2. Chernobyl's Public Health Consequences
2009; Wiley; Volume: 1181; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04823.x
ISSN1749-6632
Autores Tópico(s)Risk Perception and Management
ResumoAnnals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 1181, Issue 1 p. 31-220 Chapter II. Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for Public Health Alexey B. Nesterenko, Alexey B. Nesterenko Institute of Radiation Safety (BELRAD), Minsk, BelarusSearch for more papers by this authorVassily B. Nesterenko, Vassily B. Nesterenko Institute of Radiation Safety (BELRAD), Minsk, Belarus DeceasedSearch for more papers by this authorAlexey V. Yablokov, Alexey V. Yablokov Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author Alexey B. Nesterenko, Alexey B. Nesterenko Institute of Radiation Safety (BELRAD), Minsk, BelarusSearch for more papers by this authorVassily B. Nesterenko, Vassily B. Nesterenko Institute of Radiation Safety (BELRAD), Minsk, Belarus DeceasedSearch for more papers by this authorAlexey V. Yablokov, Alexey V. Yablokov Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04822.xCitations: 30 Address for correspondence: Alexey V. Yablokov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Office 319, 119071 Moscow, Russia. Voice: +7-495-952-80-19; fax: +7-495-952-80-19. [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Problems complicating a full assessment of the effects from Chernobyl included official secrecy and falsification of medical records by the USSR for the first 3.5 years after the catastrophe and the lack of reliable medical statistics in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Official data concerning the thousands of cleanup workers (Chernobyl liquidators) who worked to control the emissions are especially difficult to reconstruct. Using criteria demanded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) resulted in marked underestimates of the number of fatalities and the extent and degree of sickness among those exposed to radioactive fallout from Chernobyl. Data on exposures were absent or grossly inadequate, while mounting indications of adverse effects became more and more apparent. Using objective information collected by scientists in the affected areas—comparisons of morbidity and mortality in territories characterized by identical physiography, demography, and economy, which differed only in the levels and spectra of radioactive contamination—revealed significant abnormalities associated with irradiation, unrelated to age or sex (e.g., stable chromosomal aberrations), as well as other genetic and nongenetic pathologies. In all cases when comparing the territories heavily contaminated by Chernobyl's radionuclides with less contaminated areas that are characterized by a similar economy, demography, and environment, there is a marked increase in general morbidity in the former. Increased numbers of sick and weak newborns were found in the heavily contaminated territories in Belarus, Ukraine, and European Russia. Accelerated aging is one of the well-known consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. This phenomenon is apparent to a greater or lesser degree in all of the populations contaminated by the Chernobyl radionuclides. This section describes the spectrum and the scale of the nonmalignant diseases that have been found among exposed populations. Adverse effects as a result of Chernobyl irradiation have been found in every group that has been studied. Brain damage has been found in individuals directly exposed—liquidators and those living in the contaminated territories, as well as in their offspring. Premature cataracts; tooth and mouth abnormalities; and blood, lymphatic, heart, lung, gastrointestinal, urologic, bone, and skin diseases afflict and impair people, young and old alike. Endocrine dysfunction, particularly thyroid disease, is far more common than might be expected, with some 1,000 cases of thyroid dysfunction for every case of thyroid cancer, a marked increase after the catastrophe. There are genetic damage and birth defects especially in children of liquidators and in children born in areas with high levels of radioisotope contamination. Immunological abnormalities and increases in viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases are rife among individuals in the heavily contaminated areas. For more than 20 years, overall morbidity has remained high in those exposed to the irradiation released by Chernobyl. One cannot give credence to the explanation that these numbers are due solely to socioeconomic factors. The negative health consequences of the catastrophe are amply documented in this chapter and concern millions of people. The most recent forecast by international agencies predicted there would be between 9,000 and 28,000 fatal cancers between 1986 and 2056, obviously underestimating the risk factors and the collective doses. On the basis of I-131 and Cs-137 radioisotope doses to which populations were exposed and a comparison of cancer mortality in the heavily and the less contaminated territories and pre- and post-Chernobyl cancer levels, a more realistic figure is 212,000 to 245,000 deaths in Europe and 19,000 in the rest of the world. High levels of Te-132, Ru-103, Ru-106, and Cs-134 persisted months after the Chernobyl catastrophe and the continuing radiation from Cs-137, Sr-90, Pu, and Am will generate new neoplasms for hundreds of years. A detailed study reveals that 3.8–4.0% of all deaths in the contaminated territories of Ukraine and Russia from 1990 to 2004 were caused by the Chernobyl catastrophe. The lack of evidence of increased mortality in other affected countries is not proof of the absence of effects from the radioactive fallout. Since 1990, mortality among liquidators has exceeded the mortality rate in corresponding population groups. From 112,000 to 125,000 liquidators died before 2005—that is, some 15% of the 830,000 members of the Chernobyl cleanup teams. The calculations suggest that the Chernobyl catastrophe has already killed several hundred thousand human beings in a population of several hundred million that was unfortunate enough to live in territories affected by the fallout. The number of Chernobyl victims will continue to grow over many future generations. References Adamovich, V. L., Mikhalev, V. P. & Romanova, G. A. (1998). Leucocytic and lymphocytic reactions as factors of the population resistance. Hematol. Transfusiol. 43(2): 36–42 (in Russian). Aleksievich, Sv. (2006). Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of the Nuclear Disaster (Picador, New York ): XIII + 236 pp. Almond, D. V., Edlund, L. & Palmer, M. (2007). Chernobyl's subclinical legacy: Prenatal exposure to radioactive fallout and school outcomes in Sweden. NBER Working Paper No. W13347 (http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1009797). Bandazhevsky, Yu. I. (2000). Medical and Biological Effects of Incorporated Radio-cesium (BELRAD, Minsk ): 70 pp. (in Russian). Bandazhevsky, Yu. I., Lelevich, V. V., Strelko, V. V., Shylo, V. V., Zhabinsky, V. N., et al . (1995). Clinical and Experimental Aspects of the Effect of Incorporated Radionuclides Upon the Organism (Gomel Medical Institute, Gomel ): 128 pp. (in Russian). Baranov'ska, N. P. (Ed.) (1996). Chernobyl Tragedy: Documents and Materials ("Naukova Dumka," Kiev ): 784 pp. Boreiko, V. Y. (1996). Stifling the Truth about Chernobyl: White Spots of the USSR Environmental History—Russia, Ukraine (Ecological Cultural Center, Kiev ) 2: pp. 121–132 (in Russian). Borysevich, N. Y. & Poplyko, I. Y. (2002). Scientific Solution of the Chernobyl Problems: 2001 Year Results (Republic Radiology Institute, Minsk ): 44 pp. (in Russian). Burlak, G., Naboka, M. & Shestopalov, V. (2006). Non-cancer endpoints in children-residents after Chernobyl accident. In: Proceedings of International Conference. Twenty Years after Chernobyl Accident: Future Outlook. Contributed Papers (HOLTEH, Kiev ) 1: 37–41 (http://www.tesec-int.org/T1.pdf). Burlakova, E. B. (1995). Low intensity radiation: Radiobiological aspects. Rad. Protect. Dosimet. 62(1/2): 13–18 (in Russian). Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes. Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group "Health". B. Bennett, M. Repacholi & Zh. Carr (Eds.) (WHO, Geneva ): 167 pp. (http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/WHO%20Report%20on%20Chernobyl%20Health%20Effects%20July2006.pdf). Chumak, V. (2006). Verification of the Chernobyl Registry dosimetric data as a resource to support an efficient dosimetric solution for post-Chernobyl health effects studies. International Conference. Health Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Strategy of Recovery (Abstracts, Kiev ): pp. 2–3 (in Russian). CRIIRAD (2002). Contaminations Radioactives, Atlas France et Europe. A. Paris (Ed.) (Yves Michel Editions, Barret-sur-Meouge ): 196 pp. Drozd, V. M. (2002). Thyroid system conditions in children irradiated in utero. Inform. Bull. 3: Biological Effects of a Low Dose of Radiation (Belarussian Committee on Chernobyl Children, Minsk): pp. 23–25 (in Russian). ECRR (2003). Recommendations of the European Committee on Radiation Risk: Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure at Low Doses for Radiation Protection Purposes (Green Audit Books, Aberystwyth ): 186 pp. Elyseeva, I. M. (1991). Cytogenetic effects observed in different cohorts suffering from the Chernobyl accident. M.D. Thesis. ( Moscow ): 24 pp. (in Russian). Graeub, K. (1992). The Petkau Effect: Nuclear Radiation, People and Trees (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York ): 259 pp. IFECA (1995). Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Results of IFECA Pilot Projects and National Programmes. Scientific Report (WHO, Geneva ): 560 pp. Igumnov, S. A., Drozdovich, V. V., Kylominsky, Ya. L., Sekach, N. S. & Syvolobova, L. A. (2004). Intellectual development after antenatal irradiation: Ten-year prospective study. Med. Radiol. Radiat. Safety 49(4): 29–35 (in Russian). Il'enko, A. I. & Krapivko, T. P. (1988). Impact of ionizing radiation on rodent metabolism. Trans. USSR Acad. Sci., Biol. 1: 98–106 (in Russian). Il'in, L. A., Balonov, M. I. & Buldakov, L. A. (1990). Radio-contamination patterns and possible health consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. J. Radiol. Protect. 10: 3–29 (in Russian). Il'in, L. A., Kryuchkov, V. P., Osanov, D. P. & Pavlov, D. A. (1995). Irradiation level of Chernobyl accident liquidators 1986–1987 and verification of the dosimetric data. Rad. Biol. Radioecol. 35(6): 803–827 (in Russian). Kharchenko, V. P., Zubovsky, G. A. & Tararukhyna, O. B. (2001). Oncological morbidity forecast for the Chernobyl liquidators. In: P. N. Lyubchenko (Ed.), Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Viribus Unitis," Moscow ): pp. 46–47 (in Russian). Kornev, S. V., Piskunov, N. F. & Proshin, A. B. (2004). Radio-hygienic aspects of thyroid cancer in post-Chernobyl territories. Populat. Health Env. Inf. Bull. 11: 20–22 (in Russian). Kovalevskaya, L. (1995). Chernobyl "For Official Use": Consequences of Chernobyl ("Abris," Kiev ): 328 pp. (in Russian). Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.) (2001). Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Veribus Unitis," Moscow ): 154 pp. (in Russian). Maznik, N. A., Vinnykov, V. A. & Maznik, V. S. (2003). Variance estimate of individual irradiation doses in Chernobyl liquidators by cytogenetic analysis. Rad. Biol. Radioecol. 43(4): 412–419 (in Russian). Mityunin, A. (2005). Atomic penal battalion: National characteristics of liquidators and the consequences of radiation accidents in the USSR and Russia. Nuclear Strategy in the XXI Century 1: 22 (in Russian). National Belarussian Report (2006). Twenty Years after the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Consequences for Belarus Republic and Its Surrounding Area ( Minsk ): 112 pp. (in Russian). National Russian Report (2001). Chernobyl Catastrophe: Results and Problems in Overcoming the Difficulties and Consequences in Russia. 1986–2001 (Ministry of Emergency Situations, Moscow ): 39 pp. (http://www.ibrae.ac.ru/russian/nat_rep2001.html) (in Russian). Osechinsky, I. V., Metsheryakova, L. M. & Popov, V. Yu. (1998). Non-standard approaches to the Chernobyl catastrophe, epidemiology, and space-temporal analysis of leucosis morbidity. Second International Conference. Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe. June 1–6, 1998, Kiev, Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev ): pp. 110–111 (in Russian). Petkau, A. (1980). Radiation carcinogenesis from a membrane perspective. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl. 492): 81–90. Pflugbeil, S. & Schmitz-Feuerhake, I. (2006). How reliable are the dose estimates of UNSCEAR for populations contaminated by Chernobyl fallout? A comparison of results by physical reconstruction and biological dosimetry. International Conference. Health Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Strategy of Recovery (Materials, Kiev ): pp. 17–19. RADNET (2008). Information about source points of anthropogenic radioactivity: A Freedom of Nuclear Information Resource. The Davidson Museum, Center for Biological Monitoring (http://www.davistownmuseum.org/cbm/Rad12.html) (accessed March 4, 2008). UNSCEAR (2000). United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Annex G (United Nations, New York ). Vinnykov, V. A., Maznik, N. A. & Myzyna, V. S. (2002). International Conference. Genetic Consequences of Extraordinary Radioactive Situations (Peoples' Friendship University, Moscow ): pp. 25–26 (in Russian). Vorob'ev, A. I. & Shklovsky-Kodry, I. E. (1996). Tenth Chernobyl anniversary. What to do? Hematol. Transfusiol. 41(6): 9–10 (in Russian). Yablokov, A. V. (1976). Variability of Mammals (Amerind, New Delhi ): XI + 350 pp. Yablokov, A. V. (1987). Population Biology: Progress and Problems of Studies of Natural Populations. Advanced Scientific Technologies, USSR, Biology (Mir, Moscow ): 304 pp. Yablokov, A. V. (1998). Some problems of ecology and radiation safety. Med. Radiol. Radiat. Safety 43(1): 24–29 (in Russian). Yablokov, A. V. (2002). Myth on Safety of the Low Doses of Radiation (Center for Russian Environmental Policy, Moscow ): 180 pp. (in Russian). Yablokov, A. V. & Laryna, N. I. (1985). Introduction into Population Phenetics: A New Approach to Natural Population Studies ("Vysshaya Shkola," Moscow ): 160 pp. (in Russian). Zubovich, V. K., Petrov, G. A., Beresten, S. A., Kil'chevskaya, E. V. & Zemskov, V. N. (1998). Human milk and babies' health in the radioactive contaminated areas of Belarus. Public Health 5: 28–30 (in Russian). Zubovsky, G. & Smirnova, N. (2000). Chernobyl catastrophe and your health. Russian Chernobyl 4, 6, 11 (http://www.portalus.ru/modules/ecology/print.php?subaction=snowfull&id) (in Russian). Akulich, N. S. & Gerasymovich, G. I. (1993). Physical development abnormalities in newborns born to mothers exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation. In: Belarussian Children's Health in Modern Ecological Situation: Consequences of Chernobyl Catastrophe. Treatise VI Belarus Pediatric Congress (Minsk): pp. 9–10 (in Russian). Antypova, S. I., Korzhunov, V. M. & Suvorova, I. V. (1997). Liquidators' tendency toward chronic non-specific illnesses. Scientific and Practical Conference. Actual Problems of Medical Rehabilitation of Victims of Chernobyl Catastrophe. June 30, 1997, Minsk . Devoted to the Tenth Anniversary of the Republic's Radiation Medicine Dispensary (Materials, Minsk): pp. 59–60 (in Russian). Arabskaya, L. P. (2001). General characteristics of structural and functional state of osteal tissue and physical development in children born after the catastrophe of ChNPP. Problem Osteol. 4(3): 11–22 (in Russian). Arinchin, A. N., Avhacheva, T. V., Gres', N. A. & Slobozhanina, E. I. (2002). Health status of Belarussian children suffering from the Chernobyl accident: Sixteen years after the catastrophe. In: T. Imanaka (Ed.). Recent Research Activities about the Chernobyl Accident in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, KURRI-KR-79 (Kyoto University, Kyoto ): pp. 231–240. Baida, L. K. & Zhirnosecova, L. M. (1998). Changes in children's morbidity patterns under different levels of radiocesium contamination of soil. Second Annual Conference. Remote Medical Consequences of Chernobyl Catastrophe. June 1–6, 1998, Kiev , Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 14–15 (in Ukrainian). Blet'ko, T. V., Kul'kova, A. V., Gutkovsky, I. A. & Uklanovskaya, E. V. (1995). Children's general morbidity pattern in Gomel Province—1986–1993. International Scientific and Practical Conference Devoted to the Fifth Anniversary. Gomel Medical Institute, November 9–10, 1995, Gomel ( Treatise , Gomel): pp. 5–6 (in Russian). Burlak, G., Naboka, M., & Shestopalov, V. (2006). Non-cancer endpoints in children-residents after the Chernobyl accident. In: International Conference Twenty Years after the Chernobyl Accident. Future Outlook. April 24–26, 2006, Kiev Ukraine. Contributed Papers 1 ("HOLTEH," Kiev ): pp. 37–41 (http://www.tesec-int.org/T1.pdf). Burokaite, B. (2002). Connection of morbidity and mortality with cleanup and mitigation operations of the Chernobyl NPP accident. Inform. Bull. 3: Biological Effects of Low Doses Irradiation (Belarussian Committee on Chernobyl Children, Minsk): pp. 16–17 (in Russian). Busby, C. (1995). Wings of Death. Nuclear Contamination and Human Health (Green Audit Books, Aberystwyth ): IX + 340 pp. Buzunov, V. A., Strapko, N. P. & Pyrogova, E. A. (1995). Public health in contaminated territories. In: V. G. Bar'yakhtar, (Ed.), Chernobyl Catastrophe: Historiography, Social, Economical, Geochemical, Medical and Biological Consequences ("Naukova Dumka," Kiev ): 558 pp. (in Russian). Buzunov, V. A., Teretshenko, V. M., Voichulene, Yu. S. & Stry, N. I. (2006). Main results of epidemiological studies of Chernobyl liquidator's health (nonmalignant morbidity, invalidism and mortality). International Conference. Twenty Years after Chernobyl Accident: Future Outlook. April 24–26, 2006, Kiev , Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 92–93 (in Russian). Byryukov, A. P., Ivanov, V. K., Maksyutov, M. A., Kruglova, Z. G., Kochergyna, E. V. et al. (2001). Liquidators' health–Russian state medical and dosimetric register. In: P. N. Lyubchenko (Ed.), Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Viribus Unitis," Moscow ): pp. 4–9 (in Russian). Chernobyl Forum (2005). Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and Their Remediation: Twenty Years of Experience. Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group "Environment" (EGE) August 2005 (IAEA, Vienna ): 280 pp. (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf). Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes. Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group "Health" (2006). B. Bennett, M. Repacholi & Zh. Carr (Eds.). (WHO, Geneva ): 167 pp. (http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/WHO%20Report%20on%20Chernobyl%20Health%20Effects%20July2006.pdf). Donets, N. P. (2005). Influence of radiation factor on the morbidity level of population in Chernygiv Region. Hygien. Epidemiol. Herald 9(1): 67–71 (in Ukrainian). Dzykovich, I. B., Kornylova, T. I., Kot, T. I. & Vanylovich, I. A. (1996). Health of pregnant women and newborns from different regions of Belarus. In: Medical Biological Aspects of the Chernobyl Accident (Collection of Papers, Minsk ) 1: pp. 16–23 (in Russian). Ericson, A. & Kallen, B. (1994). Pregnancy outcomes in Sweden after Chernobyl. Environ. Res. 67: 149–159. Fetysov, S. N. (Ed.) (1999). Health of Chernobyl accident victims in Bryansk Province. In: Collection of Analytical and Statistical Materials from 1995–1998, Vol. 4 ( Bryansk ): pp. 33–44 (in Russian). Gres', N. A. & Arinchin, A. I. (2001). Syndrome of ecological disadaptation in Belarus children and methods to correct it. Med. Inf. 5: 9–10 (in Russian). Grodzinsky, D. M. (1999). General situation of the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine. In: T. Imanaka, Ed., Recent Research Activities about the Chernobyl NPP Accident in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. KURRI-KR-7 (Kyoto University): pp. 18–28. Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul'kova, L. V., Blet'ko, T. V. & Nekhay, Y. E. V. (1995). Children's health and local levels of Cesium-137 contamination. International Scientific and Practical Conference Devoted to the Fifth Anniversary. November 9–10, 1995, Gomel Medical Institute, Gomel (Treatise, Gomel): pp. 12–13 (in Russian). Harjulehto, T., Aro, T., Rita, H., Rytomaa, T. & Saxen, L. (1989). The accident at Chernobyl and pregnancy outcomes in Finland. Brit. Med. J. 298: 995–997. Horishna, O. V. (2005). Chernobyl Catastrophe and Public Health: Results of Scientific Investigations (Chernobyl Children's Foundation, Kiev ): 59 pp. (in Ukrainian). Ignatov, V. A., Selyvestrova, O. Yu. & Tsurykov, I. F. (2001). Echo: 15 post-Chernobyl years in Kaluga land. Legacy of Chernobyl (Collected Papers, Kaluga ) 3: pp. 6–15 (in Russian). Ipatov, A. V., Sergieni, O. V. & Voitchak, T. G. (2006). Disability in Ukraine in connection with the ChNPS accident. International Conference. Health Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Strategy of Recovery. May 29–June 3, 2006, Kiev , Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 8–9. Ivanov, V., Tsyb, A., Ivanov, S. & Pokrovsky, V. (2004). Medical Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe in Russia: Estimation of Radiation Risks ("Nauka," St. Petersburg ): 388 pp. Izhevsky, P. V. & Meshkov, N. A. (1998). Genetic consequences of irradiation. Second International Conference. Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe. June 1–6, 1998, Kiev , Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 244–245 (in Russian). Karamullin, M. A., Sosyutkin, A. E., Shutko, A. N., Nedoborsky, K. V., Yazenok, A. V., et al . (2004). Importance of radiation dose evaluation for late morbidity in Chernobyl liquidator age groups. Scientific and Practical Conference. Actual Questions of Radiation Hygiene. June 21–25, 2004, St. Petersburg (Abstracts, St. Petersburg ): pp. 170–171 (in Russian). Komogortseva, L. K. (2006). Ecological consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe for Bryansk Province. International Scientific and Practical Conference. Twenty Years after Chernobyl Catastrophe: Ecological and Social Lessons ( Materials , Moscow): pp. 81–85 (in Russian). Kondrashova, V. G., Kolpakov, I. E., Abramova, T. Ya. & Vdovenko, V. Yu. (2006). Integrated estimation of the health of children born to irradiated fathers. International Conference. Twenty Years after the Chernobyl Accident: Future Outlook. April 24–26, 2006, Kiev , Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 110–111. Kozhunov, V. M., Denysevich, N. K., Metel'skaya, M. A. & Lavrenyuk, I. F. (1996). Morbidity, invalidism and mortality in people who inhabit or inhabited territories with Cesium-137 contamination above 15 Ci/km2 (third group of initial accounting). In: Medical Biological Aspects of the ChNPP Accident (Collection of Papers, Moscow ) 1: pp. 47–53 (in Russian). Kudryashov, Yu. B. (2001). Radiobiology: Yesterday, today, tomorrow. In: Chernobyl: Duty and Courage, Vol. 2 (Strategic Stability Institute, Moscow ) (http://www.iss.niiit.ru/book-4) (in Russian). Kukishev, V. P., Proshin, A. D. & Doroshenko, V. N. (2001). Medical aid to victims of the Chernobyl catastrophe in Bryansk Province. In: P. N. Lyubchenko (Ed.). Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Viribus Unitis," Moscow ): pp. 26–27 (in Russian). Kulakov, V. I., Sokur, T. N., Tsybul'skaya, I. S., Dolzhenko, I. S., Volobuev, A. I. et al . (1997). Chernobyl and health of future generations In: Chernobyl: Duty and Courage, Vol. 1 (Strategic Stability Institute, Ministry of Nuclear Affairs, Moscow ) (http://www.iss.niiit.ru/book-1) (in Russian). Kul'kova, L. V., Ispenkov, E. A., Gutkovsky, I. A., Voinov, I. N., Ulanovskaya, E. V. et al . (1996). Epidemiological monitoring of children's health in areas of Gomel Province contaminated with radionuclides. Med. Radiol. Radioact. Safety 2: 12–15 (in Russian). Law of Ukraine (2006). A state program to overcome the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe for the period 2006–2010. Bull. Ukr. Parliament (VVP) 34: article. 290. LIGA (2004). Chernobyl: Medical consequences 18 years after the accident. LIGA-Business-Inform, April 22. Lubensky, A. (2004). Forgotten victims of Chernobyl (http://www.english.pravda.ru/world/20/92/370/12608_Chernobyl.html04/23/200418:06; http://world.pravda.ru/world/2004/5/73/207/16694_Chernobil.html). Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.) (2001). Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Viribus Unitis," Moscow ): 154 pp. (in Russian). Lyubchenko, P. N. & Agal'tsov, M. V. (2001). Pathologic findings in Chernobyl liquidators over a period of 15 years. In: P. N. Lyubchenko (Ed.) Remote Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe ("Viribus Unitis," Moscow ): pp. 26–27 (in Russian). Lukyanova, E. M., Stepanova, E. I., Antipkin, Yu. G. & Nagornaya, A. M. (1995). Children's health. In: V. G. Bar'yakhtar (Ed.). Chernobyl Catastrophe. Historiography, Social, Economical, Geochemical, Medical and Biological Consequences ("Naukova Dumka," Kiev ): 558 pp. (in Russian). Lyaginskaya, A. M., Osypov, V. A., Smirnova, O. V., Isichenko, I. B. & Romanova, S. V. (2002). Reproductive function of Chernobyl liquidators and health of their children. Med. Radiol. Radiat. Security 47(1): 5–10 (in Russian). Medical Consequences (2003). Medical Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. (Komchernobyl Belarus, Minsk ) (http://www.chernobyl.gov.by/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=153&Itemid=112) (in Russ
Referência(s)