GIVING WAY AT THE INTERSECTION
2009; Routledge; Volume: 24; Issue: 62 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/08164640903289336
ISSN1465-3303
Autores Tópico(s)Labor Movements and Unions
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Thanks are due to the two anonymous AFS reviewers as well as Fiona Probyn-Rapsey, Adam Gall, Esther Berry, Jodi Frawley and Nikki Savvides for their invaluable advice on developing this article. All remaining errors are the author's. 1. Pseudonym. Interview conducted in Brazilian Portuguese, translation by author. 2. Machista in Portuguese and Spanish is the noun form of 'machismo', i.e. 'that man is macho, he is a machista'. Machismo may be understood as a set of behaviours which reinforce the idea of men's superiority over women, often through the use of physical and verbal aggression. The stereotypes associated with machismo demand a specific geopolitical reading, as I discuss below. 3. This is not to say that women are not visible as public agents of the MST (Carolina's presence in Sydney is an example of this!) but that this is the common division of labour on the assentamentos. This is discussed, for example, in MST (2008); see also Caldeira (2009 Caldeira, Rute. 2009. The failed marriage between women and the landless people's movement (MST) in Brazil. International Journal of Women's Studies., 10(4): 237–58. [Google Scholar]). I note here that the matter of gender equality in the MST has, of course, also been analysed and debated by Brazilian feminist scholars; see, for example, Salvaro Salvaro, Giovana Ilka Jacinto. 2003. Jornadas de trabalho de mulheres e homens em um assentamento do MST. Revista de Estudos Feministas, 12(1): 321–30. [Google Scholar] (2003); Abramovay and Rua (2000 Abramovay , Miriam , and Das Graças Rua Maria . 2000 . Companheiras de luta ou coordenadoras de panelas? As relaç[otilde]es de gênero nos assentamentos rurais . Brazil : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation . [Google Scholar]). 4. The term 'global justice movement' is contested among its participants (as is the label of 'social movement') but generally preferred to labels such as the 'anti-globalization movement'. See Klein (2002, xv). This text is also a useful introduction to the people and events associated with the movement. 5. Assentamento means 'settlement' and refers here to settlements established by the MST throughout Brazil. 6. Similar assertions are made in Danta and Grein (2007 Danta , Isolda , and Izabel Grein . 2007 . Mulheres do campo e da cidade se unem na construção de um novo projeto para o país . Entrevistas , Movimento sem Terra. Available from: http://www.mst.org.br/mst/pagina.php?cd=2964 [Google Scholar]); MST (2006). 7. For an explanation of the Movement in English see the 'Friends of the MST' website at http://www.mstbrazil.org, and for a detailed history see Branford and Rocha (2002). The MST's website in Portuguese is http://www.mst.org.br 8. I am guided by Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1986. Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3): 333–58. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] Mohanty in my use of the terms 'first' and 'third' world. I note that the term 'third world', for example, 'is inadequate in comprehensively characterising the economic, political, racial and cultural differences within the borders of Third World [sic] nations … ' but 'retains a certain heuristic value … in relation to the inheritance of colonialism and contemporary neocolonial economic and political processes' (Mohanty 1997 Mohanty Chandra Talpade . 1997 . Women workers and capitalist scripts: Ideologies of domination, common interests and the politics of solidarity . In Feminist genealogies, colonial legacies, democratic futures , M. Jacqui Alexander and Chandra Talpade Mohanty . New York : Routledge . [Google Scholar], 366). An alternative critique and schema is available in Esteva Esteva, Gustavo and Madhu, Suri Prakash. 1998. Grassroots postmodernism: Remaking the soil of cultures, London. Zed Books. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] and Prakash (1998, 16–17). 9. Gringa is the feminine form of the Portuguese term gringo. In Brazil both terms are loosely applied to foreigners, usually those of Anglo-American appearance, but may also apply to people from other parts of Latin America. Gringo and gringa are also Spanish words that denote specific foreigners in specific parts of Latin America. For an elucidation of the term gringo in relation to Brazil, see Blanchette (2002 Blanchette , Thaddeus . 2002 . Gringos . Bad Subjects : 60. Available from: http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2002/60/blanchette.html [Google Scholar]). See also Nelson (1999, 41–73). 10. See also Deslandes Deslandes, Ann. 2008. Fictocriticism as social movement. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science, 2(5): 243–48. [Google Scholar] (2008, 2009 Deslandes Ann 2009 . Moving encounters . Cultural Studies Review 15 ( 1 ): 113 – 30 . [Google Scholar]). 11. 'One no, many yeses' is often said to define the politics of the global justice movement. See, for example, Kingsnorth (2003). The same ethos is at work in another defining phrase: 'a world where there is space for all/many worlds' (un mundo donde quepan todos/muchos los mundos). This phrase was coined by Subcomandante Marcos Marcos, Subcomandante. 2001. The Fourth World War has begun. Translated by Nathalie de Broglio. Nepantla: View from South, 2(3): 559–72. [Google Scholar] (e.g. 2001, 570), spokesman and strategist for the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista National Army of Liberation), or Zapatistas. It is used extensively in representations of the Zapatistas, the global justice movement and associated academic thought (e.g. the covering page of Sandoval 2000). 12. I use the term 'anticolonial' feminism to refer to this body of thought (populated by thinkers such as Mohanty, Donna Haraway, Gloria Anzaldúa and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, whose works influence that of Diane Nelson, Sandoval and Ahmed) in order to mark its specific convergence with the politics of the global justice movement. As Sandoval (2000) acknowledges, this convergence lies in the critique, by both theorists and activists, of the multiple colonisations of mind and body entailed by patriarchy, imperialism and capitalism. See also Day Day, Richard J.F. 2005. Gramsci is dead: Anarchist currents in the newest social movements, London: Pluto Press. [Google Scholar] (2005, 184). 13. I refer to the accepted definition of sexual harassment in Australia, which is exemplified by the following behaviours: 'unwelcome touching, staring or leering … unwanted invitations to go out on dates, requests for sex, intrusive questions about a person's private life or body … [and] insults or taunts based on sex … ' (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 2002). 14. I refer to the APEC meeting that took place in Sydney in September 2007. 15. For my dissertation I analysed the first world discourse of the global justice movement, by which I mean the texts that 'have some authority amongst activists' (Eschle 2005, 1745) and that have functioned to transmit an authoritative picture of the global justice movement in the first world public domain. I assembled this discourse from a number of published texts in English. Those discussed in this article are Klein (2002), Kingsnorth (2003), Notes from Nowhere (2003) and Yuen, Burton-Rose, and Katsiaficas (2004). 16. 'South' or 'Southern' may be understood here as interchangeable with the term 'third world'; see footnote 8. 17. 'The Paperless': a movement for the rights of undocumented migrant workers in France and other parts of Western Europe. 18. See Starr Starr, Amory. 2005. Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, New York: Zed Books. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] (2005) for a discussion of these forms of organising. 19. See, for example, Notes from Nowhere (2005, 256–61). 20. See Starr (2005). 21. Discussions of feminist lessons in coalition building can also be found in Keating (2005 Keating, Cricket. 2005. Building coalitional consciousness. National Women's Studies Association Journal, 17(2): 86–103. [Google Scholar]) and Adams (2002 Adams, Katherine. 2002. At the table with Arendt: Toward a self-interested practice of coalition discourse. Hypatia, 17(1): 1–33. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 22. For example, see the work of Mohanty (1997, 1–27; 2003) and Ahmed (2000, 167). 23. And see also Moreton-Robinson (2000, 169–70). 24. For white Australian feminists this was particularly highlighted by the critique, from a group of Indigenous women, of an article by white Australian feminist ethnographer Diane Bell, entitled 'Speaking About Rape is Everybody's Business' (see Bell and Nelson 1989 Bell, Diane and Narpurrula Nelson, Topsy. 1989. Speaking about rape is everybody's business. Women's Studies International Forum, 12(4): 403–16. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Huggins Huggins, Jackie. 1998. Sister girl: The writings of Aboriginal activist and historian Jackie Huggins, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. [Google Scholar] et al. 1991). 25. See Gómez-Peña (2005, 222–23). 26. In specific relation to Brazilian women, see Piscitelli Piscitelli , Adriana . 2004 . On 'gringos' and 'natives': Gender and sexuality in the context of international sex tourism in Fortaleza, Brazil . Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 1 : 87 – 114 . Available from: http://www.vibrant.org.br/downloads/a1v1_ogn.pdf [Google Scholar] (2004). 27. Regarding this particular phantasm in Australia, see Poynting Poynting, Scott, Greg, Noble, Paul, Tabar and Jock, Collins. 2005. Bin Laden in the suburbs: Criminalizing the Arab other, Sydney: Federation Press. [Google Scholar] et al. (2005, 87). 28. Branford and Rocha allude to a similar relationship at work within Brazil, where the 'defiance' of the MST 'has even turned them into a sort of alter ego for the progressive middle classes, who hanker after the barricades, but not at the risk of losing their comfortable lives' (2002, 285). 29. Scholarship that is more specifically focused on gender, feminism and the MST may be available in Yvonne Corcoran-Nantes Corcoran-Nantes , Yvonne . Forthcoming . Voices from within: Brazilians talk about the landless movement . Miami : University of Miami Press . [Google Scholar]' forthcoming study of the MST. 30. To be sure, 'female sex tourism' (in this context, white women who pay brown and black men for sex) is a burgeoning industry in Brazil, along with many other Latin American and Caribbean nations. See Sanchez-Taylor Sanchez-Taylor, Jacqueline. 2006. Female sex tourism: A contradiction in terms?. Feminist Review, 83(1): 42–59. [Google Scholar] (2006) and Piscitelli (2004).
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