Spicer Brothers' Albumenized and Sensitized Papers, R. & J. Beck, Shew's Box Detective Camera, J. H. Skinner & Co., J. Lancaster & Son, Opticians, Gem and Victoria Apparatus, Second-Hand Lenses, Camera Stands, Morgan & Kidd's Richmond Dry Plates, Improved Portable Bellows-Body Camera, The 'Beernaert' Extra Rapid Dry Plates, 'Aptus' Optical Lanterns, 'Optimus' Rapid Landscape Lenses, The Ladies' Camera Sets, 'Optimus' Waistcoat Detective Camera, Print Trimmer, Wratten & Wainwright's Perfect Model Tent, Hulme Manufacturer of Photographic Apparatus, Export, S. & G. De Saulles & Co. 'S, The Docwra Triple, The "Lancaster" Enlarging Lantern, Sharp & Hitchmough's 'Aptus' Aplanatic Doublets, Mawson's Standard Collodion, Instantaneous Shutters, Sensitized Albumenized Paper, Morgan & Kidd Inventors of the Argentic-Gelatino-Bromide Process, W. Watson & Sons' Premier Cameras, J. Lancaster & Son, Opticians, Elliptical Shutter, American Photographic Societies, Pizzighelli Platina Direct Printing Paper, Edwards's, G. Hare's New Camera, New 'Artist's' Hand Camera, Lantern Slides, Ordinary Portrait Lenses, Edwards's Isochromatic Plates, Hinton's New Washing and Draining-Rack, 'Optimus' Rayment's Camera, Dry Plates, The 1889 Le "Meritoire" Patent, 'Optimus' Camera Cases, Ready-Sensitized Paper, Abraham's Specialties, Universal Studio Camera, Crowe's Cycle Camera Clip, Special! Important!, Waterlow & Sons Limited, Derwent, W. T. Whetter, Paget Prize Plates, Wratten & Wainwright's Photographic Apparatus, Waterlow & Sons Ltd., Sharp & Hitchmough's Estimates for Complete Outfits. Classified ads: The Britannia Works Company, Thomas's Cameras, Thomas's Lantern Slides, Thomas's Berlin Varnish, Contents Index, See Pp. 665-70, Contents Index See Pp 665-70, Thomas's Plates, Thomas's Opal Plates, Thomas's India-Rubber Solution, Thomas's Albumenized Papers, Thomas's Chemicals, Thomas's Special Dry-Plate Varnish, Thomas's Liquid Ruby, Multiple Classified Advertisements, Thomas's Lenses, Contents Index, R. W. Thomas & Co., Limited, Every Photographic Requisite Can Be Obtained from Thomas's, the Oldest Established House in the Trade, Thomas's Apparatus, Thomas's Sensitized Paper, Thomas's Encaustic Cerate. Frontmatter: Preface, The British Journal Photographic Almanac and Photographer's Daily Companion for 1889. Essay: The Value of Hydroquinone for Gelatine Plates, The Camera on Tour, In Re Stripping Films, Unsatisfactory Photographs and How They Are Produced, How It Appears to a Printer, Focussing and Stopping Down, Printing Troubles, About Retouching Portrait Negatives, Bloater Land, Exposure, A Platinotype Effect with Albumenised Paper, Lantern Nights, Small Plates and Winter Evenings, Photographing in Egypt, The Focussing Screen, White Letter Titles on Views, Alcohol Tube Attachment to a Limelight Burner, Washing Prints, Fire and Waterproof Paint for Studio Walls and Cement for Glass Dishes, The Flap Shutter, Red-Letter Axioms, Photographic, Stereoscopic Photography, Salt in the Oxalate Developer, Rapid Exposures, Notes on Stripping Film Development, Etc., A Mechanical Method of Obtaining the Position of the Conjugate Foci in Enlargements or Reductions, A Makeshift Studio, How to Obtain a Satisfactory Return for Silver Residues, Very Fine Ground Glass, 'What on Earth Is This?', Printing and Toning, On Printing, A Dark Room for Tourists, Hints to Those Who Use Detective or Hand Cameras, On Making Negatives from Paper Prints or Book Illustrations, A 'Finish' to Bromide Prints, A Few Hints on Working the Optical Oil Lantern, Hydroquinone or Quinol, Hydroquinone as a Developer for Chloride Plates, The New Recruits, Mending a Porcelain Tray, Characteristics of Lenses Adapted for Portraiture, 'Pins and Needles', Timing an Instantaneous Shutter, Jottings, A Disastrous Failure, and What Caused It, A Specific for Restoring the Colour of Untoned Silver Prints, Lamentation and Consolation, Stripping Negatives, Simplicity in Apparatus, Spanish for the Photographic Tourist, Conventions, Vignetting, A Broken Negative, Small Stereoscopic Negatives, Film Photography, Enlarging from Small Negatives and Stripping Films, The Missionary Box, An Improved Silver Intensifier for Gelatine Plates, Etc., Summer Photography, Photographic Printing, Chemical Changes, On Keeping Home-Prepared Sensitised Paper White While Printing, Easy Intensification of Any Portion of a Negative, Never!, Notes on Enlargements, Photographing a Burning Building, Then and Now, Action of Soluble Bromides on the Latent Image, Miscellanea Photo-Micrographica, Note on 'Negatives in Natural Colours', Saturated Solutions, So Natural !, Development in Relation to Eyesight, Finders on Detective Cameras, Systematic Exposure in Enlarging, On Handy Work, Rapid Plates Versus Slow.— Films Versus Glass, To Strip Eastman's Films, Notes on the Latent Image, The Right to the Negative, Formulæ, Portable Meteorology, Hints on Blocking out Skies, An Impervious Coating for Wooden Dishes, The Use of a Lens Coated with Turmeric, A Note on Vignetting, Isochromatic Photography in Practice, 'I Canna Get Them Tae Haud', How to Wash Prints with Little Water, A Dark-Room Window, Notes on 'Alpha' Paper, A Developer, and How I Use It, The Electrical Spark for Micro-Photography, Amateurs' Negatives and Retouching, Try Every New Formula and Adhere to the Best, Printing, A New Swing Back, Films and Plates, A Soapy Subject, Celestial Photography in 1888, Improved Lens Mounts Wanted, Stripping Films, Toning Simplified for Amateurs, Printing Too Intense Negatives, Green Fog: One of Its Causes, Cleaning and Copying Daguerreotypes, Oxyether Limelight, Enlarging, Pictorial Portraiture, Labelling Bottles, Instantaneous Shutters, The Following Were Received Too Late for Classification Amongst the 'Photographic Societies, &c. ', Plate-Rocking Contrivances, Substitute for Focussing Cloth, Practical Hints from the Printing Room, Flashes, Suggestions, Writing Titles upon Negatives, On Exactitude, Substitutes for Condensers, An Amateur's Dark Room, Table of the Symbols, Atomicity, Atomic, and Equivalent Weights of the Elements, Zoöphotography, Natural Clouds in Negatives, &c., Two Printing Auxiliaries, Pioneering, Worth Trying, How Not to Do It, Summary, Photography in the Isle of Wight, Transferotypes, Colour Photography, Substitute for Opal Plates, Note on the Estimation of 'Hypo' and Sulphites, Ball and Socket Camera Stands for Interiors, Enlarged Heads on Whatman's Paper, On Centreing Prints for Mounting, Notes on Silver Printing, Weights and Measures, Waxing Paper Negatives, Spectrum Photography with Rowland's Concave Diffraction Gratings, Quick Versus Slow Plates, Fumed Sensitive Paper, Wet Collodion Versus Gelatine.— a Plea for the Former, Both as to the Manipulation of Negatives and the Results to Be Obtained Therefrom, The Powder or 'Dusting On' Process in Practice, A Cheap and Effective Method of Darkening a Room, Iron Printing By the Editor, Photography Applied to Engineering, Obtaining Effects, 'Detective' Cameras, A Substitute for the Focussing Cloth, 1889, How to Use Morgan and Kidd's Slide for Eastman's Paper, A Baseboard for Stereoscopic Work with a Single Camera, Lantern Slides from Line Engravings, Experiments with the Eye and Photographic Salts, Ammonia Fumes 'One Man's Food Another Man's Poison', Epitome of Progress during 1888 Composing Pictures, Useful Accessories, The Negative Image, Photographic Silhouettes, Table of Symbols of the More Important Compounds Used in Photography, Eye Versus Photometer, Discolouration of Paper, On the Question of Mounts, Intensification Difficulties, Collodion Emulsion Notes, Evaporation of Volatile Liquids, White Pictures by the 'Black Art', To Free Silver Prints Prom Hypo and to Dry Them, So-Called Detective Work, Notes on Intensification, A Window Clip for Camera, Items in the Technology of Development, Card Mounts— Good and Bad. Poem, verse: The Photographic a B C, My Detective. Business: How to Revive Business.— Bad Trade. Arts and entertainment: Exhibitions and Other Matters. Recipe: Useful Receipts. Table of contents: Index to Advertisers, Postal and Telegraphic Addresses, See Pp. 859-61 Contents.
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