Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

NATION AS MOTHER FIGURE FOR REFORMERS IN FINLAND, 1840–1910

2005; Routledge; Volume: 30; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/03468750510014060

1502-7716

Juha Siltala,

Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics

Abstract Nationalist leaders and intellectuals in Finland between 1840 and 1900 experienced their ‘nation’ as a mother figure not only metaphorically but quite literally. They (ab)used their actual female partners to receive and reward their patriotic efforts, as if these flesh and blood women had been incarnations of the national spirit. This kind of emotional containment enabled male heroes to achieve individual success and, simultaneously, to maintain imagined fusion to a larger group whole, thus relieving themselves of energies spent in narcissistic tensions. Nationalism as a mechanism of exclusion did not yet overshadow this creative compromise for the dilemma of modern men: How to individuate and maintain unity at the same time? Notes H. Willems & A. Hahn, editors, Identität und Moderne (Franfurt/M. 1999), passim.; E. Zaretsky, “Freuds Rufmörder im Zeitalter der Entidealisierung”, Psyche, vol. 53: (1999), pp. 374–378. Anthony D. Smith, the leading theoretician of nationalism nowadays, equals individual needs for a coherent, recognized identity and the collective need to belong together, master their lives and distinguish themselves from others. E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen. The Modernization of Rural France 1870–1914 (Stanford, 1976), p. 95. A. D. Smith, “The Origins of Nations”, Ethnic and Racial Studies , vol. 12: (1989), pp. 340–367; B. Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised edition (London‐New York, 1991); E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY, 1983); E. Hobsbawm: Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Programme, myth, reality (Cambridge, 1990); E. Hobsbawm, “Massproducing Traditions: Europe 1870–1914”, edited by E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger. The Invention of Tradition (London, 1983), pp. 263–307; G. L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movement in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars to the 3rd Reich (New York, 1975); G. Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism. A Cultural History 1740–1830 (London, 1987); O. Dann, “Vereinwesen und bürgerliche Gesellschaft in Deutschland”, Historische Zeitschrift Beihefte 9: (1984). L. Elenius, Både finsk och svensk. Modernisering, nationalism och språkförändring i Tornedalen 1850–1939 (Kulturens frontlinjer, vol. 34, Umeå, 2001); P. Lantto, Tiden börjar på nytt. En analys av samernas etnopolitiska mobilisering i Sverige 1900–1950 (Kulturens frontlinjer, vol. 32, Umeå, 2000); Å. Linderborg, Socialdemokraterna skriver historia. Historieskrivning som ideologisk maktresurs 1892–2000 (Stockholm, 2001); U. Zander, Fornstora dagar, moderna tider. Bruk av och debatter om svensk historia från sekelskifte till sekelskifte (Lund, 2001); P. J. Anttonen, “Tradition, Modernity and Otherness: On the Political Role of History, Ethnic Diversity and ‘Folk Tradition’ in the Making of Modern Finland” in Forestillinger om “den andre” – Images of Otherness, edited by L. A. Ytrehus (Kristiansand, 2001); J. Mylly, Kansallinen projekti. Historiankirjoitus ja politiikka autonomisessa Suomessa (Turku, 2002); I. Sulkunen, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 1831–1892 (Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia, vol. 952, Helsinki, 2004); P. Kettunen, Kansallinen työ. Suomalaisen suorituskyvyn vaalimisesta (Helsinki, 2001); P. Alasuutari & P. Ruuska, Post‐patria? Globalisaation kulttuuri Suomessa (Tampere, 1999). K. Lempiäinen, “Kansallisuuden tekeminen ja toisto”, edited by T. Gordon, K. Komulainen, K. Lempiäinen, Kansallisuuden sukupuoli (Tampere, 2002), pp. 19–36; K. Komulainen, “Johdanto: kansallisuus, kansalaisuus ja sukupuoli”, and T. Gordon, “Kansallisuuden fyysiset, sosiaaliset ja mentaaliset rajat”. Both in: Sukupuolitetut rajat. Gendered Borders and Boundaries, edited by K. Komulainen (Joensuun yliopisto. Psykologian tutkimuksia, vol. 22, 2002); J. Valenius, Undressing the Maid. Gender, Sexuality and the Body in the Construction of the Finnish Nation (Bibliotheca Historica, vol. 85, 2004), pp. 7–14, 15–37. See e.g. S. Edquist, Nyktra svenskar. Godtemplarrörelsen och den nationella identiteten 1879–1918 (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Historica Upsaliensia, vol. 200, Uppsala. 2001), pp. 264–269. J. Searle‐White, The Psychology of Nationalism (New York, 2001), p. 41; A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nationalism (Oxford, 1986). M. Levinger & P. Franklin Lytle, “Myth and mobilisation: the triadic structure of nationalist rhetoric”, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 7: (2001), pp. 177–190. Such a division seem to bother many postmodern critics of psychoanalysis, e. g. “The terms ‘culture’ and ‘individual’ thus appear as two different ways of labelling the same reality.” K. J. Gergen, The Saturated Self. Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life (New York, 1991), p. 275. N. Elias, Studien über die Deutschen. Machtkämpfe und Habitusentwicklung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, edited by Michael Schröter (Frankfurt/M., 1989). E. Balibar, “Die Nation‐Form: Geschichte und Ideologie” in E. Balibar & I. Wallerstein. Rasse – Klasse – Nation: Ambivalente Identitäten (Hamburg/Berlin, 1990), pp. 107–130; M. Douglas, Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London, 1984). K. Theweleit, Männerphantasien. I: Frauen, Fluten, Körper, Geschichte; II: Zur Psychoanalyse des weissen Terrors (Frankfurt/M., 1977, 1980). R. A. Koenigsberg, Hitler's Ideology. A Study in Psychoanalytic Sociology (New York, 1975); J. A. Arlow, “Aggression und Vorurteil: Psychoanalytische Betrachtungen zur Ritualmordbeschuldigungen gegen die Juden”, Psyche, vol. 46: (1992), pp. 1122–1132; C. Bollas, Being a Character. Psychoanalysis and Self Experience (New York, 1992); W. Bohleber, “Die Konstruktion imaginärer Gemeinschaften und das Bild von den Juden – unbewusste Determinanten des Antisemitismus in Deutschland”, Psyche, vol. 51: (1997), pp. 570–605; J. M. Glass, “Skin Ego and Purification Ritual: Psychodynamics behind the Nazi Final Solution”, Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture & Society, vol. 2: (1997), pp. 47–54. On the metaphors see N. Hortzizt, “Die Sprache der Judenfeindschaft” in J. Schoeps & J. Schlör, editors, Antisemitismus. Vorurteile und Mythen (München, 1995), pp. 19–40. E. Renan, “Qu'est‐ce qu'une nation?” in E. Renan, Oeuvres Complétes (Edition définitive établie par Henriette Psichari) vol. I (Paris, 1847), pp. 892–905. Cf. H. Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism. A Study in its Origins and Background (New York, 1956). T. Pulkkinen, The Postmodern and Political Agency (Helsinki, 1996), pp. 9–43. M. Klinge, Bernadotten ja Leninin välissä. Tutkielmia kansallisista aiheista (Porvoo, 1975), pp. 18, 33; “Kansanvalistus vai taideteollisuus? Fennomanian ja liberalismin maailmankuvista sata vuotta sitten” edited by M. Kuusi, R. Alapuro & M. Klinge. Maailmankuvan muutos tutkimuskohteena. Näkökulmia teollistumisajan Suomeen (Helsinki, 1977); P. Suvanto, “Suomen poikkeuksellinen konservatismi”. In: Konservatismi Ranskan vallankumouksesta 1990‐luvulle (Helsinki, 1994), pp. 168–186; R. Selleck, The Language Issue in Finnish Political Discussion 1809–1863 (Cambridge, Mass. 1961), pp. 27–34; V. Konttinen, Perinteisestä moderniin. Professioiden yhteiskunnallinen synty Suomessa (Jyväskylä, 1991), pp. 265–272. Cf. Klinge, op. cit. pp. 16–17. Cf. J. Siltala, “The Dimension of Change in Psychohistory” (Studia Historica vol. 33, 1989) pp. 363–368, and I. Liikanen, Fennomania ja kansa. Joukkojärjestäytymisen läpimurto ja Suomalaisen puolueen synty (Historiallisia tutkimuksia, vol. 191,1995), pp. 130–133. P. Rommi, Yrjö Koskisen linja. Myöntyvyyssuunnan hahmottuminen suomalaisen puolueen toimintalinjaksi (Lahti, 1964), pp. 17–19. Liikanen op. cit.; M. Klinge, Ylioppilaskunnan historia vol. II (Vaasa, 1978), pp. 213–216, and. vol, III, pp. 15–16, 37–38; R. Koskimies, Nuijamieheksi luotu. Y. S. Yrjö‐Koskisen elämä vol. II (Keuruu, 1974), pp. 62–68, 196–205. Liikanen op. cit. passim. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 19.9.1850, end of March 1851, Yrjö Koskinen archives, Finnish National Archive; G. Suolahti, Nuori Yrjö Koskinen. Y. S. Yrjö‐Koskisen elämä vol. I (Keuruu, 1974), pp. 68–69. On idealization of peasants see also R. Koskimies, Nuijamieheksi luotu. Y. S. Yrjö‐Koskisen elämä vol. III (Keuruu, 1974), pp. 233–234. Of ‘natural life’ as a norm cf. C. Taylor, Sources of the Self. The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), pp. 285–302. K. Häggman, “Den förnunftiga kärlekens paradoxer. Äktenskap inom de högre stånden i 1800‐talens Helsingfors”. Historisk Tidskrift för Finland, vol. 81: (1996), pp. 314–316. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 9.1.1849. The letter is signed by both Georg Forsman and Yrjö Koskinen. In further correspondence the Finnish form gradually supersedes the Swedish form. P. Gay, The Naked Heart. The Bourgeois Experience. From Victoria to Freud. Vol. IV (New York‐London, 1995), pp. 310–329. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 19.1., 16.‐17.3., 1.4. and in the end of October 1851, 7.4.1852, 6.9.1856, 21.4.1859. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 7.11.1853. On the concept see D. W. Winnicott, Psychoanalytic Explorations edited by C. Winnicott, R. Shepherd & M. Davis (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1989), pp. 32, 299, 344ff, 571. To Sofia April 1851 (microcard 24/1463). On the animating power of homeland see also letters to Sofia February 14 and 16, 1853. Koskinen liked to telescope his fiancée and the landscape on the same continuum and view them “through his inner eyes.” Letter to Sofia 22.1.1852. Yrjö Koskinen Sofia Koskinen 3.7.1856. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Koskinen 11.7.1856: “Forgive now your son.” Then he begins to talk about their sons. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 11.10.1850. See e. g. M. B. Buchholz, 1998, “Die Metapher im psychoanalytischen Dialog”, Psyche vol. 52: (1989), pp. 545–571; K. Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York‐London, 1992), pp. 356–388. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg in winter 1851–1852 (microcard 6/1462), also 1.3.1852 and 8.11.1853; Suolahti (1933) 1974, p. 173. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg, 1 Mars 1850. See also the letter on 14 November 1851. Cf. the letters on 20th and 25th and 26th of September 1851: The fiancée would guarantee inner peace; without her, Koskinen was ready for his funeral, and his nation would follow him. Success in literature forced Koskinen to think of the eventual death of Sofia and the emptiness after that. Of the envy of the gods see also letters on the 26th of September 1852 and 9 January 1853. His university examination was accompanied by sorrow over the eventual death of Sofia, e. g. the letter on 4 February 1853. This was the case, when Koskinen published his dissertation (microcard 89/1468, p. 488). “I really fear that God will not grant such a joy for me” (seeing Sofia again), in the letter in 19.6.1860. The wife was granted to the man only as a means to pursue God: letter to Sofia 16 October 1861. On the spouse as a guarantee of unselfish love: 4 February and 5 September 1849, 1 Mars 1850. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 3.10.1852. Cf. 22 January 1853. W. R. D. Fairbairn, “Endopsychic structure considered in terms of object‐relationships” (1944) in W. R. D. Fairbairn, An Object‐Relations Theory of the Personality (New York, 1952), pp. 84, 117; M. Hirsch, “Das Fremde als unassimiliertes Introjekt” in U. Streeck, editor. Das Fremde in der Psychoanalyse. Erkundungen über das “Andere” in Seele, Körper und Kultur (München, 1993), pp. 221–223; J. Cornut, “Ein Rest, der verbindet. Das unbewusste Schuldgefühl, das entlehnte betreffend”, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, vol. 22: (1988), pp. 67–98. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Koskinen, 26 September 1862. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg, October 1851 (microcard 28/1464, p. 148). On a fragmenting narcissistic cathexis see H. Kohut, The Analysis of the Self. A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders (New York, 1971), p. 127. See also V. W. Jensen & T. A. Petty, “The Fantasy of Being Rescued in Suicide”, Psychoanalytic Quarterly vol. 27: (1958), pp. 327–339; E. Rechardt & P. Ikonen, “How to Interpret Death Drive?”, The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review vol. 16: (1993), pp. 84–99. To Sofia 20.1.1851. On the conception of perennial sin and the futility of worldly strivings in Pietism see J. Siltala, Suomalainen ahdistus. Huoli sielun pelastumisesta (Keuruu, 1992). Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia 1853 (before Christmas, microcard 9/1462), 13 October 1852, 13 November 1853. On the mirroring by the mother (“gleam in the mother's eye”) as the basis of self‐trust see H. Kohut, How Does Analysis Cure? edited by A. Goldberg & P. E. Stephansky (Chicago, 1984). Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg, 13 November 1850. To Sofia, April 1851 (microcard 24/1463) and 5.1.1852; 26.2., 22.3., 5.4.1852, 5.11.1858. On the exaggerated pursuit of perfection 7.4.1852, on one‐sided academic concentration 17.12.1852, 8.1.1853, 3.7.1856. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg, October 1851 (microcard 28/1464, p. 148). Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg, 25 January 1853. Yrjö Koskinen to Sofia Friberg 13.11.1853. E. g. letters to Sofia 14 November 1851, 14. and 18 February 1853, of being lamed 25 February and October 1853 (Nr. 58), 7 October 1853 (quot.), 16 October 1853, 7–8 November 1853, 29 August 1856, 12, 21 and 29 Mars 1859, microcard 97/1468, p. 535, 6 July, 3 and 7 August 1860, 17 May 1862, 26 July 1863. See also P. Gay, op.cit. Yrjö Koskinen to his son Yrjö, 30 April 1896. Cf. H. Segal, Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein (London, 1988), pp. 66–81, 92–102; C. Ashbach & V. L. Schermer, Object Relations, the Self, and the Group. A Conceptual Paradigm (London, Boston, Melbourne & Henley, 1987), pp. 64, 99, 113–114, 177; C. F. Alford, Melanie Klein and Critical Social Theory. An Account of Politics, Art, and Reason Based on Her Psychoanalytic Theory (New Haven‐London, 1989), pp. 58–59, 62–64, 75–76. J. Bowlby, A Secure Base. Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory (New York‐London, 1998); D. N. Stern, Diary of a Baby (New York, 1990), pp. 95–100. Cf. P. A. Boker, The Grief Taboo in American Literature. Loss and Prolonged Adolescence in Twain, Melville, and Hemingway (New York‐London, 1996). Cf. W. W. Meissner, “Projection and Projective Identification” in J. Sandler, editor, Projection, Identification, Projective Identification (London, 1989), pp. 27–49. Cf. P. Fonagy, G. Gergely, E. L. Jurist, and M. Target, Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self (New York, 2002). Their opponents reminded them incessantly that these were the only realistic alternatives, e. g., C. G. Estlander, “Min ställning i språkfrågan” (an essay in Finsk Tidskrift 4/1887) and “Fennomanska studier” (essays in Finsk Tidskrift, 1 and 4/1882). Cf. Liikanen, op. Cit. and I. Sulkunen, Naisen kutsumus. Miina Sillanpää ja sukupuolten maailmojen erkaantuminen (Helsinki, 1989), and Mandi Granfelt ja kutsumusten ristiriita (Hämeenlinna, 1995). A. Rytkönen, Päivälehden historia. Vol. I: 1880‐luvun “nuoret” ja Päivälehden perustaminen (Helsinki, 1940). S. Sarajas‐Korte, Suomen varhaissymbolismi ja sen lähteet (Helsinki, 1966), pp. 29–33, 46, 52–53, 111–115, 258–260; J. Lilja, Osana kaikkeudesta. Tutkimus idealistisesta monismista 1900‐luvun alkupuolen suomalaisessa kirjallisuudessa (Helsinki, 1989). Cf. M. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism (New York, 1973). J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 15. September 1880, Parmanen's collection, file 33, Finnish National Archive. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 10 January 1894, idem. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 25 Mars 1901. He was not alone but represented the mainstream of Finnish nationalism: Y. Koskinen, Kansallisia ja yhteiskunnallisia kirjoituksia I, 476‐, 484‐. Ashbach – Schermer, op. cit. pp. 11, 13, 20–21, 28–29 (quot.) A. H. Modell, The Private Self (Cambridge, Mass., 1993). Ashbach & Schermer, op. cit. pp. 188–208; É. Durkheim, De la division du travail social (Paris, 1893). R. F. Baumeister, Escaping the Self. Alcoholism, Spirituality, Masochism, and Other Flights from the Burden of Selfhood (New York, 1991), pp. 61–74. See also M. R. Leary, The Curse of the Self. Self‐Awareness, Egotism, and the Quality of Human Life (New York, 2004), pp. 5–15. Cf. R. F. Baumeister, Identity, Cultural Change and the Struggle for Self (New York, 1986). Leino's letters to L. Onerva, 27 June 1908, 9, 18 and 20 Mars, 10 April 1908 in E. Leino, Eino Leinon Kirjeet II, edited by A. M. Peltonen (Helsinki, 1960), pp. 19–20; 53; 57, 59; 61. E. Leino, “Hiiden miekka” in E. Leino, Kootut Teokset VI (Helsinki, 1927 B), p. 38; M. L. Kunnas, Mielikuvien taistelu. Psykologinen aatetausta Eino Leinon tuotannossa (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia, vol. 304, Forssa, 1972), pp. 171–172. E. Leino, “Hiiden miekka”, in Leino op. cit. (1927 B), p. 38; “Tuonelan joutsen”, in E. Leino, Kootut teokset V (Helsinki, 1927 A), p. 197; Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 167–172, 177, 245–250; A. Sarajas, Elämän meri. Tutkielmia uusromantiikan kirjallisista aatteista (Porvoo, 1961), pp. 111–115. Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 221–222, 241–242, 245–246, 254–256; E. Leino, “Nuori Nietzsche” in E. Leino Tähtitarha. Kootut teokset vol. II (Helsinki, 1931), pp. 422–424; E. Leino, “Näytelmän tekotapa 4. Tulevaisuuden näytelmä” (17.4.1910), and “Kirjallisia mietteitä 12. Luonnonlahjat” in E. Leino, Kootut teokset XVI, (Helsinki, 1930), pp. 61; 117; E. Leino, “Matkan varrelta 19”, in Turun Sanomat (24.3.1909); E. Leino, “Käännöskirjallisuutta. Friedrich Nietzsche: Näin puhui Zarahustra”, in Helsingin Sanomat (28.5.1907); E. Leino, “Hedelmättömyyden henki”, in Päivä, vol. 1908: 403–405; Leino to Freya Schoultz, 28 May–11 June, 1905, in Eino Leinon kirjeet vol. I (Helsinki, 1961), pp. 175–176; Leino to Onerva, 23 Mars 1909, in Leino op. cit. (1960), p. 64. E. Leino, Sota valosta (Helsinki, 1900), pp. 175–176. Cf. E. Ervasti, Suomalainen kirjallisuus ja Nietzsche. I 1900‐luvun vaihde ja siihen välittömästi liittyvät ilmiöt, (Turku, 1960), pp. 99–100; Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 56–57, 179. Leino to his mother Emilia Lönnbohm, 21 April 1894, in Leino op. cit. (1961 A), pp. 22–23. “In this letter I have tried once to open my heart to you, because you, Mother, have seldom got tender caressing names from your son. But Mother! Even if we in our family have in general avoided all verbal signs of fondness, so is the feeling in our heart the stronger”. See also Leino to Onerva, 7 September 1908. Cf. also letters 13 Mars 1909, 23 Mars 1909, in Leino, op.cit. (1961 A), pp. 51; 55; 65. Leino to Freya Schoultz, 28 May–11 June 1905, 18 June 1905, in Leino, op. cit. (1961 A), pp. 176; 178; Leino to Onerva, 5 September 1908, 6 April 1909 in Leino, op. cit. (1960), pp. 47; 75; Leino to Kallas 25.6.1917; to Ida Aalbergille 12 January 1909, E. Leino, Eino Leinon Kirjeet IV edited by A. M. Peltonen (Helsinki, 1962), pp. 22; 96. Leino's poem “Sankarin uni” in E. Leino, Bellerophon (1919) in Kootut teokset IV (Helsinki, 1931 B), p. 352; “Onnen orja” (1913), in Kootut teokset XI (Helsinki, 1928 B), pp. 355–356; V. Tarkiainen, Eino Leinon runoudesta. Tutkielmia (Helsinki, 1954), pp. 209–210; Kunnas, op. cit. p. 69; Lilja, op. cit. pp. 92–97. E. Leino, Tuomas Vitikka (Helsinki, 1906), pp. 214–215; E. Leino, Halla (Helsinki, 1908), pp. 50–51; E. Leino, “Erinomainen maa” in E. Leino, Tähtitarhat (1908) in Runot IV (Keuruu 1968), p. 676 (quot.); K. Marjanen, “Eino Leinon ahdistus. Erään säikeen tunnustelu”, Valvoja, vol. 58: (1960), pp. 263–274; Ervasti, op. cit. pp. 88–89; Lilja, op. cit. pp. 86–88. For the fear of impingement see Leino's letter to L. Onerva, 2 July 1908, in Leino op. cit. (1960), pp. 21–28: Leino hoped that loving others should “acknowledge … his innermost right to life, i. e. the sovereignity of his being”. For wishes of merging see: E. Leino, “Alla kasvon Kaikkivallan” in E. Leino, Kootut teokset, vol. XIII (Helsinki, 1929 A), pp. 75, 78, 81, 91, 94, 97, 122–132, 191–192, 199–211, 250–252; Tarkiainen, op. cit. pp. 42–58, 71, 173; Y. Larmola, Poliittinen Eino Leino. Nuorsuomalaisuus ja poliittinen pettymys Eino Leinon tuotannossa 1904–1908 (Keuruu, 1990), pp. 194–195, 212. E. Leino to L. Onerva, 7 September 1908, 21 August 1924 (quot.). Cf. also letters 13 March 1909, 23 March 1909. In Leino, op. cit. (1960), pp. 51; 55; 65; 116. E. Leino to A. Kallas, 31 August 1917. Cf. letter 13 February 1919. In Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 33; 54. E. Leino to Freya Schoultz, 7 July 1903, in Leino (1960), p. 139. Cf. E. Leino to L. Onerva, 7 July 1908, and to Aino Kallas, 3 February, 17 May, and 22 October 1917 in Leino, op. cit. (1960), p. 30, and in Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 6; 16; 40–41. Theoretically see Alford, op. cit. pp. 33–39. E. Leino to L. Onerva, 19 June 1908. Cf. letters 1 August 1908, 1 September 1908, September 1912. In Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 15–16; 35; 43–44; 117. About the unity of aggression and strong love see also Leino to Kallas 11, 20 and ca. 25 January, 13 February, 4 March, 3 April 1919 in Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 44; 49–50; 51; 53; 65; 65–66. About aggression channelled in creative work see the study by K. Kurkela, Mielen maisemat ja musiikki. Musiikin esittäminen ja luovan asenteen psykodynamiikka (Helsinki, 1994). E. Leino to A. Kallas, 27 May, 18 July 1917, 11 April 1919 in Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 19–20; 26; 43–44. Cf. K. Theweleit, Objektwahl (All You Need Is Love…). Über Paarbildungsstrategien & Bruchstück einer Freudbiographie (Frankfurt/M., 1990). E. Leino to L. Onerva, 7 January 1915, in Leino, op. cit. (1960), p. 133. Leino, E., “Alla kasvon kaikkivallan”, in Leino, op. cit. (1929 A), pp. 138–155, 227‐; Tarkiainen, op. cit. pp. 206–207; Marjanen, op. cit. pp. 273–274; Lilja, op. cit. p. 92. Leino, E., “Nuori nainen”, in E. Leino, Kootut teokset, vol. X, (Helsinki, 1928 A), p. 193. Cf. E. Leino to Onerva, August 1915, in Leino, op. cit. (1960), pp. 139–140; E. Leino to Werner Söderström 20.9.1896, in Leino, op. cit. (1962), pp. 201–202; E. Leino, “Isänmaassa ja maailmassa on jotain mätää”, Helsingin Sanomat (26.2.1920); Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 226–228. E. Leino to Freya Schoultz, 18 July 1903, in Leino, op. cit. (1960), p. 163; E. Leino, Olli Suurpää (Helsinki, 1908), pp. 110, 113–115, 141–150, 173, 195; E. Leino, “Suomalaisia kirjailijoita” (1909), in E. Leino, Kootut teokset, vol. XIV,(Helsinki, 1929 B), pp. 318–319; Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 160–161. E. Leino, “Alla kasvon Kaikkivallan”, in Leino, op. cit. (1929), pp. 130–131, 250; A. Kallas, Päiväkirja vuosilta 1916–1921 (Helsinki, 1954), p. 162 (quot.); Kunnas, op. cit. pp. 256–259, 265–266, 269–270. M. Klein, “Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanism”, in The Writings of Melanie Klein, vol. III (London, 1975), pp. 1–24; W. R. Bion, Elements of Psycho‐Analysis (London, 1963); B. Joseph, “Projective Identification: Clinical Aspects”, in J. Sandler, editor, Projection, Identification, Projective Identification (London, 1989), pp. 65–76; K. Lüders, “Bions Container‐Contained‐Model”, and A. Staehle, “Paranoid‐schizoide Position und die projektive Identifizierung”, in R. Kennel & G. Reerink, editors, Klein‐Bion. Eine Einführung. Perspektiven Kleinianischer Psychoanalyse (Beiträge zum Frankfurter Theoretischen Forum 1996) (Tübingen, 1997), pp. 85–100; 73–76, 80–81. E. g. Y. Koskinen, Kansallisia ja yhteiskunnallisia kirjoituksia, vol. II, p. 268, and vol. IV, p. 522. E. G. Palmén, “Suomi suurpolitiikin hampaissa” (Finland bitten by big power politics), Valvoja, vol. 9: (1889), pp. 242–252; V. Vasenius, “Käsitteitäkö vai voimia?” (Concepts or force?), Valvoja, vol. 13: (1893), pp. 262–287; A. Grotenfelt, “Saksalainen historiankirjoitus ranskalaisessa arvostelussa” (German history writing evalued by Frenchmen) and “Sivistyshistoriallisia katsauksia vuosisadan vaihteessa” (Reviews on the history of civilization around the end of century), Valvoja, vol. 20: (1900), pp. 378–381; 386–388, 392–394, 399, 487, 489–493. J. Ala, Suomi‐neito ja suojeluikä. Sortovuosien psykohistoriaa (Helsinki, 1999). Ala applies here the Kohutian approach, especially H. Kohut, The Restoration of the Self (New York, 1977), pp. 111–131. E. Leino, “Niniven lapset”, in E. Leino, Runot, vol. III (Helsinki, 1964), pp. 217–218. “Eräiden huhujen johdosta” (Concerning some rumors), Päivälehti (14 March 1899); K. F., ‘Lyyrillistä runoutta’ (quot.), Valvoja, vol. 21: (1901), pp. 302–306. E. G. Palmén, “Syyskuun 18.p. 1903. Ajatuksia, jotka pitäisi mutta joita ei voida saattaa julkisuuteen” (Thoughts that should but cannot be published), Coll. 165.6/F5/33, University of Helsinki Main Library. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 5 July 1903, Parmanen's collection/F33, Finnish National Archive. Meissner, op. cit. pp. 33–34, 38–39. See also Alford, op. cit. pp. 148–152. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 5 July 1903, Parmanen's collection/F33, Finnish National Archive. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 14 August 1902, 5 July 1903, see also Eero Erkko to J. H. Erkko 29 July 1903: “Your woman is a fantasy woman, and reality never does stand up to the standard”. Idem. J. H. Erkko to Eero Erkko, 3 December 1903, idem. See J. Siltala, “Prenatal Fantasies during the Finnish Civil War”, The Journal of Psychohistory, vol. 22: (1995), pp. 481–489. “Sosialidemokraateillemme”, “Kirje Helsingistä”, “Muisto Haapalaisen hallituksen ajoilta”, Uusi Suometar (8.6.1917; 27.1.1918, 1.5.1918). E. g. “Työväen taistelu leivän ja oikeuden puolesta”, 16.1.1918 “Taantumuksellisen porvariston vallankaappauspuuhat”; 26.1.1918 “Eräitä näkökulmia yhteiskunnallisesta tilanteestamme”, Työmies (20.11.1917; 16.1.1918; 26.1.1918); Kansan Lehti 24.3.1918 L. Avanta, “He ja me”, Kansan Lehti 24.3.1918. “But the way to paradise is blocked by man's biological, and particularly by his neurophysiological constitution. He has only one alternative: either to persist in his craving to regress, and to pay for it by symbolic dependence on mother (and on symbolic substitutes such as soil, nature, god, the nation, a bureaucracy), or to progress and to find new roots in the world by his own efforts, by experiencing the brotherhood of man, and by freeing himself from the power of the past”. E. Fromm, The Sane Society (New York, 1955), pp. 232–233. Cf. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (Greenwich, CT., 1973), p. 48. Not even Daniel Stern (1984) has been able to remove symbiosis from psychic reality, even though he has questioned the undifferentiated ur‐matrix of the mother and the newborn. D. Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant (New York, 1984). H. H. Covitz, Oedipal Paradigms in Collision. A Centennial Emendation of a Piece of Freudian Canon (1897–1997), (The Reshaping of Psychoanalysis, vol. 9) (New York, 1997), pp. 224, 232–233. D. Siegel, The Developing Mind. Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience (New York‐London, 1999); S. I. Greenspan (with B. L. Benderly), The Growth of the Mind and the Endangered Origins of Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass., 1997). M. Cortina, “Beyond Freud's Instinctivism and Fromm's Existential Humanism”. In M. Cortina & M. Maccoby, editors, A Prophetic Analyst. Erich Fromm's Contributions to Psychoanalysis (Northvale, NJ‐London, 1996), pp. 93–131. Cf. also M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman, editors, Attachment in Adults. Clinical and Developmental Perspectives (New York‐London, 1994); S. Harter, The Construction of the Self. A Developmental Perspective (New York‐London, 1999), pp. 287–292. On the process of symbolization conceptualized by object relation psychoanalysis in the same way see, for example, W. R. Bion, “A Theory of Thinking” in Second Thoughts (London, 1967), pp. 110–119, and D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London‐New York, 1989). D. W. Winnicott, The Maturation Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York, 1965) (passim); D. W. Winnicott, Psychoanalytic Explorations, edited by C. Winnicott, R. Shepherd & M. Davis (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), pp. 215–246. Kohut, op.cit. (1971), pp. 26–27, 43–49, 63–67, 100–101, 149–151, 277–278, 303–307, (1977), pp. 83–90; H. Kohut, Self Psychology and the Humanities. Reflections on a New Psychoanalytic Approach, edited by C. B. Strozier (New York‐London, 1985), pp. 69–70, 222, 230, 238, 257, 260; H. Wahl, Narzissmus? Von Freuds Narzissmustheorie zur Selbstpsychologie (Stuttgart, 1985), pp. 24–41, 66–70, 87, 91, 99, 118, 126, 135–136, 163–169, 178–182, 186; J. G. Teicholz, Kohut, Loewald, and the Postmoderns. A Comparative Study of Self and Relationship (Hillsdale, NJ‐London, 1999). Alford, op. cit. 31–33, 64–65, 75–76, 103; C. F. Alford, What Evil Means to Us? (Ithaca‐London, 1997), pp. 37–43. See also J. Sandler, “The Concept of Projective Identification” in J. Sandler, editor, Projection, Identification, Projective Identification (London, 1989), pp. 21, 25–26; W. W. Meissner, op. cit. pp. 28–30; Staehle, op. cit. pp. 65–72. For the birth of a subject see T. H. Ogden, The Matrix of the Mind. Object Relations and the Psychoanalytic Dialogue (Northvale, NJ, 1993). Cf. R. N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart. Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley‐Los Angeles‐London, 1985); Taylor, op. cit.; C. Lasch, The True and Only Heaven. Progress and Its Critiques (New York, 1992); F. J. Varela, E. Thompson & E. Rosch, The Embodied Mind. Cognitive Science and Human Experience (Cambridge, Mass.‐London, 1993); S. A. Mitchell & L. Aron, editors, Relational Psychoanalysis. The Emergence of a Tradition (Hillsdale, NJ‐London, 1999). Meissner, op. cit. pp. 42–49; R. Schafer, “Die zeitgenössischen Kleinianer in London”, Psyche, vol. 51: (1997), pp. 350–353; D. Dervin, “Group‐fantasy and its discontents during Clinton administration”, The Journal of Psychohistory, vol. 25: (1997), pp. 191–192. Juha Siltala, PhD, born 1957, is professor of Finnish history at the Department of History, University of Helsinki. He wrote his dissertation on the Finnish fascism as a violent movement (1985) published as a series of papers concerning the nodal points of Finnish psychohistory (religious revivalism in the beginning of the 19th century, national awakening and reforms in the latter half of the 19th century, male identities in the post‐political society). His latest work on the changes in working life from the welfare state period into global hyper competition was the most divisive book in Finland in 2004. Now, Siltala is studying property, state power and work as interrelated power sources. Address: Juha Siltala, Department of History, PO Box 59, FIN‐00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. [E‐mail juha.siltala@helsinki.fi]