Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

From Rags to Riches

2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 21; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/13688804.2014.955840

1469-9729

Juraj Kittler,

Media, Communication, and Education

AbstractIn the first four or five centuries of its manufacturing in Europe, paper was neither cheap nor available in unlimited quantities. Old rags, the primary material from which the paper was exclusively made, were a strategic commodity and trade with them was strictly regulated. Owing to their perpetual scarcity, as well as to the overall laboriousness of the papermaking process, a skilled master printer of the Incunabula period was hardly able to purchase a ream or two of high-quality paper for his monthly earnings. Consequently, the earliest printers had to rely on the support of 'venture capitalists' in order to secure steady supplies of paper. But the limitations of its manufacturing were not resolved by the end of the Incunabula period. Alas, the shortage and high cost of paper accompanied the development of print in Italy and elsewhere practically up until the advent of its industrial production from wooden pulp in the nineteenth century.KEYWORDS: early paper manufacturingincunabula book printstate regulatory policiesRenaissance VeniceFabrianoItaly Notes1. Reprinted in Chambers et al., Documentary History, 370–1.2. Brown, 'Materiality,' 51.3. Febvre and Martin, Coming of the Book, 29–44.4. Eisenstein, Agent of Change; Printing Revolution.5. Eisenstein, Agent of Change, 47.6. Pettegree, Book in the Renaissance, 18.7. De Hamel, Scribes and Illuminators, 7–12; and Avrin, Scribes, Script, and Books, 2–3.8. Burns, 'Paper,' 385.9. Lowry, Nicholas Jenson, 94–5.10. Hunter, Papermaking, 157.11. Lowry, Nicholas Jenson, 95 and 187.12. Cf. Labalme et al., Citá Excelentissima, 541–2.13. Cf. Melograni, 'Manuscript Materials,' 204.14. Thorndike, University Records, 120–1.15. Bracciolini and Niccoli, Book Hunters, 89–118.16. Melograni, 'Manuscript Materials,' 204.17. Rouse and Rouse, Cartolai, Illuminators, and Printers.18. Hunter, Papermaking, 473–4.19. Castagnari, 'Fonti documentarie,' 35.20. Castagnari, 'Fonti documentarie, 40–1 and 73–4.21. Fennell Mazzaoui, 'Wool Industry,' 1170–1.22. Mattozzi, 'Le cartiere,' 105.23. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 26.24. Tiepolo, 'Pergamena e carta,' 166.25. Chambers et al., Documentary History, 59–61.26. Castagnari, 'Fonti documentarie,' 41.27. Lazzarini, 'Carta nel Padovano,' 139.28. Simonsfeld, Fondaco dei Tedeschi, 1: 125.29. Lopez and Raymond, Medieval Trade, 152.30. Castagnari, 'Fonti documentarie,' 44 and Castagnari, 'Carta e cartiere', 126.31. Fontana and Sandal, Cartai e stampatori, 25–6.32. Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV), Senato, Misti, reg. 30, f. 67r - 28 November 1361. See also Fontana and Sandal, Cartai e stampatori, 27–8.33. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 32–3.34. Fontana and Sandal, Cartai e stampatori, 25–36.35. Lazzarini, 'Carta nel Padovano,' 136.36. Lazzarini, 'Carta nel Padovano,' 140.37. Lazzarini, 'Carta nel Padovano,' 141–2.38. McMurtrie, Gutenberg Documents, 175–87.39. Palmer, History of Printing, 131.40. Richardson, Printing, Writers, and Readers, 26.41. Mattozzi, 'Le cartiere,' 123.42. Mattozzi, 'Le cartiere,' 122.43. Tiraboschi, Storia della letteratura, 5.1: 153.44. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 31–2.45. Mangini, 'Impiego e conservazione,' 21.46. Castagnari, 'Fonti documentarie,' 41.47. Musei Civici di Venezia, Codice ms. IV, no. 195—see especially Capitoli 35, 38–9, and 54–5.48. Sanudo, I diarii, 8: 172.49. Salzberg, 'Per le piaze,' 117–21.50. Gilbert, Felix. The Pope, His Banker, and Venice.51. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 29.52. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 29–30.53. Cagnin, 'Industria della carta a Treviso,' 32–3.54. Lowry, Nicholas Jenson, 111.55. Armstrong, 'Agostini Plutarch,' 91.56. ASV, Notarile, Atti del notaio Girolamo Bonicardi, no. 263. See Cecchetti, 'Testamento di Nicolò Jenson,' 457–58.57. Armstrong, 'Plini's Historia Naturalis,' 99.58. Armstrong, 'Plini's Historia Naturalis,' 99.59. Edler de Roover, 'Marketing of Early Books,' 27–8.60. Armstrong, 'Agostini Plutarch,' 90.61. Lowry, Nicholas Jenson, 85.62. Malipiero, Annali veneti, 532.63. Lowry, Aldus Manutius, 98.64. Labalme et al., Citá Ecxelentissima, 542.65. Labalme et al., Citá Ecxelentissima, 99–100.66. Brown, Venetian Printing Press, 398–420.67. Lowry, Aldus Manutius, 98.68. Sanudo, Le vite, 2: 27–8.69. Fallopio, Secreti Diversi, 355.70. Schmidt and Nichols, Altered and Adorned, 49.71. ASV, Senato, Terra, registro 29—June 4, 1537.72. Brown, Venetian Printing Press, 175–232.73. ASV, Inquisitorato sopra la regolazione delle arti, busta 24.74. ASV, Arti e Collegi, busta 164, Atti VIII, pp. 87–90—24 May 1753. See Carnelos, I pirati dei libri, 23–4.75. ASV, Inquisitorato sopra la regolazione delle arti, busta 24.76. Mangini, 'Impiego e conservazione,' 9–12; and Fontana and Sandal, Cartai e stampatori, 48; and Castagnari, Fonti documentarie, 38 and 44–45.77. Bodio, Commercio esterno, 80–1.78. Zuanelli, 'Caccia agli stracci,' 445–6.