„Herrschaft“ in der karolingischen Welt: Erwartungen und Verwirklichung, Repräsentation und Symbolik
2009; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Linguagem: Inglês
ISSN
1941-0476
Autores Tópico(s)Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies
ResumoResumen: El poder en el mundo carolingio: expectativas y realizaciones, representacion y simbologia. Tras algunas observaciones preliminares acerca de la tradicion de las investigaciones alemanas (sobre los conceptos poder y estado) el articulo presente, basandose en investigaciones recientes, esboza segun cuatro planteamientos la situacion del reino carolingio conforme a la epoca, como la potencia mas importante de entonces: El «Estado carolingio» se caracteriza en lo exterior tanto por sus vinculos dinasticos como por la tension producto de las tendencias de unificacion politica y la fragmentacion del reino, de la cual paulatinamente resultaran cuatro reinos parciales. El ejercicio de poder en el interior del reino esta determinado por una red (indisociable) de instituciones (oficios e «iglesia real») y lazos personales, por los reyes «itinerantes» asi como mediante el «poder consensual» en acuerdo con el rey y sus senores. Esto determina igualmente el orden social, que, al contrario de lo que proponen las investigaciones tradicionales, ni estaba conformado por un «sistema» feudal asentado (como combinacion de vasallaje y «beneficio») ni disponia de estructuras feudales uniformes, sino que mostraba una variedad de vinculos personales y feudales como formas de poder senoriales. Las propuestas de investigacion actuales (incluyendo las del autor) consideran por una parte los conceptos del imaginario politico y las expectativas de los contemporaneos, que ofrecen una imagen clara del orden por la gracia de Dios y del buen rey, quien excedia a los otros en autoridad y virtud, y sobresalia tanto en la defensa exterior y expansion del reino como en la salvaguardia de la paz y la justicia al interior, como en el respeto a las leyes y al orden social. No obstante, el reino es ya en tiempos carolingios un organismo establecido (transpersonal), desligado de la persona del rey. Por otra parte, el foco de interes de las investigaciones esta en los aspectos de la representacion y la simbologia del poder, que determinan tanto las acciones publicas como el cedulario, la percepcion de los historiadores medievales o las imagenes que senalan al rey como representante de Dios en el mundo. En la simbologia del poder, motivada politica o teologicamente, pone de manifiesto el Estado carolingio su expresion mas significativa e ilustrativa a la vez. Palabras clave: Reino franco, Estado, orden social, conceptos y expectativas politica, representacion del poder, simbologia del poder. Abstract: Power in the Carolingian world: expectations and realizations, representations and symbolism After some opening remarks on the German tradition of research (the concept of “Herrschaft” sovereignity and “state”), it is the intention of this article to summarize the specific conditions in the Carolingian kingdom as the most important power of the epoch, on the basis of recent research, by pursuing four aspects: The Carolingian state is characterized externally by dynastic bonds as well as by a tension between the political unity and the divisions of the kingdom which resulted in the gradual formation of four independent kingdoms. Internally, the practice of power (“Herrschaftspraxis”) was determined by an (inseparable) network of institutions (offices and “imperial church”) and personal bonds, the itinerate kingship, and political decisions that were reached by a consensus of the king and his influential followers (“konsensuale Herrschaft”). Such bonds equally characterize the social order which, contrary to former opinions, was neither determined by a “feudal system” (vassalage and fiefs) nor by uniform “feudal” structures, but by a variety of personal and seigneurial bonds and forms of power. More recent research (including my own), on the one hand, is directed towards political concepts and the expectations of contemporary people which present a distinct image of the (divine) order and of the ideal king, who surpassed the others by his authority and virtues and stood out due to his defending and expanding the realm outwardly and by safeguarding peace and justice in the interior, but also by respecting the law and the social order. The kingdom, however, had by then already become a fixed (transpersonal) factor which could be detached from the king’s person. On the other hand, modern research is focused on the representation and symbolism of power which determined public actions no less than the form of charters, the perception of historiographers or book illuminations showing the king as God’s deputy on earth. In a symbolism of power, conceived politically as well as theologically, the Carolingian state finds its most significant and at the same time its most illustrative expression. Key words: Frankish kingdom, social order, political concepts and expectations, representation of power, symbology of power.
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