Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

When fake becomes truth: placebo-suggestion modulates conflict adaptation in the Stroop Task

2012; Frontiers Media; Volume: 6; Linguagem: Inglês

10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.210.00048

1662-5161

Axel Cleeremans,

Creativity in Education and Neuroscience

Event Abstract Back to Event When fake becomes truth: placebo-suggestion modulates conflict adaptation in the Stroop Task Pedro A. Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama1*, Hichem Slama2, 3, 4, Wim Gevers3 and Axel Cleeremans1 1 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, Belgium 2 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, Belgium 3 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, Belgium 4 Erasme Hospital, Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Belgium Introduction: Expectation manipulations such as suggestion, placebo and post‐hypnotic suggestion have been shown to bias several cognitive processes (pain, visual awareness and emotions). Here we demonstrate that a mixed placebo‐suggestion is able to create expectations that have a profound impact on conflict adaptation assessed by objective measures. Method: Two groups were exposed to a placebo‐suggestion to induce either positive or negative expectations about the properties of a sham “brain wave” machine wile performing a Stroop task. The experimental design associated a placebo (the equipment and procedure) to a suggestion (verbal and written persuasive information). The machine was described as either enhancing (positive group) or impairing (negative group) participants’ ability to perceive colors. In the baseline condition, participants completed the Stroop task without the equipment. Results: We found a double interaction between Stroop conditions, suggestion and group. Planned comparisons indicated that the suggestion only influenced accuracy in the incongruent conditions. Participants committed fewer errors compared to baseline when under the positive suggestion but more errors when under the negative suggestion. Furthermore, participants’ intra‐individual variability was influenced by suggestion and group. Discussion: This study thus demonstrates that expectations induced by a placebo‐ suggestion can modulate cognitive conflict. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Remy Schmitz, Marek Zajac, Nicolas Vanderlinden, Arnaud Destrebecqz, Philippe Peigneux, Etzel Cardeña, Chris Frith and Jonathan D. Cohen References 1. Kirsch I (1985) Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior. American Psychologist 14(11):1189-1202. 2. Kirsch I (1997) Response expectancy theory and application: A decennial review. (Translated from English) Applied & Preventive Psychology 6(2):69-79 (in English). 3. Kirsch I & PsycBOOKS APA (2009) How expectancies shape experience. (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC). 4. McClung M & Collins D (2007) "Because I know it will!": placebo effects of an ergogenic aid on athletic performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 29(3):382-394. 5. Fishbein M & Ajzen I (1975) Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior : an introduction to theory and research (Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Reading, Mass.) (English). 6. Ajzen I & Fishbein M (1980) Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior (Prentice-Hall). 7. Bolles RC (1972) Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review 79(5):394-409. 8. Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Dec 50(2):179-211. 9. Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84(2):191-215. 10. Rosenthal R & Jacobson L (1968) Pygmalion in the classroom. The Urban Review 3(1):16-20. 11. Rosenthal R & Jacobson L (1992) Pygmalion in the classroom (Irvington, New York). 12. Engler H, et al. (2011) Acute amygdaloid response to systemic inflammation. (Translated from eng) Brain Behav Immun 25(7):1384-1392 (in eng). 13. Mayo E (1933) The human problems of an industrial civilization (Macmillan Co., New York) (English). 14. Rosenthal R (1966) Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research (Appleton-Century-Crofts, East Norwalk, CT, US) pp xiii, 464. 15. Olson R, Verley J, Santos L, & Salas C (2004) What We Teach Students About the {Hawthorne} Studies: A Review of Content Within a Sample of Introductory {I-O} and {OB} Textbooks. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist 41(3):23-39. 16. Michael RB, Garry M, & Kirsch I (2012) Suggestion, Cognition, and Behavior. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21(3):151-156. 17. Melville LG (1939) THE PLACE OF EXPECTATIONS IN ECONOMIC THEORY. Economic Record 15(1):1-16. 18. Evans GW & Honkapohja S (2001) Learning and Expectations in Macroeconomics (Princeton University Press). 19. Muth JA (1961) Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements. Econometrica 29(6):315-335. 20. Amanzio M & Benedetti F (1999) Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo Analgesia: Expectation-Activated Opioid Systems versus Conditioning-Activated Specific Subsystems. The Journal of Neuroscience 19(1):484-494. 21. Price DD, et al. (1999) An analysis of factors that contribute to the magnitude of placebo analgesia in an experimental paradigm. (Translated from English) Pain 83(2):147-156 (in English). 22. Benedetti F & Amanzio M (2011) The placebo response: How words and rituals change the patient's brain. (Translated from English) Patient education and counseling Vol.84(3):pp (in English). 23. Benedetti F, Carlino E, & Pollo A (2011) How placebos change the patient's brain. (Translated from English) Neuropsychopharmacology Vol.36(1):pp (in English). 24. Benedetti F, et al. (2003) Conscious Expectation and Unconscious Conditioning in Analgesic, Motor, and Hormonal Placebo/Nocebo Responses. The Journal of Neuroscience 23(10):4315-4323. 25. Colloca L & Benedetti F (2006) How prior experience shapes placebo analgesia. Pain 124(1):126-133. 26. Kirsch I (1999) Hypnosis and placebos: Response expectancy as a mediator of suggestion effects. Anales de Psicologia 15(1):99-110. 27. Kirsch I (1990) Changing expectations: a key to effective psychotherapy (Brooks/Cole). 28. Wickless C & Kirsch I (1989) Effects of Verbal and Experiential Expectancy Manipulations on Hypnotic-Susceptibility. (Translated from English) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(5):762-768 (in English). 29. Pacheco-Lopez G, Engler H, Niemi M-B, & Schedlowski M (2006) Expectations and associations that heal: Immunomodulatory placebo effects and its neurobiology. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 20(5):430-446. 30. Colloca L & Miller FG (2011) Role of expectations in health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 24(2):149-155 110.1097/YCO.1090b1013e328343803b. 31. Fillmore M & Vogel-Sprott M (1992) Expected effect of caffeine on motor performance predicts the type of response to placebo. Psychopharmacology 106(2):209-214. 32. Harrell P & Juliano L (2009) Caffeine expectancies influence the subjective and behavioral effects of caffeine. Psychopharmacology 207(2):335-342. 33. Derbyshire SWG, Whalley MG, & Oakley DA (2009) Fibromyalgia pain and its modulation by hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion: An fMRI analysis. European journal of pain (London, England) 13(5):542-550. 34. Derbyshire SWG, Whalley MG, Stenger VA, & Oakley DA (2004) Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain. NeuroImage 23(1):392-401. 35. Faymonville ME, et al. (2000) Neural Mechanisms of Antinociceptive Effects of Hypnosis. Anesthesiology 92(5):1257-1267. 36. Baker SL & Kirsch I (1993) Hypnotic and placebo analgesia: Order effects and the placebo label. Contemporary Hypnosis 10(3):117-126. 37. Glass LB & Barber TX (1961) A note on hypnotic behavior, the definition of the situation and the placebo effect. (Translated from eng) J Nerv Ment Dis 132:539-541 (in eng). 38. Wager TD, et al. (2004) Placebo-Induced Changes in fMRI in the Anticipation and Experience of Pain. Science 303(5661):162-1167. 39. Sterzer P, Frith C, & Petrovic P (2008) Believing is seeing: expectations alter visual awareness. Current biology : CB 18(16):R697-R698. 40. Prager G, et al. (2012) Amygdaloid Signature of Peripheral Immune Activation by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide or Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. (Translated from Eng) J Neuroimmune Pharmacol (in Eng). 41. Assefi SL & Garry M (2003) Absolut Memory Distortions: Alcohol Placebos Influence the Misinformation Effect. Psychological Science 14(1):77-80. 42. Parker S, Garry M, Einstein GO, & McDaniel MA (2011) A sham drug improves a demanding prospective memory task. Memory 19(6):606-612. 43. Petrovic P, et al. (2005) Placebo in Emotional Processing Induced Expectations of Anxiety Relief Activate a Generalized Modulatory Network. Neuron 46(6):957-969. 44. MacLeod CM (1991) Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. . Psychological Bulletin 109(2):163-203. 45. MacLeod CM (1992) The Stroop Task: The "Gold Standard" of Attentional Measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology 121(1):12-14. 46. Raz A, Shapiro T, Fan J, & Posner MI (2002) Hypnotic suggestion and the modulation of Stroop interference. (Translated from eng) Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(12):1155-1161 (in eng). 47. Raz A & Campbell NKJ (2011) Can suggestion obviate reading? Supplementing primary Stroop evidence with exploratory negative priming analyses. Consciousness and Cognition 20(2):312-320. 48. Eriksen BA & Eriksen CW (1974) Effects of noise letters upon identification of a target letter in a non- search task. Perception and Psychophysics 16(143–149). 49. Raz A, Moreno-Iniguez M, Martin L, & Zhu HT (2007) Suggestion overrides the Stroop effect in highly hypnotizable individuals. (Translated from English) Consciousness and Cognition 16(2):331-338 (in English). 50. Daniel M. Wegner DJS, Samuel R. Carter III and Teri L. White (1987) Paradoxical Effects of Thought Suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(1):5_13. 51. Oei A & Hartley LR (2005) The effects of caffeine and expectancy on attention and memory. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 20(3):193-202. 52. Flehmig H, C.;, Steinborn M, Langner R, Scholz A, & Westhoff K (2007) Assessing intraindividual variability in sustained attention: reliability, relation to speed and accuracy, and practice effects. Psychology Science 49(2):132-149. 53. Raz A, Fan J, & Posner MI (2005) Hypnotic suggestion reduces conflict in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(28):9978-9983. 54. Iani C, Ricci F, Gherri E, & Rubichi S (2006) Hypnotic suggestion modulates cognitive conflict: the case of the flanker compatibility effect. Psychological Science 17(8):721-727. 55. West R (1999) Age Differences in Lapses of Intention in the Stroop Task. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 54B(1):P34-P43. 56. MacDonald SWS, Nyberg L, Sandblom J, Fischer H, & Bckman L (2008) Increased response-time variability is associated with reduced inferior parietal activation during episodic recognition in aging. J. Cognitive Neuroscience 20(5):779-786. 57. MacDonald SWS, Nyberg L, & B√§ckman L (2006) Intra-individual variability in behavior: links to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences 29(8):474-480. 58. Morse CK (1993) Does variability increase with age? An archival study of cognitive measures. Psychology and Aging 8(2):156-164. 59. Posner MI & Rothbart MK (1998) Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353(1377):1915–1927. 60. Dehaene S, Kerszberg M, & Changeux J-P (1998) A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95(24):14529-14534. 61. Dehaene S & Naccache L (2001) Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 79(1‚Äì2):1-37. 62. Dehaene S, et al. (2003) Conscious and subliminal conflicts in normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia: The role of the anterior cingulate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(23):13722-13727. Keywords: placebo, expectancy, Suggestion, Cognition, Stroop task Conference: Belgian Brain Council, Liège, Belgium, 27 Oct - 27 Oct, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Other basic/clinical neurosciences topic Citation: Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama PA, Slama H, Gevers W and Cleeremans A (2012). When fake becomes truth: placebo-suggestion modulates conflict adaptation in the Stroop Task. Conference Abstract: Belgian Brain Council. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.210.00048 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 03 Sep 2012; Published Online: 12 Sep 2012. * Correspondence: Mr. Pedro A Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium, pmagalha@ulb.ac.be Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Pedro A Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama Hichem Slama Wim Gevers Axel Cleeremans Google Pedro A Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama Hichem Slama Wim Gevers Axel Cleeremans Google Scholar Pedro A Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama Hichem Slama Wim Gevers Axel Cleeremans PubMed Pedro A Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama Hichem Slama Wim Gevers Axel Cleeremans Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.