Venezuela Papers. Vol. XI
0000; Gale Group; Linguagem: Spanish
Resumo
Venezuela Papers. Vol. XI A collection of transcripts of official letters and documents relating to the occupation by the Spaniards of Trinidad, Margarita, Guiana, Venezuela and other. adjacent provinces and islands of Central and South America, and. Vol. VII/Vols. IX-XI/Vol. XIII [174] AGI 54/4/1, Audienca de Sto Domingo, Augustin Santiago, Miguel de Morillas, Gaspar Sanchez, Francisco Ruiz Martinez, Augustin de Cañas, Jacinto de Mena, 27 Dec 1637 On sack of St. Joseph [174v] came up Caroni by strategem using indians they had from S Tome [175] y rsistiendole la guardia que estava a la puerta de la iglesia y la demas gente que se le pudo allegar de ymproviso no fuimos poderosos a estorbarles que no quemasen la Santa yglesia sin tener mas lugar de que se sacase el santissimo sacramento quemandose todos los ornamentos y demas cosas del servicio del culto divino que dentro de la dicha santa ygleisa estavan sin oue se escapase cosa alguan y asimismo todas las mas casas de esta ciudad traciendo el dicho enemigo muchas diligencias por agregar los negros esclavos de los vecinos y los pocos naturales que nos sirven que seran pocos mas de cincuenta de manera senor que a la retirada que el enemigo hizo se les siguio hasta el puerto donde con perdida de mucha gente asi de flamencos como de yndios se embarco y se llevo agregado assi algunos negros de vecinos que les ayudaron al saques y quema de esta ciudad haciendoles notorio la poca fuerza [175v] que teniamos mas dios que fue servido de ayudarnos no les dio lugar que hiciesen pie antes volvieron con la perdida de gente referida en dicha retirada y agora teniendo nuevamente nueba de nuestro governador D. Diego de escobar de dicha ciudad de guayana que no tan solamente esta contento el enemigo con lo que a hecho en aquella ciudad y en esta quiere bolver a xcubarnos y niene este aviso con la delcarazion de un yndio que en dicha retirada se les quito que avia cogido en guayana quando la tomo en que decalara tener dicinio el enemigo de poblar esta isla y al guayana y biendonos tam ynpucibiritados de remedio y que si tienen no podremos escapar de sus manos por ser tan pocos como somos e mas acordado suplicar a VM sea servido de socorrernos con gente armas y municiones...[183v] AGI 54/4/1, Audiencia de Sto Domingo, Testimony of Miguel de Morillas, 4 December 1637 [186] in the sack took...y que este testigo cogio acompanado de otro soldado y de alguinoz y indios de servicio al enemigo, quince piezas de esclavoz de los vecinos que llevaba en el pillaje y asimismo un [186v] yndio que trageron por guia nombrado Andrez que lo habian cogido en el matto que pieron en la ciudad de S Tome... [193] AGI 148/4/15 Indiferente General, Consulta of Junta de Guerra, 23 Jan 1638 [219] Anex. Letter of Cabildo of Guayana, 4 May 1638 Enemy very powerful has 7 poblacions on this coast y all the caribes agregados y hecho liga y confederacion solo con yntento de acabarnos para poblar esta rrio cosa que el tando [219v] all the nations look to enemey, do resgate in all partes [220v] ynviasemos viaeles para traer la jente los caribes de la porvincia de caura que son yndios encomendados en esta ciudad mataron los companeros que venian con el dicho aviso y toeos los despacos de los cartas tenemos por sierto los ynviaron donde estan los enemigos por que todo se hizo con horden suya solo a fin de serrar el passo para los socorros del mueuo reyno de manera senor que hasta tanto que de su mag. nos vengar no nos ...[221] aguardando la muerto a manos de barbros ynumanos comedores de carne humana y de erejes enemigos de nuestra santa fee catolica...22 Julio que a no auer despachado el senor don diego de escobar todas las mujeres y criaturas y demas servicio a otro sitio que se elejio para poblarse por ser en el que estabamos tan poco guardado del enemigo en serto que acabaramos de una les con tantos trabajos por que...[221v] they came in piraguas before we could take up arms all the city sercada y apoderados los flamencos del cuerpo de guardia dando gran carga de mosqueteria y flecheria y enpesado a pegar fuego a las casas que como son cubiertos de paja fue meneter muy poco para que ardiese fue milagro escapar el senor gov. y los mas salieron mal heridos y dios por nuestros grandes pecados... [222] el cura y vicario fue de los primeros que cayeron a macanasos y flechasos y asi se llevaron el relicario con su custodia aquellos perros erejes...learned from prisoner we took of them that they are of Esiquibo, fort with captain se llama el capian llames gran lenguaras de caribe y aruaca todas las demas y majenos quemaron y hisieron pedasos profanando los templos con mil [222v] maldados went by river to mouth of orinoco to Trinidad [223v] nos socorra de jente y municiones pro que tenemos muy pocos y con ello se podran hacer muy buenos efectos y quitalle al enemigo su yntento y los soldados que vinieren bolversemuy vien aprovechados de muchas piesas que estan dadas por esclavos el senor gov. en nombre de su magestad lo promete de que todas las poiesas que sacaren las saquen a esa gouernacion o a otra qualquier parte que VM hodenar y VM como tan gran coldao y seridor de su M vera lo que tanto ymporta a us real servicio de que el enemigo no se apodere de esta tierra [224] y rio y los danos que se le seguiran a el nuebl reino de granada pues en viajeles menores pueden llegar hasta alla y a esa gouernacion de Caracas...pues no es mas que dies dias de camino y todos los caribes de su parte para o que quisieren enprender y estar este Rio a Barlovento de todos las yslas para haser mucho dano en toda la costa nosostros quedamos de dia y de noche conlas armas en la mano solo ... [284v] Desde de dicho dia hasta quatro de Abril quatro urcas que desembocando la canal de Inglaterra con otras esquadras para diferentes partes, llevaron seiscientos soldados y bastimentos fueron en estas esquadras mas de cinquenta portugueses hebreos para introducir el rescate y comercio con los del brasil y los mas dellos han hecho ya viajes con los dichos olandeses en aquellas partes y hablan la lengua flaenca y se comuniean con los mas que estan en el Brasil de su nasion y son aun mayores enemigos de VR Coroona y los que mas dano hazen en dar los puntos e inestigar [282v] AGI 147/5/22 Indiferente General. Junta de Guerra, Junta de Guerra de Indias 15 de Junio 638 [285] las necesidades de Vuestras fuercas que los mismos olandeses, y los infinitos danos que se reciven...El repatimente de los navios de Cosarios que ansalido este present ano de olanda y estados reveldes para las costas las Indias Library Portion: Extract van seeckeren Brief gheschreven uyt Loando St. Paulo, in Angola, van weghen de groote Victorei die de Onse verkregen hebben tegen de Portugesen onder 't beleydt van onsen Directeur Ouman: misgaders de asistentie vande Koniginne Zinga aeñ onse gedan ('sGraven-Hage: Ludolph Breeckevelt, M.DC. XLVIII [1648]) no pagination. [1st] Het is ghebeurt dat de Portugijsen, bemerckende Onse swackheydt ende soberen toestandt daer in Wy vervallen waren, Sy een machtigh Legher, soo van haer eygen Natie, Moulaten, als Jagas, wel over de vijf en twintich duysent man starck, in August voorleden (onder het Commande ende Gouverne van seeckeren Portugees Casper Ambrosius Borges genaemt) hebben op de been ghebracht, ende haer daer mede bykans op onsen bodem gheleghert, tot geen ander eynde gepractiseert, als onse Sovas daer door een schrick aen te jaghen, de selve van ons af te trecken, te debaucheren, ende haer alsoo van het gheele Landt Meeester te maken, ende Ons in dese Stadt te besluyten ende benaeuen: maer haer ooge-merck ende wit daer Sy naer schoten (dat seeckers souden getroffen hebben, en [1v] de tot haer voornemen, gekomen, ten ware niet subijtelijck door den Directeru Ouman was ghestuyt gheworden) is haer t'eene mael istluckt, ende met groote schade ende verlies teghen-ghegaen: Want soo haest hier van de gheruchten vernamen, is terstont geresolveert, dat Onse macht werde te Velde gebracht, onse Landed tegens geseyde Leger tot d'uysterste Limijten toe gemainteneert, onse Sovas beschermt, ende de selve met eenige vereeringhe wederom wat geanimeert; 't welk eyntelijck hiere toe is gekomen, dat voorgenoemende Directeur op den deden October, him selfs personelijck heeft te Velde begheven, ende sijn Leger-plaetse, met een twee hondert man, eerstelijck voor weynigh dagen aen Namboaca-Lombe heeft ingenomen, en daer naer aen Combi vijf mijlen hooger op gemarcheert, ende den Vyandt recht in 't gesicht is gaen liggen, alwaer onse Sovas met haren Oorlog [2] heeft vergadert, Capiteyn Gim (die op ontboden was) aldaer met het meeste Garnisoen van Benguale verwacht, ende de Koninginne Zinga met haer Volck, ende onse byhebbende Soldaten te gemoet ghesien, om ons Leger teghens het haere eenighsints te armeren ende sterck te maecken. Hier liggende heeft den Vyandt op den 25. October een partye op Ons uytghemaeckt, de welcke haer in drie Troupes verdeelt hebbende, Ons seer begonden te naerderen, ende op ons aen te dringer; maer zijn soo van onse Swaten inghevallen, dat met verlies van wel over de drie hondert man te rugge zijn gekeert, ende haer Leger-plaetse drie daghen naer dese Slagh hebben verlaten, ende de selve hooger opgenomen. Ondertusschen waeren Wy noch doende ons Volck by malkanderen te vergaderen, ende de Koninginne Zinge te verwachten, 't welck tot den 29. October is aenghe-[2v]loopen, als vanner voornoemde Koninginne Ons een dagh a twee te vooren, ontrent met een vier duysent man, doch niet over de twee duysent Flitsiers en weerbare Mannen assistentie gedaen hebbende, met ons Legher, sterck ontrent drie hondert Blancken, en thien duysent Swarten van Combi, met resolutie den Vyandt te gaen soecken, ende hem aen te tasten, zijn opgebroocken, ende onsen marsch daer toe hebben aengenomen, tot day Wy den 25. October, omtrent vier uren teghen den avondt, haer Leger gewaer wordende, den Directeru 'tselve met een Mannelijcke couragie heeft aengh etast, ende op haer soo starck aenghedrongen, dat sy naer eenige gedane charges in disordre geraeckten, op de vlucht zijt gebracht, ende van d'Onse soodanigh achtervolght geworden, datter over de drie duysent ter neder gehacktende doodt geslagen zijn, behalven de gequetsten, ende menichte [3]van gevangens, die onder onse Swarte-Oorloghs-volck zijn te buyt ghemaeckt, ende voor ons verduystert. Caspar Ambrosius Borges is selfs met vijftien van de principaelste Sovas ende alle sijne byhebbende Portugesen ende Moulaten gebleven, uytghesondert sijn Soon, die den dans ontspronger is. Daer benevens heeft den Directeur vijf Sovas gevangen gehadt, daer van twee weder zijn los geraeckt ende ontkomen. Hebben mede in dese vervolginghe vijf Paerden achter gelaten, die in onse handen zijn vervallen. Het branden eñ blaeckeren vande Portugijsche Sovas haer Dorpen, heeft soo seer in swangh gegaen, datter wel over de twee hondert in d'assche zijn geraeckt, ende hare facendas gruyneert gheworden, jae Massangano selfs, daer omtrent ons Legher hadden neder-geslaghen, ende Muchinne in't [3v] weder-keeren hebben hier van soo wel haer deel ghekregen, dat tot onder de Stadt toe, de gantsche Lemba is verdestrueert, alle de Huysen afgebrant, ten gronde toe vernielt, ende voor Muchinne toe alles gheraseert; voorwaer een schade die haer niet licht salte verwinnen staen. Over dese Victoire konnen Wy Godt de Heere niet ghenoughsaem dancken, dat Hy niet allen Ons de overwinninghe van onse Vyanden heeft ghegheven; maer dat oock daer benevens sijn waeckend' ooghe over dese Stadt heeft laeten schijnen, ende de selve in sijne bescherminge ghenomen. Actum Loando St. Paulo, den 16. December, Anno 1647. V. W. C., Trou-hertighe onderrichtinge, aen alle hooft Participanten en Lief-hebbers vande Ge-octroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie. Nopende het open stellen vanden handel op de Cust van Africa, namentlijck/ St. Thomé, Guinea, Angola, St. Paulo de Loando, mitgaders de Martignian, Nieu Nederlant ende West-Indien. No publisher or place, Ghedruckt in't Jaer 1643. No pagination [1] Gloroius role of West India company and Prince Maurits, patriotic [1v] for fatherland...maer den almachtigen heeft een nieuw onverachte overwinninghe wederom aen de Compagnie ghegheven/ in't veroveren van Fernabocke, waer door een denre gheopent wiert om't Evangelium te gaen Prediken onder de blinde Brasilianen/ om in tijdt en wijle een treffelijcke Negotie voor de Compagnie te queecken. [2] Trade in Brazil...verwachte vruchten de Ingenios beginnende te gaen de vyant verminderende/ de hope van groote conquesten vermeerderende om uyt ons Brasil/ welck in sigh verbattende 99. malende Ingenios/ die Jaerlijckt 247750 Aroben conden uyt-leveren/ daer van de Companie soude hebben connen proffiteren ontrent 60. Tonnen gouts/ dit alles sich soo op-doende/ soo heeft men de Compagnie dese voordeelen met ghegunt/ maer liever particuliere/ die om de saken soo verde te yringhen/ niets hadden gheabontueert..more on value of trade of Brazil [3] on dryen handel Marcos Jorge, Doutrina christãa... BL's copy has Coll de Loan...in old hand, eating thorugh page. Could be once owned by Collegio de Loanda. Prologo de Leitor (no pagination A cause de por nesta obra o Portugues por cima do Mucicongo, foi pera que os Portugueses possaõ a prender a lingoa Muciconga, & os Mucicongos, a Portuguesa. E como as palauras portuguesas vão respondendo as da lingoa de Congo, não podem guardar a sua colocação, assi como estão postas, mas guardalhaão se cada huma se poser em seu lugar. O u. que por cima tiuer dous pontos, pronuciaseha como vogal, & não como consoante, & isto nos lugares aonde ouuer duuida, tenha pontos de ordinario, he vogal, saluo depois de .n. algumas vezes nesta palaura üalenuu, na qualo primerio .u. he consoante. E porque o .V. grande na impressão não tem poontos, aduirto que de ordinario se pronunciara nesta obra como vogal. A letra vogal que estiver antes de suas consoantes, ou de letra dobrada, ou emcima tiuer accento circumflexo, pronunciaseha como syllaba longa, & se não tiver [next page] circumflexo, commo breue, falo de penultimas, & antepenultimas, nas quais pode auer erro na pronunciação. Nenhum .s. se pronunciará como .z. saluo nas penultimas quando a vogal que fica antes do .s. não tiver acento circumflexo. Chamào os naturais de Congo, ao Spirito Santo Monho Aquissi, & a Cruz Iquetequêlo; das quais não quis vsar, como nem tambem de outras palauras, porque não explicao bem a natureza, & propriedade das cousas, porque Monho Auquissi, quer dizer alma santa, & alma sante, se pode chamar qualquer da dos bemuenturados, * assi não he palaura propria que signifique aterceria pessoa da Santissima Trinidade. Iquetequêlo, quer dizer forca. E bem se vè que não significa a Curz, pelo que me pareceu melhor vsar das proprias palauras, Spirito Santo, & Cruz, & de outras que pro breuidade deixo de apontar. O que aduirto pera que o leitor nao note por erro, o que se pos por parecer mais acertado, & considerado, nem censure, o que não he digno de censura, sogeitando tudo o que nesta Cartilha se contem a da santa & Romana Igreja, que em nada pode errar. following p. 103 v are Latin only hymns Ladainhas que ham de cantar os mininos, quando vão com o Senhor fôra Pater de cælis Deus, Misere nobis Fili Redemptor mundi Deus "Spiritus Sanctae Deus Sancta Trinitas vuns Deus Lvis Fellis Crus, Manifesto das Ostillidades, que a gente, que serve a Companhia Occidental de Olanda obrou contra os Vassalos del Rei de Portugal neste Reyno de Angola, debaixo das treguas celebradas entre os Principes; & dos motiuos que obrigarao as General Saluador Correa de Sá, & Benauides a dezalojar estes soldados Olandezes delle, sendo mandado a esta costa por sua Magestade a differente fim. (Lisboa: Officina Craesbeeckiana, 1651) [1] On Salvador de Sa, praise [2] Dutch invade Angola because of restoration in 1640, but peaace made on 12 June, Angola invaded 26 August [3] was violent and against peace accords. Governor Pedro Cesar de Menezes and council move 3 leagues da Cidade, por quer erem com extraordinarias condicoes, ter dominio de senhores, reputando aos Portugueses por inimigos rendidos. Recolheuse o Gov. fez huma trincheira, & estacada, segundo a capacidade, & materiaes do milhor sitio, que para ambas as cousas pode buscar, com toda a diligencia...want to sow lands, etc [4] there with women, children and many not capable of bearing arms, recolherao outr vez a praca de armas, com desinio de virem outra vez com instrumentes, obrarrem mais a seu salvo,ou por tudo aferro, &fogo:...have a priest named Ieronymo da Fonsequa Saraiva, died at hands of Framengos with a mancebo Feliz de Moura, of Pernambuco, entered city in house of huma mulher humilde Maria da Cruz, ue avia de necessiadade ficando nella, & para nos mostrar o Ceo, que tudo erao decretos seus, sucede que hum Alferez Framengo, Cabo de ronda daquelle quarto, saw them turned [5] over to governor. The two armies faced each other, the governor levantase naquella dia, & ao outro ja o exercito Framengo estava no sitio deixado, & o foi seguindo com toda a fede, duas jornadas, & humas tropas, que dividio o inimigo (que asi lhe chamo com muita causa) pello Rio Zença assima, alcancarao as alnchas, em que o Gov mandou comboyar os enfermos & algumasmulhres pobres, para de parte mais segura, os poder passar aFortaleza de Mazngano, robed & deixarao aos negros exercitar barbaridades.. Goverdor gathers people at Mazangao and muita a os presidios de Mochima & Cambambe, segundo o melhor comodo de cadahum. Lots got sick [6] O bruto Gentio da terra, que inclinado a novidades, aceitou persuadido do Olandes, a voz da Companhia, uzou da sua fera natureza, executando mottes, latrocinios em homens, mulheres, & mininos nacidos, & criados em suas terras, & ainda em os escravos de sua propria nação, aquelles, que sentiao fautores de seus senhores. Os primeiros, que derao principio a esta estranha impiedade, forao os Sovas de Congo, que sendo mais Christãos, o mostrarao menos, & como a virtude louvada crece, creceo esta abominavel irania nelles, por consentida, aprovada & louvada da urbanidade de hum povo tam politico, como dos Estados de Olanda, foi o louvor & aprovação, que de sua propria mao a dos barbaros, se sentenciavao a degolar os pobres vassalos de Coroa de Portugal, como sucedeo no tempo,em estavao as cousas no estado,que represento, chega hum Pataxo do Brasil, & nelle com trinta homems passageiros, & do mar, hum Religioso da Odem de NS do Carmo, called Fr Rodrigo, came to Dandi, por lhe parecer que nos de Congo teria mais segura tutella, & guia par os [7] lugares dos nossos retirados, mas foi em ocasiao que huma companhia de cem homems Framengos, asisstente entao naquella barra, capitaniados por hum bem incllinado, chanado Scheut, lhe sahio ao encomtro, & lhe promoteo qurtel, & seguro, se desistissem da dfensa, no qual fiados, desembaracarao, & sem armas, forao deixados aos negros de Congo, que os descabecarao feros, & carniceiros, em brevissimo espaco, sendo os Olandeses alegres ouvintes, de tao sanguinosa tragedia, a sos dous Portugueses concederao as vidas, Antonio de Alpoem & Luis Mendes, naopor peidade, que esta nao particulariza, mas foi forca da vontade divina.que nao consente deixar encobrir immandiades tam atrozes, & aquelles reservou, para que soubesseo mundo, que ha tambem barbaros brancos, & louros. Gov sent notice to HM by barco, ledft Rio Coanza under Antoknio da Fonseqa Dornellas, went to Bahia and Lisbon, also by light caravel, one went to count of Nassau [8] Dornellas returns with notice of peace, Governor wants com algum terror atalhar, que se nao pregase o contagio da treição aos Sovas, inda nao feridos delle, mandando hum exercito pequeno a castigar Namboangongo autor de algunsprimerios insultos, bem distante, & desviado da praça, que a Companhia com pouco direito chamava sua; estava este tredor socorrido ocultamente, dos que ja erao irmaos nossos, por paz & emobrscado o socorrro em sitio acomodado, da com huma carga de caravinas sobre a nossa vanguardaocupada do Gentio considente, & escravaria, que [9] era cantidade,volta tumultada, descompoem in infantaria, com que puderao sem dano seu matarnos alguma gente, & aprisonarnos doze homens, quem anqui acha causa justa paratao injusta invasao? Era a mais de hum anno da tomada da praca, & quasi dous da acaamacao do Rey...que detraz da tropa, que veio a darnolas a saber, outra foi mandada a ganhar todas as terras lavradias Beira Rio Zenza, as quaes aviao sido campanha, nao ainda neutra, senao nossa, simulando ser aquella mandada antes da primeria [10]...Hans Mols comes as director 17 Mayo de 1643 no fear, derao sobre nosoutros, matarao muytos dos principaes moradores do Reyno, roubarao cantidade de fazendas ouro,prata,moveis, escravos, aprisonarao toda a gente. E dos mortos foi o Captao Mor Antonio Bruto de setenta annos a sangue frio, O SM Manoel de Mello, Capt dos moradores Ioao Pegado da Ponte, CApt Pedro [11] Gouvea Leite, o Capt Francisco Manoel da Cunha, Alferezes, Ajudantes, Capitaes reformados, e outros homems particulares, cento & cincoenta prisoneiros, taken to governor [12] Cezar de Menezes prezo, & nao sentirao muito por nao ir as pates do Norte fazer patente aos Estados.. Chegou Fov Francisco de Soutomayor 1645, disembarks in Suto, costa da hum Sova nosso subdito introduzido na posse das suas terras, pellos Gov deste Reyno, para d'aquelle lugar comboyarem os moradores ate o Rio de Coanza, & dali por elle arriva ate Macangano...[13]na ilha do Rio chamado da Ensanderia huma tropa com seu cabo, mas de poucos soldados, por nao parecer ofensiva, mas que so pudesse servir de avizo, & baliza as embaracoens nossas de maremfora, & de passagem segura do Gentio, as lanchasdo rio de comercio nao sofreo o animo ostil Framengo deixarde se aproveitar da boa ocasao de tao poucos...trimviruate elected by people [14] send CM Manoel da Nobrega with 300 men, que puderao juntar & Gentio nosso a correr a Campanha dos Sovas vassalos, de que se tinha sospeita deneutraes na fidelidade, para que mostrandolhe ainda algum poder se nao declarais. A natural defensa, ou preencao della nos obriava a estas demostracoes. CM gathers exercitozinho, of moradores, against Cornelio Enrique Ovuman, unem suas forcas de infantria paga, cometenos, guiado do Gentio vezinho a nos, corrompido de pormessas suas, degolanos no sitio de Canvala peto deduzentos homems sem as mulheres, meninos, Roubaonos as fazendas, regozijaose no executar atrocidades insiadas nao contentes com ter ostentado esta bizarria...vem com mais de seicentos soldados sobre o presidio de Mochima no Rio Coanza, & com mais de vinte mil ngros esforcados da provincia da Quissama com artelharia senhorearaolhe os padrastos prantao lhe baterias, & tratao de arrazar a fortaleza, quez a V da Conceicao ...sos trezentos homes, que sairao de Macangano under SM Diogo Gomes Morales [15] os desalojase, que nos mauores apertos sempre mostrou o Ceo...we have to castigate three powerful Sovas, our neighbors, forao complices em suas jornadas & guias dellas, & logo por emcampo CM Gaspar Borges de Madureira with Gento tht he cold gather and sessenta homes pretos soldados, & seis homens de cavalo in Ilamba Provincia ainda nossa, asim de que todos os Sovas vassalos da li, ara os presidios nao se rebelassem ou nao fossem entrados da guerra da Rainha Ginga, que em troços infestava todas aquellas terras. Dutch try to desfazer aquelle corpo which gives shadow, as Sovas of theri side,nao foi sentidasua chegada. trouxe o que tinha, comete confiado, degola os que alcancou, que forao quasi todos, & ao Capirao mor & seguindo o alcance ao Gentio confidente, que se retirava, chegou a avistar Macangano, unido com Ginga capital, & antiga inimiga do nme Portugues, prometendosse ganharemno com a facilidade, que se seguiria da confusao do povo inutil, a quem o pavor das mortes da campanha tinha desanimado, detensedefronte oito dias, aguardando oportunidade [16] ou de escalarnos, ou de porse obrigados de ns aprezentarem guerra a sangue & fogo, lhe rendemos vassalage, mas como nossa desesperacao, & fidelidade lhe representasse resistencia, & sua ousadia atende so a polhage a seu salvo, & a matar descuidados, se reitrarao frustados, mas ainda queimarao povoacoes deixadas, & mantimentos quantos puderao alcancar, porque ficasse aquelles sinaes desua boa inclinacao. Apretados nos de todos estes combates, & de temor ja muy poucos Sovas, quehe gente de viva quem vence, & por isso muito pouco da campanha. Tratou o povo, & Camara, & nao pareceo mal, aos que governavao...[17] work on counterattack. Mandaraose queixar a Macangano alguns Sovas ainda obedientes do distrito da fortaleza da Embaca, que erao entrados, degolados da gente da Ginga, por nao quererem aceitar sua voz. Movidos os Gov. & novo da leal perseranca daquelles desarmados subditos, de seu bom Rey, sent CM Maneol da Nobrega with 140 men, best and Gerra preta to defend them, Estava alerta a perfidia Olandeza (descredito dos Estados) ligase com Ginga, vem com trezentos soldados campanhistas, escolhidos, colhe os do Nobrega em [18] campo razao em o primeiro de Agosto de 1648. a hum Sabbado, que lhe resistiao valerosamente. Forao mortos 110 and 12 prisoners passados de muitas setas, & ballas sem querer podendo conceder quartel aos que sua tencao nao era ofendelos. Com esta ultima expedicao ficou o Olandez na campanha, & senhor della, acabarose de rebelar todos os Sovas, era ja muy arriscadaa comunicacao dehum persidio a outro, & ficamos sem esperamca,mais, que a alegre de bem morier, contavamos dias, que nos restavao de vida, then comes Salvador de Sa [19] from Brazil with 650 infantes, boast to Angola, land at Quiquembo onde avia estado ja com o socorro o Gov Francisco de Sotomayor, fabricase huma fortaleza to help Macangano [20] has wonderful effect on Angola [21] reaches 12 Mayo with ll Navios [22] to help Macangano [23] Dutch leave Luanda [25] enters Luanda [26] Dutch ask three days truce to consider this [27] on 15 August aprencias confirmou o Olandez o muito poder que das cartas lhe tinha constado, ano quisesperar na cidade choque de tam bem composta, 7 determinada infantaria, que a nao mouiao, & em nada adescompuhao surriadas de ballas de artelharia, com que poruauao estorvarlhe a marcha que faziao de huma legoa quasi, que ha do lugar em que deembaracarao ate a cidade [28] leave and retire. After three days o General que a dilacao lhepoderia vir a ser dannosa, se desse ugar a que o exercito enemigo de campanha chegasse com todo o gentio confederado, & unido a elle a Rainha Ginga com quem actualmente estaua em hum corpo contra os Portugueses do sertao: manda com notauel resolucao no quarto delua auancar a fortaleza do Morro, & em hum mesmo tempo as duasda praia, sitas ao pe do mesmo Morro [33] peace treaty. ends on 36. J. W. Blake, "The Farm of the Guinea Company in 1631," in H. A. Crone, T. W. Mody, and D. B. Quinn, eds. Essays in British and Irish history in honour of Jeames Eadie Todd (London: Frederick Muller, 1949) 86-106. [87] Guinea traders careers show them to be young men fitting out privateers to prey uopn the Spaniard and dabling in the slave tarde, then turn to quiet trade. John Davies quite interesting typical of larger group incluidng Humphrey Slaney, William Cloberry, Nicholas Crisp, John Wod, Samuell Vassall, Rowalnd Wilson and Maurice Thompson. Davies died 1626 and was devoted to Sierra Leone log trade, work continued by Slaney, Coberry ad Crisp, last was one who organized Guinea Company in 1631 idea to advance on Gold Coast. Oraganized a second time in 1644. John Wood active partner always in logwood. He saw [88] transition to gold and slave tarde and development of sugar trade from west indies [89] in initial letter of Charles I farming out trade 25 Jue 1631 decides to supercede priv. Given by James I. Company of 1618 criticized for claiming first to discover Guinea grade, now incumbered with debt and can't get partners. [PrO Patent Rolls, 7 Charles I, no. 14. mentions Arent de Groote, once in WIC service] Concern that Dutch possess gold trade. [90] trad view is that first traders organized in 1618 under William St John to do guinea trade in genreal and locate gold mines in patiular, but failed. He checks the two groups of members [91] finds none are the same, but notes that contrary to tradtional views there were some the same. Five of the six adventruers in 1631 were associated with 1618 company. Slaney, Cloberry, Crisp, Digby, Young. Also did not stop operations in 1621 (whole article needs copying, mostly deals with the orgaizational details ad membership, showing a continuity of membership among the gold traders) A Declaration Set forth by the Lord Lieutenant Generall of the Gentlemen of the Councell & assembly occasioned from the view of a printed paper entituled An act Prohibiting trade with the Barados, Virginea, Bermudes and Antegoe (London: Samuel Broun, 1651) [1v] First paper alledges that this Island was settled at the cost and charges of the People of England and therefore ougtht to be subjeted to the people of England. Came out at own charge ad with great trouble and danger, shall we therefore be subjected to the wills of those that stay at home? Shall we be bound bythe regulations of the Parliament in which we have to represenatie o personso there chosen by us to propose or cosent to what is good for us or to oppose or dispute what is not for our enefit or behoofe? Certainly this were a slauish impostion beyond what Englishmen ever yet suffered & we doubt ot but tose courages which hav brought us so farre from our Native Soile ad fouduus out a livingi..willl keep us freemen Claims inhabitants of island have subtitly and force usurped a power of Gouvernment We have the same authority which gave new England theirs, against whom the sayd act objecteth [2] nothing, and this gouvernment now obeyed here is the nearest moddell and ressemblance (now left in the world) of that admirable forme under which all our "Ancestours of the English Nation florished for at least one thousand yeares past …can't be usurpation as is continuation of old. Third all foreigners are prohibited from holding any commerce with Island Whereas all the old Planters well inow how much they have ben beholding to the Dutch for their subsistance, and how difficult it would have been (without their assistances) ever to have settled this place & even to this day we are sensible what necessary comforts they bring us and how mcuh cheparer they sell their commodities to us then our owne nation; but this comfort must be taken from us..we'll never be ungrateful To complete bondage our owne countremen are likewise prohibited from trade ad correspondency with us and none to come [2v] near us but such as have a particular license, form some persons for that purpose appointed.. Only licensed persons can bring us goods, so that no inhabitants of this island shall be able to send home the native commoditiesof this place for their owne account but be as meerely slaves to that Company that shall have the sayd license as our Negroes are to us, they making theirs the whole advantage of our labours and industries here….20 February 1650 [6-7] Act for Defense of the government Liberties and Freedomes of this Island Everyone is to got to Justices of Parish where they live and cheerefuly subscribe the ensuing Engagement, by putting name on it, if not shall be disabled to be plantife I any action real or personall in any court within this island and from being heire to anyman or any man to be heire tohim or in capable [7] of ever making a will…unless an excuse offered. Also servants whose time has expired. Engagement. Will maintain and defend rightful government of this place by councell and Assembly and also the person of the RH Lord Willughby A brief Relation of the Beginning and Ending of the Troubles of the Barbados, with the true Causes thereof. Set forth by A. B. a diligent observer of theTimes (London: Peter Cole, 1653) In late rebellion in England some sent there as prisoners [2] first step was to drive Governor Col Guy Molesworth out of the Island, on basis he was cavalier, then took over reasurer and master of magazines rom William Byam. Bermuda sent the parliamentary party off their island, send delegation to Barbados, requesting them to make a League defensive and offensive Essentially the English civil war in the islands with royalist and parliamentary parties acting Englands Slavery or Barbados Merchandize; represented in a petition to the High and Honourable Court of Parliament, by Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge, Foyle Gentlemen on behalf of thmselves and three score and ten more Free-born Englishmen sold (uncondemned) into slavery… (London, 1659) [3] Petitioiners were prisoners in Exceter and Ilchester in West upon pretence of the Salisbury Rising, in theend of the year 1654, although many never say Salisbury or bore armes in their lives were pict up as they travelled upontheir lawfull occasions…put in prison [4] hurrid to Plymouth aboard John of London,Capt John Cole, then to Barbados far away. Arrive on 7 May 1656, sold with others, the generality of them [5] to most inhumane and barbarous persons, for 1550 pund weight of Sugar apiece (more or less according totheir working faculties) as ghe goods and chattels of Martin Noel, and Major Thomas Alderne of London and Capt Henry Hatfell of Plymouth, no sparing. Put to hard work, bad food,e tc. [10] in attached letter notes that condemned without trial nothing preserve us from being sold for Slaves, whence shall we expect freedom. My Lord your spatious soul, can certainly never undertake a more charitable Office then to endeavour the Redemption of the Innocent Slaves at Barbados, and the prevention of the further slavery of England (Our case is but your Touchstoe, by which you may discover whether English, be Slaves or Freemen,) Letter anonymous only a Noble person, no date. [11] second letter I hope that you will further mine and all others liberties, who are now Slaves at Barvbados, and Petitioners at your Bars; for if this man-stealing trade hold good, that all they that were at the Salisbury Rising shall be sold to the Indies for Slaves because they wre there; and all those too, that were not at the Salisbury Rising, shall be also sold thither, because they wre not there; which is the cvase of a great nuber of the Petitioners who never either saw Salisbury or heard of that Rising… Other letters follow with same tenor and use of slavery George Gardyner, A Description of the New World or America Islands and Continent… (London: Rovbery Leybourn, 1651 ([crossed out and 1650 placed in]) Chapter 1 deals in general with value of commerce of West Indies, rivalries with Dutch, etc to p. 30. Chapter 2 is description of various islands. [33] three sorts of inhabitants first are Spanish [34] second are others English, Portugals, Dutch, French,etc. [35] third sort are Indians. Those on Spanish lands Chickameckians and in Islands Canables. Bad neighbors Live upon what they get from the strangers that are neer them, and other more civil Indians, some so inhumane that they will eat mans flesh. Common food from hunting and fishing Chapter three on minerals Then chapters on Newfoundland, Martins Vinyard, Long Island, each with little detail. Chapter 7 Bermudas [51] The Spanish wracks that often happens on their Coast furisheth them with pieces of eight. And the best sort have their Negro Slaves to work for them. [72] Eustas. Flushingers of Zeeland seated there, make good West India Tobacco. St. Bartholomew full of Caniballs [73] Saint Christophers. Divided between English and French. [74] make some sugar, some indico, some cotton wooll but most Tobacco. Nivis or the Snowes Barbada and Redouda. English in Navis, here is best sugar in the Caribey Islands, soe indico but little cotton or Tobacco, happies even though bad climate. [75] Barbada and Redouda in hands of Canibals. Monserat inhabitants grow Tobacco and Indico. [77] Burbodos or Barbados Inhabited with English and Negroes their servats. Principall commodity is sugar of the worst sort, indico and omse cotonwool and little tobacco [John Watts] "A True Relation of the Inhuman and Unparalleled Actions, and Barbarous Muders of Negores or Moors: Committed on three Englishmen I old Calabar in Guiney…" in A Collection of Voyages and Travels…compiled from the curious ad valuable library of the late Earl of Oxford (London: Thomas Osborne, 1745, vol. 2] [511] ship out in 1668 intending to take Negroes to Barbados, sailed to Old Calabar and then up Cross River into Paratt Island. They had obtained cargo, sent men ashore to see some copper rods, there seized by two blacks, one of English torn apart. [513] they ate others, big description, then decided to sell Watts. His Aurania or master could talk to him because Watts had been three years in the West Indies and had learned the Tata language, which is easily attained, being comprehended in a very few words, and all the negores speak it. After 7 weeks master decided to present to his king, whose name was E-fn-me, king of the Bucakmoors, who immediately gave him to his daughter, whose name was Om-jah, and when king went abroad he attened him also as his page, toughout the whole circuit of his domains which was not above 12 miles, boasted a lot about it and his white servant. Never so far away that couldn't return at night. Drank palm wine called Penrore. Aftetr some months the king of Ca-la-nanch, whose name was E-fn-man-cha, hearing of this beautiful white, courted his neighobour prince to sell him. Sold for cow and goat, this king a very sober and moderate person, free from the trecheries and mischeifs that the other wias subject unto, and he would often discourse the related and ask him about his king and counry, were they as big as his, which was not above 25 miles in length and 15 in breadth [514] very impressed with size of England when told of it Promised to send him back in next ship. He was o sea shore, his often recourse to the sea side was observed by one Ja-ga, a wizard and the chiefest in three or four dindgoms thereabouts; they are personst hat the natives give very much credit to, and on any difficult occasion run to them for satifsfaction.. Are an infinite number of them in every place, yet this Ja-ga was the most nenown amongst them, and one day he comws to him and very kindly asked him if he could see any English vessel, who told him of coming ships. Said one would come in 15 days, and it did. The moors call our ships canoes. Asked Ja-ga if it were English he said it was, it was the St. Maloe's merchants Captain Royden commander, took his negores and was ready to sail, but Watts never heard if he would be sold to it. He evetually got king to let him go, placed on canoe begtween [515] negroes legs. Captain Royden took him to Barbados. Description of country. Peole sluggish and idle, go naked, not as big as Englsih. Language is called Tata, few words. Country very fertile overgrown with Wood, sugar canes naturally grow there. Many bears which ghey eat, also hogs, beeves, deer and buffeloes, diverse good eating fowls, as cocks hends, roots several herbs, also palm wine, good fish. Provision is ebung a root like a turnip. Bows arrows and swords they make of a piece of irno they steal form the English and beat our with stones, which they neatly engrave, also they have a lance whioch is tipped with iron, cur and engraved with flits as they do tehir swords, very foew of them have either lance or sword, many of them have swords of iron wood. Bow is 4 feet log, arrows 2 ¼ feet, [516] lance 5 feet. House size varies with family size. Have multiple wives. Ordinary men have 2-4, rich men and king have many. Membo leaves they set on. One room house. King and some great men have clouts as big as a sheet of large paper to cover their nakedness, so likewise the king's and great men's wives, common people go stark naked. They have no particular palce of worship, nor congregate, no ministers, or talk of their god but of fear of being beat by him. He heard them say their god, which is the devil, appears in the likeness of a man whom they call Ajab. Have a likeness of him 2 ½ feet high, they speak to it; he appeas with many copper rings about loins legs, neck and arms as the chief of them go with; then all presently worship him, they kill dogs, goats or chickens, mostly dogs. Do this for the sick. If he his rich and doesn't recover they behead some of his slaves. Watts doesn't know if king is hereditary or elective, this he observed in both kingdoms that every morning the young maidens of the twon where the king kives wait for the kings fising at his house which is larger and handsomer than any of theirs because he hate more wives, when he comes out they keep continual bowing with their heads and bodies to thim saying A a eera and clap hands A a is how do you and eera is thanks for his health, he says A a or how do yuou. Whole people are as serviceable totheir king as we are to our sovereign. The slaves they sell to the English are spisoners taken in war; the kings war much against each other. They have no holds, castles nor prisons; but for keeping those they have taken until the next ship comes in with withies they fasten them to a pole that they cannot untie themselves and get home. They are also persuaded that they go to help that king to fight [517] agianst his enemy, and that they shall live idlly, and eat good victuals, drink good liquor, and have cloaths, and that the king will give them great rewards, but if half wer performed that is promissted they would be more ready to go, than we to fetchthem. Ajab keepts them as slaves, they cry out at night to him. Take little care of children. Man and maid marry, widows never do. Cut each other's wrist with flint stone, such blood, this is their marriage. But whores on an ants nest to be eaten. Cut cross in shoulders of scolds, might sell her if she persists. Theives are sold. Johannes de Laet, Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Idien. (2d ed. Leyden: Elzeviers, 1630) In introduction lists a long list of sources including Harcourt, John Smith, letters from Summer Islands, etc. 1st Book, West India islands, 2nd book, New France, 3rd book Virginia, forth Florida, Fifth Nova Hispania…15th Wilde Custe ofte Guaiana [34] Vade Eylanden die men noemt Canibales. Anguilla has a salt pan, there are ofte there twee oft dry schepen [35] Barbados is under English in 1628 600 people on SW side ontrent een musket scheut van strandt in 'tbosck, alwaer sy velt hadden gheopent ende Toback ghezaept; oock eenige orangie ende limoen-boomen geplant, neffens andere vruchten; daer voor 'tfort is flechte reede op 25 vademen gheen musquet scheut van de wal, uuyyle klippige grondt. Op t Eyland zinj verckens by menischten. De heele west sijde van dit Eylandt en is niet seer bequaem om te anckeren, ten waer heel dicht onder de wal. St Christoval ofte St Christoffel near Nieves or St Eustasio, French and English settled there [36] they divided island in 1627 and 1628 Dominica is a big Carib island. Dit volck loopt al naeckt, schildete betrouwen voor andere; dragen al langh hayrsoo wel mans als vrouwen; daer wast leer veel Taback, welck de Engelsche ende Fransche daer komen handelen, daer brenghende messen, brijlen, ende ander yser-werck. In did Iylandt zijn twee heete haden, welcker een light aen de noort-west sijde hy een schne baye, de schepen komen versch water in nemen iyt een rievierken, welck inde mondt twintich passen winjdt is. Granada near St Vincent [37] land good and nice very fruitful in cassava, lots of trees, also armadillos, good to eat. June to October domen daer menichte van schild-padden, en zee-koepen; so dattet een van de beste Eylanden is om te ververschen; aende west zijde wat by zuyden de zuydt-baye is een lees schoone haven om schepen te veklien; aen't zuyd-eynde tegen ober een keleyn Eylandeken is een groote panne, daer inde drooge maenden soo de Wilde seggen veel souts in te vinden is. Het lant is wel goet om toback te planten, maer seer gequelt van sekere lande-krabben; hoewel eenige willen sustineren datse maer ontrent quelt van den over ende aftwateringen worden ghevonden, ende dat 'thinnen-landt daer geen noodt van en heeft….Inwoonderen zijn Caribes van de selve slach als die vande by-leggende Eylanden, loopen naeckt beyde vrouwen ende mans, en zijn niet verder te vertrouwen alsmen die siet, seer wraeck-gierich ende die niet en waerschouwen voor dattet aen is; heppen onlangs verscheyden acten van hostiliteyt ghepleeght teghen de onse, soo op haer eyghen Eylandt als op de naest gheleghene. [100] New Netherlands Discovery [103] Islands along coast are Wapeocks, een natie van de Wilden als de reste; schipper Adriaen Block noemt het volck welck aen de weszijde van dese vaye woont Nahicans, en haren sagimos Nathattou; ende een anderen Cachaquant; aen de noordt-west zijde leght een sandt punt, ende een eylandkeen n.ten w. in den bocht met een schoone sandt baye…Men heeft aen 't vaste landt noch een rievierken welck de onsenoemen 't Vriesche rievierken, al waer oock eenighen handel valt met de Wilde, de men noemt Morhicans. Daer aen volght op deselve zuydt-kust, een rievier selck hy de onse wordt genoemt de Versche rieviere: ende is droogh voor aen demondt…De riever streckt tussche het noordt ten oosten ende west ten noorden in , dan naer gissighe d'een door d'ander noordt noordt west; ende is tot sommighe plaetsen seer droogh, soo dat hy de vrifthien mijlen de rieviere op niet veel meer als vijf voet waters en is; voor aen de rieviere woondt weynigh volkr, dan ontrent de vrijfthien mihlen op, vint men veel vbolcks, is een natie die sich noemt Sequins; van hier voort waerts sgreckt hem de rieviere voor thien mijlen meest noorden op, dan is seerkrom, de racken strecken van het cost naer het noorden om, tot het suydt west ten zuyden toe, soo day men met een voor windt alle racken niet …De Wilde saepen daer Maiz' ede hadden daer I denjare 1614 een woon plaetse ghelijck eenschanse teghen den aen-loop van haer vyanden, de natie van Wilden die daer woondt [104] ghenaemt Nawaas, ende haren Sagimos was doen gheten Morahieck; Sy oemen in haer tale het broodt van Maiz ghebacken Leganick; deseplaetse is gheleghen op de hoogte van een-en-viertich graden… On the river Royenbech live the Quirepeys. Several small islans so Block named it Archipelagus. Small river betwee them. Wilde die hier woonen worden ghenoemt Siwanois, ende hebbe haer woon-plaetsen cht mijlen na het Helle-gat toe. Voor dese baye [109] De Minquaas, Capitanassxes, Gacheos, Sennecaas, Canomakers, Konchkotays, Matanackouses, Armeomecks, ende diergelijcke woonen verder in't landt en up een ander rievier; is noch onseker oft dese mede komt inde zuydt rievier, oft dat sy valt inde groote in wijck van Chesepeack; want de zuydt-riever… In Nieuw Nederlandt ende op beyde dese rievieren by ons inde hoorgaende Capittelen beschrebven, zijn b y de Bewindt hebberen van de Geoctroyeerde WIC eenighe Colonien ghebracht, al ban den aen-vangh van de selve Compagnie, te weten anden jare 1623, om de possissie van dese quartieren te continueren, ende denhandel van pelterijen te onder-houden. By hebben daer I 't binnerste van de noordt-rivier…New Amsterdam on Manhattan island. [523] In description of Brazil, section on Bahia, has note De stadt San Salvador was by de vloote van de Geoctroyeerde WIC daer Admirael over was Iacob Willekens, ende Vice Admirael Pieter Pietersz. Heyn; ende Colonel over 't krijghs-volck den Heere van Dorth, in de maendt May des jaers 1624, seeer manelijck verovert ende beset..but Toledo takes it back 1625 [525] Dese stadt Pernambuco is by de vloote van de WIC onder 't beleyt van den Manhaften Generael Hendrick Loncq, ende den E. leer Manhaften Colonel Diedrich van Waerdenburgh I ghenomen den tweeden martij deses jaers 1630. Den Generael vertrock den 27 Juij 1620, met act schepen uyt…long description of voyage and landing, 2100 soldiers and 700 matrosen , fleet to raid coast up to Recife, up to tweeden Martij on p. 526. [548] Description of volck van de lande (Maragnon) De Indianen van de Maragnan verhalen dat daer ontrent den Tropicus a Capricorni een traey landt leght, welck sy noemen Cayeté, deden haer vbeste om dit volck mede onder slavernne te brenghen, van dese Toupinambas 't selve niet konnende verdraghen, retireerden haer voor eerst I de bosschen; dan haer selven daer mede vervolght vindende by haer vyanded, zinj soo verre boort ghetrocken tot dat sy ghekomen zijn tot aen de zee, akwaer eenighe haer hebben deder-ghelsaghen langhs den oever van de zee, akwaer eenighe haer hebben deder gheslaghen langhs den oever van de zee; de zee; andere hebben haer wooninghe ghenomen op den grooten bergh Ibouyapap, die haer noemen Ibouyapap Eugovare; andere in 't groote Eylandt Maragnan, welck Maragnan Eugovare worden ghenaemt; andere langhs de rieviere Taboucourou,elck haer noemen Taboucourou Eugovare, ghelrick die langhs de rieviere Miary woonen, Miary Eurovare, ende soo vorrts eenighe te Para aer 't oosten toe, ende te Para naer 't westen toe ende to Cayete aen den oever van de zee; behoudende niet te min al 't samen de naem van Toupinamba. Eenighe van de outste ghedencken noch, datse naer haer komste in dit landt en groote seeste aenprechten, welck sy noemen Caoven, alwaer de voornaemste vergadert sijnde ende nu droncken gheworden zijnde, een vrowue heeft… [this section probably from Capuchin accounts] [550] De ghelegenteyt van Taopyttapere ende Comma, welck zijn aen 't vaste Landt gheleghen., Tapouytapere, is een andere woon plaetse van de voor schreben Topinambas, aen 't vaste landt by het eylandt Maragnan gehleghen naer 't westen toe, soo datmen 't selve quartier lien kan van 't fort Sant Louis, welck de Franchoysen hebben gheleght op 't Eylandt Maragnan, wesende niet over dry oft vier mijlen van 't Eylandt verschepden door de zee die tusschen beyden leght. Het en is wel gheen water om-ringht; maer als 't water af is gheloopen, soo en isser gheen water dan voet kan over gaen. Den hoeck van dit landt maeckt de westerlijcke kape van de aye van Maragnan… De vermaerste ende eerste vlecke wordt ghenaemt Tapouytapere naer de naem van de gantsche provincie, ende is in haer tale soo veel te legghen als de oude woon plaetse van de Tapoyys. De tweede wert ghenaemt Sery-ieu; de derde Ieneupa-eupé; de vierde Meureutieupé; de vijfde Caagouire; de seste Pindotuve, de sevende Aroueupe, de achtse Tapouy-tiningue; de neghende Eugareté quitave; de thiende Oroboutin eugouave. Ende in alle dese Dorpen woont meer volcks als wel in the dorpen op het Eylandt Maragnan… [559] Ontdeckinghe van de rieviere Tobo oste de las Amazonas by onse Nederlanders, ende eerst de gheleghentheyt van de ooste zijde. [560] rivers and coasts navigated by Wilden in canoes. Follows with descripton form Harcourt. [563] Vervolgh van de rievieren ende de landen van Rio de las Amasonas tot den hoeck van de Baye van Wiapoco…Islands in river. Ick hebben een Nederlander ghesproocken de welcke uyt een schip,welck hier verghingh, okomen zijnde by de acht jaeren onder de Wilden hier had' ghewoont, dewelcke ghetuyght dat dit al verdroncken landt is voor veele mijlen, ende dat de Wilden by de visch leven ende weynigh ander onderhout hebben. Van hier voorts west waert aen tot den hoeck toe van de baye ende rieviere van Wiapoco…quotes Harcourt again Onse Nederlanders stellen hier de rievier Arikary op de hooghte van twee graden ende seven en twintich minuten by noorden de linie, ende ghetuyghen dat 't gat van de selve rieviere streckt I 't uyt…navitagion on rivers Carsewine and to Cassipurogh, and then Wiapoco. [565] Wiapoco…De rievier Arcovile wierdt by de onse besocht in den jare 1600, twee mijlen binnen de selve noemen de selve Tcoripe, ende noch dry mijlen voorder R. Tamyne, seer diep, maer niet breedt, ende by naer stil staende water, ende vier mijlen de rievier op 't dorp Sapptye, ende voorts door ee bosch ende moerassighen wegh 't dorp Awarapata. Ghetrygen mede dat de rievier Arecoa in de mondt wijdt is een halve mijle, ende dat de selve verre op in 't verdroncken landt woonen de Arrecoossen, vriended van de Iaos; hebbende tot vyanden de Maos. De rievier van Wiapoco selfs (also Thomas Masham ghetryght , die daer was in den jare 1596), is gheleghen by-naer op de hoogste van vier graden by noorden de linie. Mashan's navigation, Wilden called Yayos, Arrowan or Arwaccas; is goet volck, welck de vreemde die daer komen wel onthaelt; zedight aer de wijse van de Wilden, gaen naeckt, dan schijnt wel kleederensouden draghen indien sy deie hadden; hebben een sonderlighe vondt om de visschen te vanghen, met seker seer streck-reickende houdt ghenaemt Ayauw, in 't water te werpen, daer de visschen soo van beswijmen, dat sy met de handt ghevat worden. Haer broodt is Casavi, daer sy oock haeren dranck van maken, met de selve te lauewen ghelijck de Wilden van Brasil, make a beer too, llike Lubs-bier, quote Harcourt on 1608 situation. [567] On Wiapoco, soo dat sy daer bygillinge wel acht en dertich mijlen op waren, ende al diep water vonden; ontrent twaelf mijlen dese rievier op aen stier voordes zijde hadde een Duytsch man ghewoont, de welcke eyndelijck van de Wilden was doodt gheslaghen om 't guaedt leven dat gy onder de Wilden voerde; sy vonden daer och een goot vat met verwe het welcke de voor schreve Duytsch man hadde vergadert; noch lesthien mijlen voorder aen de selve zijde is noch een kreecke, daer sy mede dry plaetsen vonden van Indianen, ende kreghen daer veel verwe; eenige mijlen voorder en vonden sy gheen hyuysen meer; aen bagh=boort zijde van de selve rieviere bonderise ontrent sesthien mijlen van zee een ander rievier, die voor aen de modt ende ontrent twee mijlen innewaert wat winjdt is, dan wordt daer naer smaller; daer zijn twee dorpen, dan de inwoonders zijn Caribes ote menschen eeters; 5 miles closer the see is another river with many Zabanen. Al did volck is seer bebreeft voor de Cairben die te landt waert in woonen, om datse dickwils op haer onversienste van de selbe worden belpronghen ende wegh ghevoerdt. Apurwaka, Couwo ende Wia, west of Wiapoco on activities of Laurens Keymis. [568] De onse die daer waren inden jaere 1598, ghetuyghen datter in de mondt van dese rievier [Aperwarka or Caperwarka] light een langhworpigh Eylandt puntigh; aen beyde zijden op de rievier Iwelck naer 't segghen van de Wilde ver te landwaert in loopt) zijn wonderlijck veel papegayen ende andere schoon vogelen; ende de boomen littenvol kleyne meerkattjens; daer wallen veel palm ende Cocos boomen; light van Comaribo vijf mijlen. Anther river Keymis found Iaos in 1596, on Cauwo or Couwa. Spanish hook up with Arwaccas, welck een vagabunde natie is; meest volghende de Spaegnaerden. De Iaos (loohy verhaelt) waren eertijdts Heeren van al dit Ghewelkte, ende om van andere natien onder-schepden te worden, soo teckeneen sy haer aenlight ende lichaem met diversche figuren, waer toe sy belighen de tanden van een kleymn dier als een rat, daer sy schrabben mede maken, ghelrijck oft met een spel gedaen waer, die immermeer uyt en gaen. Harcourt on them. De onse die hier waren in den jaere 1598, ghetuyghen day op dese riever seer veel Mosquiots zijn, de Wilde thoonden haer seecker roodt houdt, dam en was hgeen Brasilie-houdt; oock een ander houdt welck sy oemden Moura, van beter apparentie. Light van Apurwaca twee miljlen noordt west,]; aen de west zijde van 't in kommen is ander half ende derde half badem waters…More on Harcourt-Keymis [571] Wilden of whole area described. Go about naked, black hair, rings in lips etc. Iaos ende Shebaios noemen Annoti, ende de Caribes Coutseuwe. It seems that young are sunburnd. Women very strong, hence the Amazon reputatin, carry heavy loads. Want op stervbe van haer Cacique, Capiteyns ofte andere groote vrienden, houden sy een solemneel (selfte wesende de beste provisie van haer sterckesten drack, die sy noemen Parranow) go on three or four days as long as drink lasts. Superstition priesters ende waersegghers (die sy noemen Peeaios) op sommige tijden conferencie hebbenmet den duyvel, welck sy noemen Wattipa, ende worden by hem bedroghen; niet te min soo haten ende vreesen sy hem seer, ende segghen dat gy quaert is, ende niet sonder [572] groote diversche forrten,noten van breemde fatsoenen. De excellentheyt van de Pinna is groot, want men soude gheen beter vrucht konen vindern; is van smaeck als aerdt helpen met wijn ende supcker ghemenght. De plantana smaeckt als een oude puppingh. Commodities De pricipaelste comoditeyt van dit landt zijn de suycker-rieden, van welcke in dese quartieren gooote menichte is; de grondt is daer toe soo bequaem als in eenigh ander deel des weerelts; waffen daer in korten tijdt seer groot; by planten ende op-houwen van bequaeme plaetsen om 't sycker daer uyt te tverken (welck in het begin veel soude kosten) konde men daer grooten rijckdom uyt trecken; als men sien kan vby 't gene by de Portugeesen in Brasil ende elders wordt ghedaen. De cottoen is een generale koppmanschap, seer nut voor de koop leiden, ende voor ons landt om kustepnen, bombasynen ende anders daer van te maken; ende tot ander ghebruycken also Hamaccas van te maecken, welck zijn der Indianen bedden, seer noodigh in dese quartieren; ende fijn cottoene lijn waten. Lots of hennip ofte vlas, can have Annoto a roode belye, gumen, names several trees, [575] Canna fistula Various other rivers Caina west is Meccooria also Macuria called. Then Courwo, called by Harcourt and anotehr called Cawroora, 8-12 miles. [576]Synnamary wst of Caurora, then Vraco esast side, inhavbigtants are Iaos. Next Amonna, per Keymis heeft een wijdt ende diep kanael, en loopt soo snel dat geen vbarre en lijdt…Thomas Masham has a river, then the river Marrawini quotes Masham, more rivers…Matawere which we call Marwyn, there are vijfderhande natien on river, Percotten, Arwaccas ende Sebayos, then Caribes, die sterck zijn van volck, wildt ende niet te betrouwen, de mans zijn groot van lichaem ende vet, 't hayr op 't hooft gheschoren met een druyn, schilderen haer roodt; haer gheweer zijn boghen, houte swerden, ende houte schildern: de vrouwen zijn dleyn, gaen heel naeckt, daer de mans een vierkant stettjen voor haer schaemte draghen; woonen in klyne huysen van balderen ghemaeckt; haer voedtsel is Cassvi, roode peper ende krabben; haeren dracck gekauwde Cassaui, heel drabigh, dise Wocka heeten; haer overste zijn de strijdtbaerste, noemen die Pave, dat is vaders; Doorts de Iaos een beter natie als de Caribes. De Iaos ende Sebayos woonen meest by den anderen, verschillende allen van spraecke, haer dranck is Pernou; gfhelijck mede de Arwaccas ende Percotten; op Amana welck woor aen dese rievier komt woonen al Cairbes. Het landt is voor in de rievier leegh gheboomte…[577] Next river is Sewrano, people Caribes and aParcotten. De Caribes zijn niet to betrouwen; 't letter hout dat hier valt is slecht. Swamp then the Sorame has Caibes, 13 miles to Correnini, with Caribes, then 10 miles to Berbice with Arwaccas, een seer goede natie; is maer voorjachten. 11 miles is Demarari , welck diep genoegh is; dan de Wilde woonen verre de rieviere op, so datter weynigh handel halt; light op seven graden. 4 miles of Essequebe or Desekebe, with islands, has Arwaccas, Caribes ende Waccewayen; the Arwaccas live voor aen zijn goedt ende vyanden van de Spaegniaerden; hier valt seer goede verwe. De Waaccewayen woonen voorder te landt waert I oorlogen deurgaens met de Caribes, enhouden haer vreemt van de Christenen; de Caibes woonen meest boven de vallen daer de rievier een eynde neemt. Islands. Laurens Keymis verhaelt op het rapport van de Idianen dat men in 20 dagen van de mont van dese rieviere baert tot het hooft oft gevbin des selves, ende dat van daer eeen dagh reyusens gelegen is 't groot lack; welck de Iaos noemen Roponowini; ende de Chariben, Parime' welck so groot is als een zee, ende wort gesuspiceert dat de stadt Manoa op de kant van dit lack is ghelegen. Spanish with a few people . Orenoque No Dutch activity mentioned. Follows to 587 with summary of Raleigh's voyages of the 1590s. 588-91 More English voyages. [591] Gheleghenheyt van de rieviere Orenoque, naer de bevindinghe van de Nederlanders. English do a lot of tobacco trade there, soo by de Eghelsche in't particulier ende koopmans wijse, als vy onse Nederlanders, soo datter jaren zijn gheweest dat daer acht, neghen, ende meer schepen op eenen tijdt uyt de vereenighde Nederlanden op dese rieviere zijn gheweest; my is een Journael daer van ter handt ghekomen, welck tot naerder openinghe van de gheleghenjyt deser rieviere heir sommierlijck sal in voeghen. Lay of land from Essiquibo [592] more or land and location, mention…is noch ses oft seven mijlen van Sant Thome, ende passeert noch een gat aen stier-boort, ende kmt aen een Eylandeken van waer men te Sant Tome komt. [593] Het jaere 1629 is de rieviere naerder onder focht by de vloote van de WIC, onder het beleydt van den Manhaften Admirael Adriaen Ianz Pater; Dyt welcker journaelen wy de gheleghenheyt van de rievier in 't korte sullen by voeghen. More specifics on geography In river near S Tome woonen de Tivitives een arm volcken, die meest by visch leben ende seeker noten van palmjt-boomen, de groote van een eye vijftigh tot sestigh aen een bos groevende,hebben scharpe schellen, ende zijn binnen als de cocos noten…upriver are Caribes dan ver te landt waert in soo dat de rievier hier seer doodt is van valck. Tot by naer twintich oft vijf-en-twintich mijlen de rievier op is al leegh-landt datr in de reghen tijdt heel onder loopt. Aforementioned admiral quam by de stadt [St Tome] den elfden Decembris 1629, dan daer waren 130 of 140 huysen gheweest armlijck getimmert, ende een kercke by naer in 't midden, ende een klooster van St Franciscus aen 't west eynde. In dese rievier naer 't legghen van de Spaegniaerden heeftmen den swaersten reghen in April ende May…[596] river under Spanish, dit Eylandt is tamelijcken vruchtbaer, de meeste hanteeringhe is in Tobac de daer veel waft. Tobago or Nieuw Walcheren no mention of Dutch settlement. [601] Punta de Araya…Dese plaets is onse Nederlanders heel wel bekent, ende hebben daer grooten handel met het zout te halen ghedreven; een van onse Nederlanders, met namen Isaac du Verne, heeft de selve aldus beschrevet Punta de Araya is een hoeck aen 't vaste landt, legghende ontrent uyden van de west hoeck van Margarita…[602] Onse Nederlandtsche schepen hebben dese vaert om zout te halen veele jaeren ghebruyckt, meest onverhindert ofts met kelyn om-lien tot in den jaere 1605, doen heeft den koningh van Spaegnien derwaerts ghesonden achthien wel ghemonteert schepen, soo galleons als andere, de welcke daer zijn ghekomen in November, ende quamen onse schepen soo onversiens op den hals, alsoo 't volck befich wasmet zout te halen om haer schepen te laden, legghende de schepen ongheredert, een deel van het volck aen landt, een deelmet de vbooten op de vaert soo dat sy alte samen vielen inhanden van de Spaegnaierden, de welcke ons volck seer qualijk hebben ghetracteert, eenighe op-ghehanghen, andere voor slaven wech ghevoert naer Cartagena, ende daer op de galeyen gheset; waer van daer naer eenighe weynighe noch zijn ont-komen. Daer naer is de selve vaert by de onse werderher vat naer 't maeckenvan den treves met den Koningh van Spaegnien, doch met meerder om sicht als te vooren. Maer alsoo in den jare 1622 voor-leden, een groot getal schepen uyt de Middel-landsche zee verwaerts voeren om met een zout-ladinghe naer 't vader-landt te keeren (ende oock andere uyt Noordt-Hollandt ten selven eynde derwaerts dat den Koningh van Spaegnien daer een streck kasteel hadde doen legghen met guarnisoenen daer op, om de onse het zout-halen te beletten; de onse deden een aen-val op 't selve kasteel, dan door de onwillicheyt van 't meeste deel van het boots-volck, ende kelyne ordre ende wetenschap die onder haer was, met slechte uyt-komste, want eenighe van de kloeckste vbelven aen landt doodt, ende de reste moesten t' shceep keeren. Soo dat alle dese schepen sonder ladinghe moestten t' huys keeren. Dit kasteel is soo gheleght, dat het den toe-gangh tot de panne commandeert, soo dat het niet mogherikck is dat het voclk 't zout kan aen halen, sonder van 't gheschut van het casteel beschadicht te worden; de Spaegniaerden hebben het de naem ghegheven vanSt. Iago..Seems the castel doen legghen om de WIC te verhinderen de welcke ontrent dien tijdt haer langh ghewenste voort-gangh heeft ghenomen. [617] Bonaire, Curacao and Aruba Location of Bonaire. De in-woonders zijn meest Indianen die daer ghebraght zijn van S. Domingo, ende zijn Christenen, hebbenonder haer een Spaenschen Gouverneru, ende eenighe weynighe Spaegniarerden; dese wonen in een valleye ontrent het hooghe landt. 't Eylandt en is niet seer vruchtbaer, dan daer vast overbloedigh roodt hout, welck u eenighe jaren herwaerts by de [618] onse met groote meninghte is ghehaelt,soo dat u onrent de reede niet veel is overghebieven. Location of others. Onse Schepen die in den jare 1623 aen Punta de Araya hebben gheweest, alsoo sy daer vonden een fortresse met Spaegniaerden beset, welck haer het zoudt halen belettenden, ghenootsaeckt zijnde sonder ladinghe van daer te scheyden, zinh eenighe weynighe van de selve Schepen van daer west-waerts op0gheseylt naer 't Eylandt Bonayre, ende onder anderen een Schipper van Enshuysen, wiens Siterman Simon Simonsz. De gheleghentyt pertinentlijck heeft aen-geteeckent, die wy goet ghevonden hebben hier in te veoghen. … [619] In den selven jare zinhn derwaerts gesonden dry schepen by de WIC die daer mede roodt houdt af brachten. NN Gentlemen, America or an Exact Description of the West Indies (London: R. H. for Edw. Dod, 1657, editors' signature is 1655) Includes a whole description of Spanish colonies, quite brief in each part, mostly derivative, similar to 1651 book, and to de Laet, from whom seems to have borrowed. Seems to have been written earlier, or at least describes situaition earlier, but does mention sugar production in Barbados and other islands. West Indies on 451 (Guiana) 453 (Wiapoco and Amazon) , 455 notes an abandoned Dutch colony at Gomiribo on north wst side of Bay of Wiapoco but since deserted by them pp.466-72 Lesser Antilles [469] St Vincent, sugar cane grows naturally without husbandry, Dominica, people exchage iron goods, knives and hatchets for their very good tobacco, grown by Caribs "but the People being said to contnue Cannibals, and exceedingly barbarous, even to this present, no Natinsas yet, have attempted to inhabit among them. [470] St Christopher notes that colony was outed by Spanish not many years past, but allowed to pass on to other plantations. Yields tobacco and some salt on east. Barbados [471] Their chief trade is Tobacco and a kinde of course sugar, which we call Barbados sugar, and will not keep long, not that the Country is unapt for better but as 'tis rather supported, because the planters want either skill, or stock,to improve things to the best. Heinrich van Uchteritz, Kurtze Reise-Beschreibung auf der Insul Barbados (Weissenfels: Johann Christian Wohlfart, 1712 [apparently a second edition)] [7] from Modelwitz in Meissen von Kindes Beinen an Luft gehabt mich meinem Srande nach etwas rechtschaffenes zu versuchen und das Lob so meine Vorfahren und Bettern durch Ritterliche Tugend erworben, so to war. Habe derowegen Anno 1650, mich aus meinem Vater-Lande begeben, und aus gewissen Ursachen meinen Weg durch Norwegen in Schottland genommen, und aldar zu Dundee unter dem Obristen Lord (das ist Graf) Okelbewelcher ein gebohrner Schotte war, mich unterhalten lassen , ud Ihrer Maiestat Carolo II, damals [8] ur in Schott- ietzo aber auch in Eng- und Irland konig zu pferde gedient. IN army of rebellion for faterh Car I At end of 1651 whole army to England… Ich meines Orts wurde dazumahl von Cromwels Lieb-Regiment gefangen, und nebst andern gen Loden gefuhret, da uns Cromwel selbsten scharff exminirte, fragte under andern, wo wir her waren, ud was wir gedachten dass wir einen solchen Konige dienen wollten, der kein Land hatte? Und nach vielen andern Reden, sagt er: Es sollte nicht mehr geschehen, denn er ware gesonnen uns Zucker zu essen zu geben und vor us zu tauschen wie auch geschehen. [9]Denn nachdem wir ein viertel Jahr in Londen gefanglich gehalten worden, schikete er uuser 1300 auf Galeen, Anfangs des 1652 ten Jahres in West Indien in die Insul Barbados, welche die Engelander inne hatten. No one knew what would happen, took 16 Meilwegs, all sold for 800 pounds sugar. Michkauffte ein Graff Weitecker genandt, nebenst noch andern Neunzehen. Dieser Graff war iin Christ und aus Engelland burtig, und hatte hudert Christen, hudert Mohren udhundert Wilde zu Sclaven. Die Haueser in dieser Insul liegen alte, also wie in schonen Wiesen, die vornehmen Hauser sind alle von Redern Holtz gedecket unten findet man nur iin Gemach, und daran eine Schlaff-Kammer, aber das Ober-Theil der Hauser stehet auf den Seiten offen, dass die Lufft durchstreichen kan, doch mit Schaub-lagen dass der Schlar-Regen keinen Schaden thue; umb die Hofe stehen der Sclaven Hausergen, von schlechtem Holtz, fast wie Hinde-Hutten, und mit Blattern von Baumen welche sie Blandin nennen gedecket, so gantz breit sind und fast schilssig idenen vor denReae gar wohl. Auf den Hoehen siehet man eine grosse Menge Cirtonen-Baume, und wie ben uns die Dornen-hecken am Wege stehen, so machset auch daselbs die Baum Wolle in einer Schale, einer grossen [10] Baumwolle heraus hat inwendig den Saamen an Grosse wie dei grossen Erbsen der wird gesaet wachset in Stengel gleich wsie der Hanff und uber Ellen hoch ud die Blatter daran den Weinblattern nicht viel ungleich. Inhabitants English grow sugar, tobacco, ingber and baumwolle. No money use trade Es musse die Slcaven alle Arbeit verrichten Taback, Ingber und Zucker pflantzen hacken oc Der Zucker wachset im Frelde fast wie Schiff oder Spanish Reht uber Daumen dicke und zwar an feuchten Orten. Ich mines theils muste den ersten Tag den Hof kehren, den andern die Schweine futtern und hernach allerhand Arbeit was Sclaven gebuhret verrichten. Unsere Speise war sehr schlecht, und nur Wurtzeln zwar hiess die eien Batatas, welche schlecth Grass tragt…[11] littyle meat Dieses ist der Sclaven Epiese Flesch bekommen sie nicht so ist auch keines allda zubekommen ausser Schweinenfliech, diessen doch nicht gar viel giebt und nur die Vornehmen solches zu geniessen haben. [12] Mohren beten den Teuffel an und geben diese armen Leute vor: Gott welcher im Himmel wohne sey ein guter krommer Mann der Niemand etwas zu leide thate, aber der Teuffel sey sehr grimmig ud bose, thate gfrossen Schaden, darum mussten sie ihn anbeten, auff das er sie nicht beleidigte. Wenn auch jemand dey inhen stirbt, so sprechen sie, er sene in seine Heimat und zu seinen Freunden gegangen, ud gehe ihm sehr wohl. (not done) Edward Wallace, Virgo Triumphans: or, Virginia richly and ryly valued; more especially the Suoth part thereof: viz. The fertile Carolana…(London: Thomas Harper, 1650) Intro, unpaginated. Reasons for settling. Spanish will worry Virginia. Have spread north of Florda and on the back of Virginia in 34, whre he is already possessed of silver Mines, and will no doubt vomit his fury and malice upon the nieghbour Plantations…also has offshore islands, can produce items for international commerce, has a climate half way between Barbados and New England, lots of navigable rivers. On to description of Carolinas [2] Lots of rivers, Maiz is main naïve corne, will increase 2 or 3 hundred interest. Will also grow our plants [3] less labor more harvest [5] lots of good trees, walnut, cedar, cypress [8] But from hence no occasion shiuld be derived to breake or fall short of any contract made with those Vignerons, who are to be exactly dealt with in performance of Articles, every way made good unto them, with all just respects to win upon them, and the non performance of this hath beene the originall cause why Virgiia at this day doeth not abound with that excellent commodity [wine]. Those contracted with as hired servants for that imployment, by what miscarriage I know not, having promise broken with them, and complelled to labour in the quality of Slaves, could not but expresse their resentment of it, and had a good colour of justice t coneale their knowledge…[39] After a long discourse of comparison of Virginia to China, notes it could produce silk. Suggests that they might do it themselves. Appendix. Objections. What security wee may expect form the Natives, who looke upon us as Itruders upon the Land of their Nativity, and seeing the South of Virginia I like manner to be possessed as the North, whether they wil not in all probability attempt watevefr rage, malice or treachery can dicatet to them to oppose the beginnings of such possession…Should't worry about their armes, 10 of our men well appointed are not avble to give law to their 100 aided by all the advantages of animosity and revenge, to which by nature Imsut confesse them prone, but their cowardise is so great, that they never act any thing but upon the score of anticipation or security. On about their basness and theivery. Once we've grown in numbers we can drive them out. [Don't think he knows much about place or the situation] More Excellent Obversations of the Estate and Affaires of Holland. Faithfully Translated ot of the Dutch Copie (London: E. A, 1622) [12] We have no colonies in the West Indies, no Townes nor Forts, land the Spaniards for the space of an hundred yeares at the least, have had and inhabited the most part of the country. Bigget problem will be to set up colnies in ukowne places, where they haue no friends, wthout the which Colonies, our Marchants can haue no security of Trade, as you ust of force confesse, for theKing of Spaine will not cease, by all themeanes hee can tolet and hinder the same. [13] We sail to Puncle del Rey, with 100 great ships and 1800 men to get salt. To trade in hides in Hispaniola and Cuba have 20 ships and 1500 men, I all 180 shipps, 8700 me and the return 130 tunnes of gold, as can be seen by the caluclatio made by the directors Ano 1608 which was opely prited and set forth in the same yeare. [14] greatest riches in the West Indies are not gold and silver, but commodties, Sugar, Ginger, Indico, Cocheville and other drugs. Brasil is a good example of a place that is rich without mines [16] Article of the Truce, we might traffic anywhere that was not under Spain's command
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