YOUTH MOBILIZATION AND IDEOLOGY
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 44; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14672715.2012.711977
ISSN1472-6033
Autores Tópico(s)Cambodian History and Society
ResumoAbstract This article, based on archival data, tracks the evolution of youth mobilization in Cambodia from the Vichy French colonial National Revolution duringWorld War II through the country's revolutionary implosion under Pol Pot in 1979. Successive regimes relied on young people to consolidate power and protect the nation from external and internal threats. An overarching ideology of agrarianism structured the political beliefs of the leaders and committed cadres of these youth corps, ranging from an ideology of civic agrarianism under colonial officials and Sihanouk, to Lon Nol's military agrarianism, and finally to the Pol Pot regime's mobilization of youth via an ideology of revolutionary agrarianism that aimed to create a utopian agrarian nation. While the lives of young Cambodians had traditionally been shaped by two institutions, the family and the sangha, the advent of state-sponsored youth organizations in the mid twentieth century provided a new space for young people beyond the family and existing religious organizations. In this respect, the author argues, the Cambodian youth corps was part of modernity. In spite of this development, those in power continued to mobilize young people via ideologies based on agrarian values, an idealization of the past, and the desire to create a "new man." The state's instrumental use of youth organizations during this period can thus be seen as a type of reactionary modernism. Notes 1. Compiled by Dith Pran (Dith Citation1997). Chanthou Boua focuses more on the resettlement of refugee families and children in Australia (Boua Citation1990), whereas Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua chronicle a couple of young boys' testimonies (Kiernan and Boua Citation1982). More recently, Kalyanee Mam also deals with these issues in part (Mam Citation2004). 2. This article, which is an extension of Raffin Citation2005, probes to find whether any continuities exist between the Vichy era and the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. The 2005 book looks only at the continuity between the Vichy regime and Sihanouk's era. 3. Steinberg, ed. Citation1985, 246–58. 4. "Schéma d' Organisation…" Citation1941. 5. "Youth is the time when youngsters have the most energy" Citation1973. 6. Valentin Citation2007, 301. 7. On the Decoux and Sihanouk periods, see Raffin Citation2005. 8. Abdoul-Carime Citation2005, 47. 9. Raffin Citation2005, 237–39. 10. Onthe role of the youth in societies, see LeVine and White Citation1992, 273–93, and LeVine and White Citation2003, 107–26. 11. Methodologically, I am constructing the concept of youth based on the work of Robert A. LeVine and Merry White (Citation1992, 273–93), who discuss this category within an agrarian model of life span in a society where most of the population live in small communities and work in domestically organized food production. Subsequently, I compare it with the idea of "youth" as defined by the various Cambodian regimes. My data are historical sources—mostly journals and reviews published from 1940 to 1979—that reflect many state discourses; and while I am well aware that discourses do not always translate into practice, such sources allow "us an opening, to peer behind the relatively homogeneous façade that each text type presents individually" and to probe the ideological construction of "youth." Jacobsen Citation2008, 10. 12. Gi-Wook Shin shows a similar trend in his study of Korean agrarianism. See Shin Citation1999. 13. Herf Citation1984. 14. As Rohkraemer notes, it was a common practice in many countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to dismiss the beliefs of the Enlightenment (especially individualism) while embracing technologies at the same time. Rohkraemer Citation1999, 48. 15. Devillers Citation1952, 81. 16. Decoux Citation1949, 14. 17. Chandler Citation2000, 166. 18. Goscha Citation1999, 18. 19. Lettre de Jean Decoux, Hanoi, 11 December Citation1944; Annexe à l'envoi no. 54-Ip du 8 janvier Citation1944. 20. Lettre du résident supérieure au Cambodge à Jean Decoux, Phnom Penh, quoted in Raffin Citation2005, 130. 21. Edwards Citation2007; Larcher-Goscha Citation2003. The review Jeunesse Cambodge (1946) mentions that the résident supérieure of Cambodia, Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre, was the one who sponsored the creation of the Cambodian Scout movement in 1934 with the help of Prince Monireth. "Histoire du Scoutisme au Cambodge" Citation1946, 3. 23. "Tang-Toc Citation1942 France-Cambodge l'appel de S. M. Sihanouk à la Jeunesse du Cambodge" 1942, 119–22. 22. LeVine and White Citation1992, 286. 24. Anderson Citation1991, 7. 25. Abdoul-Carime Citation1995, 83. 28. "Une importante circulaire du Gouverneur-Général sur l'activité Sports-Jeunesse" Citation1944, 3-5; "Camps et colonies de vacances" Citation1942; Raffin Citation2005, 92–93. 26. LeVine and White Citation1992, 273. 27. Ducoroy Citation1942, 3. 29. LeVine and White Citation1992, 277. 30. "Chronique…au Cambodge" Citation1942, 4. 32. Nokoreach Citation1941. 31. Chandler Citation1990, 18. 33. "Visite au camp de jeunesse d'Angkor Vat" Citation1942. The French School of the Far East is a French institute founded in 1900 and dedicated to the study of Asian societies. 34. Desjardins Citation1944, 4–7. 35. Mouvement Yuvan Kampucherat Citation1944. 36. Desjardins Citation1944, 4–7. 37. Report no. 186-CGJ, Hanoi, 12 November 1941. 38. Raffin Citation2005, 28. 39. Giolitto Citation1991, 126–27. 40. Osborne Citation1973, 39. 41. Martin Citation1989, 54; Chandler Citation2000, 172–76. 42. Chandler Citation2000, 183–84. 43. Abdoul-Carime Citation1995, 78. 44. Martin Citation1989, 62-64; Chandler Citation2000, 192–97. 45. "Speech at Phnom Penh, 12 November 1967," in Les paroles de Samdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk, Citation1964–1968. 46. Sihanouk Citation1960, 4–5. 47. "A la radio La Havane le 3 janvier 1966" 1968, 51; Tip Citation1967, 51–59. 48. Ho Citation1969, 72–74. 49. "Unemployed" Citation1962, 10–11. 50. Jacobsen Citation2008, 189. 51. Sihanouk Citation1960, 1–2. 52. "Broadcast Speech, 1 November Citation1964," 64–67; "Broadcast Speech, 5 November Citation1964," 76. 53. Daniel Citation1968, 5. 54. "Speech in Kompong Speu, 8 May 1967," in Les paroles de Samdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk, Citation1964–1968, 332. 55. Gyallap-Pap Citation2007, 87. 56. "Extract from Samdech's Speech" Citation1968, 36. 57. Sihanouk Citation1960, 4. 58. Yim Citation1969, 25; "1958" 1968, 22. 59. Shin Citation1999. 60. Abdoul-Carime Citation1995, 95. 61. Ibid., 85–86. 62. Hinton Citation2005, 8. 63. Chandler Citation1994, 94. 64. Hinton Citation2005, 217. 65. "Siemreap renait à la vie" Citation1971, 14. 66. Kiernan Citation2002, 485. 67. "Marshal Lon Nol Addresses the National Assembly on the Inaugural Day" Citation1972, 43–44. 68. San Citation1970. 69. "Speech by the Youth for the Salvation of the Country on Soldiers' Day (6 January 1970)" Citation1971, 5; "Reply by General Lon Nol to the Speech by the Youth Representative" 1971, 7. 70. Sarathsy Citation1971, 37. 71. "Pour la jeunesse" Citation1971, 21. 72. "The Economic Youth" Citation1971, 32–41. 73. Ibid., 32–33. 74. Sarathsy Citation1971, 37. 75. Ibid., 40. 76. "The Economic Youth" Citation1971, 37. 77. Slocomb Citation2006, 389. 78. Martin Citation1989, 135. 79. "Marshal Lon Nol Addresses the National Assembly on the Inaugural Day" Citation1972, 43–44. 80. Ayres Citation2000, 92. 81. "Marshal Lon Nol Addresses the National Assembly on the Inaugural Day" Citation1972, 46. 82. "Presentation of 'Neo-Khmerism'" Citation1973, 31. 83. Sarathsy Citation1971, 39. 84. "Youth Activities" Citation1971, 12–17. 85. Ibid., 15. 86. Slocomb Citation2006, 384. 87. Martin Citation1989, 187–88. 88. Hinton Citation2005, 11; Chandler Citation1994, 96. 89. "Why Is It Necessary to Make a Revolution?" (An excerpt from Revolutionary Youth 7–8, July– August 1977); Searching for the Truth 14 (February 2001): 7–8. 90. Chandler Citation1994, 95. 91. Jackson Citation1989, 48, 60. 92. "Instruction about the Meaning of Youth Conference" (Citationn.d.). 93. "Kampuchean Communist Youth League" Citation1977. 94. "The Revolutionary Youth" Citation1976. 95. "To Fulfill the Goals of Three Tons per Hectare in Citation1976 Represents a Good Future for the Youth of Our Country" Citation1975. 96. Chandler Citation1994, 96. 97. See Scott Citation1998. 98. Short Citation2004, 29. 99. Jackson Citation1989, 50, 56. 100. No title 1975. 101. Funnell Citation1970, 106. 102. "Kampuchean Communist Youth League" Citation1977. 103. This was one of four precepts, the other three being "to complete the work of the revolution"; "to study Communism in order to develop class consciousness"; "to save." "The Work of the Revolution" Citationn.d. 104. Funnell Citation1970, 121. 105. "The Revolutionary Youth Solve People's Living Conditions" Citation1975. 106. Quoted in Huy Citation2003. 107. Hinton Citation2005, 26–27, 46, 64. 108. Quoted in Huy Citation2003. 109. Harris Citation2007, 72. 110. Ibid., 76. 111. Ibid., 77. 112. "Youth Has to Know How to Use Their Generation" Citation1973. 113. Hinton Citation2005, 50. 114. Chandler Citation1994, 89. 115. "Youth Must Carefully Light the Spirit of the Time" Citation1978. 116. Chandler Citation2000, 225.
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