Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Sensory Research in Historical Perspective: Some Philosophical Foundations of Perception

1984; Wiley; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/cphy.cp010301

2040-4603

Richard Jung,

Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies

The sections in this article are: 1 Sensory Science and Philosophy 1.1 Perception and Theory 1.2 Perceptual Research and History 1.2.1 Historical Roots 1.3 Perception and Preparation for Action 1.3.1 Sensory Signals, Integration, and Abstraction 1.3.2 Perception, Attention, and Action 2 Greek Science and Antiquity 2.1 Early Greek Philosophy and the Origin of Science 2.1.1 Greek Science and Culture 2.1.2 Pre-Socratic Scientists 2.2 Hippocratic Medicine and Democritian Materialism 2.2.1 Hippocratic Concept of The Brain 2.2.2 Democritian Atomism and Sensory Functions 2.2.3 Post-Democritian Materialism and Epicureanism 2.3 Aristotle and the School of Athens 2.3.1 Socratic and Platonic Concepts 2.3.2 Aristotelian Philosophy and Psychology 2.3.3 Aristotle's Views of The Senses 2.4 Roman Science and Late Antiquity 2.4.1 Epicurean Atomism in Rome 2.4.2 Stoicism 2.4.3 Galenic Medicine 2.5 Long-Term Influence of Greco-Roman Science 2.5.1 Greek, Roman, Medieval, and Modern Science 3 Medieval Science and Sensory Studies 3.1 Characteristics of Medieval Research 3.1.1 Lack of Quantitative Experimentation 3.1.2 Symbolism Versus Science 3.1.3 Augustinian Foundation of Christian Philosophy 3.2 Arab Scientists and Greek Tradition 3.2.1 Arab Contributions to Medieval Science 3.2.2 Sensory Functions and Optics 3.3 Medieval Concepts of the Senses 3.3.1 Sensory Integration and Sensorium Commune 3.4 The Sciences in the Thirteenth Century 3.4.1 Sensory Studies in Animals 3.4.2 The Court of Frederick II and Science 3.5 Optics and Vision 3.5.1 Optical Studies in England 3.5.2 Dietrich's Optical Experiments 3.5.3 Audition and Music 3.6 Scholasticism and Science 3.6.1 Albertus Magnus's Natural History Studies 3.6.2 Concepts of Perception and Knowledge Among Thomists and Scotists 4 Sensory Science in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 4.1 Seeing Nature Through the Eye of Renaissance Man 4.1.1 Pictorial Perspective 4.2 Physiological Concepts of Leonardo da Vinci 4.2.1 Color and Visual Contrast 4.2.2 Pupillary Functions and Space Perception 4.2.3 Perspective and Refraction 4.2.4 Spinal Cord Functions 5 Rise of Science After the Renaissance 5.1 Heliocentric Theory and Physics 5.1.1 Copernican Hypothesis 5.1.2 Kepler's Contributions 5.1.3 Galileian Physics and Experimental Quantification 5.1.4 Mathematical Foundations of Science 5.1.5 Bacon's Inductive Research Postulates 5.2 Cartesian Machine Theory of the Body 5.2.1 Descartes's Philosophy of Science 5.2.2 Hypothesis, Fiction, and Explanation 5.2.3 Machine Concept of The Body and Physiology 5.2.4 Cartesian Principles of Sensation and Action 5.3 Systematic Physiology, Evolution, and Behavior 5.3.1 Keplerian and Cartesian Concepts of Body Mechanics as Preconditions of Physiology 5.3.2 Harvey's Discoveries and Sensory Physiology 5.3.3 Haller's Physiology 6 Vision Research from Kepler to Newton 6.1 The Retinal Image and The Optic Nerves 6.1 Kepler's Dioptrics 6.1.1 Visual Projections 6.1.2 Kepler's World Picture 6.2 Other Visual Studies 6.2.1 Jesuit Scientists and Optical Studies 6.3 Newton's Work on Optics and Vision 6.3.1 Newtonian Physics 6.3.2 Newtonian Views on Optics and Vision 6.3.3 Newton on Hypothesis, Deduction, and Induction 7 Empiricism and Rationalism in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 7.1 Sensualist Empiricism and Materialism 7.1.1 Hobbes's Empiricism 7.1.2 Locke's White Paper 7.1.3 The French Materialists and Sensualists 7.2 Leibnizian Rationalism 7.2.1 Perception and Apperception in Leibnizian Philosophy 7.3 Berkeley's Concept of Space and Hume's Associationism 7.3.1 Berkeley's Subjectivism and Visual Space 7.3.2 Hume's Criticism of Rationalism and Causality 7.4 Kantian Synthesis of Perception and Thought 7.4.1 Kant's Concepts of Science 7.4.2 Perception, Thought, and Recognition 7.4.3 Kant's A Priori Concepts and Cerebral Order 8 The Nineteenth Century and Modern Perceptual Research 8.1 Rise of Sensory Sciences 8.1.1 Visual Physiology 8.1.2 Hearing: Cochlear and Central Neural Functions 8.1.3 The Vestibular Organ 8.1.4 Electrophysiology and Nerve Conduction 8.1.5 Exner's Neuronal Models of Attention and Emotion 8.1.6 Reflex Physiology 8.1.7 Sherrington's Dualism and Visual Perception 8.1.8 Contributions of Neurology 8.2 Six Founders of Sensory Physiology 8.2.1 Johannes Müller 8.2.2 Ernst H. Weber. E. H 8.2.3 Gustav Theodor Fechner 8.2.4 Hermann L. F. Helmholtz. H. L. F 8.2.5 Ewald Hering 8.2.6 Ernst Mach 8.3 Psychophysics and Scaling of Sensations 8.3.1 Psychophysics Past and Present 8.3.2 Early Quantification 8.3.3 Psychophysical and Psychochemical Philosophies 8.3.4 Weber's Differential and Fechner's Logarithmic Function 8.3.5 Visual Power Function of Plateau 8.3.6 Stevens's Power Law and Magnitude Scaling 8.4 Psychology of Sensory Research 8.4.1 Local Signs and Topographic Projections of The Senses 8.4.2 Birth of Experimental Psychology 8.4.3 American Psychology 8.4.4 Conditioning and Behavior Research 8.4.5 Animal Behavior and Ethology 8.4.6 Recent Theories of Perception 8.5 Philosophies and Perceptual Research 8.5.1 Philosophy and Perception 8.5.2 Empiricism and Nativism Revisited 8.5.3 Innate and Acquired Contents of Perception 8.5.4 Neuronal Correlates of Nativism and Empiricism 8.5.5 Sensory Deprivation, Critical Periods, and Learning 9 Objective Sensory Physiology and Neuronal Recordings 9.1 Adrian's Achievements 9.1.1 Afferent Nerves 9.1.2 Synaptic Effects of Sensory Discharges 9.1.3 Sensory Impulses and Perception 9.2 Sensory Afference and Brain Potentials 9.2.1 Early Contributions 9.2.2 Sensory Arousal and The Human Electroencephalogram 9.2.3 Evoked Potentials 9.3 Cerebral Neuronal Mechanisms 9.3.1 Neuronal Responses in Brain 9.3.2 Neuronal Mechanisms of Vision 10 Perception and Action 10.1 Intentional Preperception and Anticipation 10.1.1 Attentive Adjustment 10.1.2 Relevance Control and Matching 10.1.3 Meaning and Action in Perception 10.1.4 Preprogramming in Perception and Action 10.1.5 Anticipation and Purpose 10.1.6 Intention, Attention, and Action 10.1.7 Cerebral Models for Recognition and Thought 10.1.8 Metaphors and Models of Conscious Perception and Attention 10.1.9 Anticipation in Man and Animals 10.1.10 Cerebral Correlates 10.2 Cerebral Correlates of Intention in Man 10.2.1 Stimulus Expectation, Readiness, and Aimed Movements 10.2.2 Intention and Attention 11 General Discussion 11.1 Contrasting Concepts and Their Complementary Role 11.1.1 Innate and Acquired Knowledge 11.1.2 Monism and Dualism 11.1.3 Mechanisms and Meaning 11.1.4 Objective and Subjective Sensory Research 11.2 Level Concepts and Perceptual Research 11.2.1 The Hartmannian Level Concept 11.2.2 Limited Downward Influence of Perception and Action 11.2.3 The Three Worlds of Popper and Eccles 11.3 Reductionism—Ontological vs. Methodological 11.3.1 Limitations of Methods 11.3.2 Research Analysis and Theoretical Synthesis 11.3.3 Methodological Reduction and Conscious Information 12 Summary 12.1 Retrospect and Prospect