The Collective Self a
1997; Wiley; Volume: 818; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48256.x
ISSN1749-6632
AutoresWENDI A. WALSH, Mahzarin R. Banaji,
Tópico(s)Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
ResumoAnnals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 818, Issue 1 p. 193-214 The Collective Selfa WENDI A. WALSH, WENDI A. WALSH Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205Search for more papers by this authorMAHZARIN R. BANAJI, Corresponding Author MAHZARIN R. BANAJI Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205Address for correspondence: Wendi Walsh or Mahzarin Banaji, Department of Psychology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205.Search for more papers by this author WENDI A. WALSH, WENDI A. WALSH Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205Search for more papers by this authorMAHZARIN R. BANAJI, Corresponding Author MAHZARIN R. BANAJI Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205Address for correspondence: Wendi Walsh or Mahzarin Banaji, Department of Psychology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205.Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48256.xCitations: 8 a This work was supported in part by Grant SBR 9422291 from the National Science Foundation. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Abrams, D. (1992). Processes in social identification. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 57–99). London : Surrey University Press. Abrams, D. & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317–334. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I. & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–378. Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York : Holt. Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender, and the individual. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 486–526). New York : Guilford Press. Backman, C. (1988). The self: A dialectical approach. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 229–260. Banaji, M. R. & Prentice, D. A. (1994). The self in social contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 297–332. Bandura, A. & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press. Bat-Chava, Y. (1994). Group identification and self-esteem of deaf adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 494–502. Bochner, S. & Ohsako, T. (1977). Ethnic role salience in racially homogeneous and heterogeneous societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 8, 477–492. Boyanowsky, E. O. & Allen, V. L. (1973). Ingroup norms and self-identity as determinants of discriminatory behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 408–418. Breakwell, G. (1986). Coping with threatened identities. London : Methuen. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482. Brewer, M. B. (1993). Social identity, distinctiveness, and in-group homogeneity. Social Cognition, 11, 150–164. Brewer, M. B. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268–275. Brewer, M. B., Manzi, J. M. & Shaw, J. S. (1993). In-group identification as a function of depersonalization, distinctiveness, and status. Psychological Science, 4, 88–92. Brewer, M. B. & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268–275. Brown, R. & Deschamps, J.-C. (1980). Discrimination between individuals and between groups. Bulletin de Psychologie, 34, 185–195. Charters, W. W. & Newcomb, T. M. (1952). Some attitudinal effects of experimentally increased salience of a membership group. In G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in Social Psychology. New York : Holt. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S. & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375. Cofer, C. N. & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and Research. New York : Wiley. Cooley, C. H. (1922). Human nature and the social order. New York : Scribners. Cota, A. A. & Dion, K. L. (1986). Salience of gender and sex composition of ad hoc groups: An experimental test of distinctiveness theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 770–776. Coyle, A. (1992). “ My own special creation”? The construction of gay identity. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 187–220). London : Surrey University Press. Crandall, R. (1973). The measurement of self-esteem and related constructs. In J. Robinson & P. Shaver (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan. Crocker, J., Cornwell, B. & Major, B. (1993). The stigma of overweight: Affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 60–70. Crocker, J. & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60–67. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B. & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among white, black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503–513. Crocker, J. & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608–630. Crocker, J., Voekl, K., Testa, M. & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 218–228. Cross, W. E. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. Deaux, K. & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369–389. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. Dion, K. L. & Earn, B. M. (1975). The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 944–950. Dion, K. L., Earn, B. N. & Yee, P. H. N. (1978). The experience of being a victim of prejudice. An experimental approach. International Journal of Psychology, 13, 197–294. Dunning, D. & Cohen, G. L. (1992). Egocentric definitions of traits and abilities in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 341–355. Dunning, D., Perie, M. & Story, A. L. (1991). Self-serving prototypes of social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 957–968. Ethier, K. A. & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243–251. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 71–82. Fishbein, M. (1967). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Readings in attitude theory and measurement (pp. 477–492). New York : Wiley. Frable, D. E. S., Wortman, C., Joseph, J., Kirscht, J. & Kessler, R. (1994). Predicting self-esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: The importance of cultural stigma and personal visibility. Unpublished manuscript. Geis, F. L., Brown, V., Jennings, J. & Porter, N. (1984). TV commercials as achievement scripts for women. Sex Roles, 10, 513–525. Gergen, K. J. (1987). Toward self as relationship. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives. New York : Wiley. Gfellner, B. M. (1986). Age salience in order adults' spontaneous self-concept. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 1196–1198. Goffman, E. (1956). The presentation of self in everyday life. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh. Gordon, C. & Gergen, K. J. (1968). The self in social interaction. New York : Wiley. Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603–618. Greenwald, A. G. & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 1, 4–27. Hastorf, A. & Cantril, H. (1954). They saw a game: A case study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129–134. Hogg, M. A. & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications: A psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. New York : Routledge. Hogg, M. A. & Abrams, D. (1990). Social motivation, self-esteem, and social identity. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 28–47). New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf and Springer. Hogg, M. A. & Abrams, D. (1993). Group motivation. New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf. Hogg, M. A. & Turner, J. C. (1987). Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 325–340. Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C., Nascimento-Schulz, C. & Spriggs, D. (1986). Social categorization, intergroup behaviour and self-esteem: Two experiments. Revista de Psicologia Social, 1, 23–37. James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York : Holt. Jensen, G. F., White, C. S. & Galliher, J. M. (1982). Ethnic status and adolescent self-evaluations: An extension of research on minority self-esteem. Social Problems, 30, 226–239. Jost, J. T. & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27. Kitzinger, C. (1992). The individuated self concept: A critical analysis of social-constructionist writing on individualism. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 221–250). London : Surrey University Press. Kunda, Z. & Sanitioso, R. (1989). Motivated changes in the self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 272–285. Lemyre, L. & Smith, P. (1985). Intergroup discrimination and self-esteem in the minimal group paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 660–670. Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the “field at a given time. Psychological Review, 50, 292–310. Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092–1107. Liebkind, K. (1991). Ethnic identity—Challenging the boundaries of social psychology. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 147–185). London : Surrey University Press. Lorenzi-Coldi, F. (1991). Self-stereotyping and self-enhancement in gender groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 403–417. Major, B. & Crocker, J. (1993). Social stigma: The consequences of attributional ambiguity. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 345–370). San Diego , CA : Academic Press. Major, B. & Forcey, B. (1985). Social comparisons and pay evaluations: Preferences for same-sex and same-job wage comparisons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 393–405. Markus, H., Crane, M., Bernstein, S. & Siladi, M. (1982). Self-schemas and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 38–50. Markus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York : Harper. Mcguire, W. J. (1984). Search for the self: Going beyond self-esteem and the reactive self. In R. A. Zucker, J. Arnoff & A. I. Rabin (Eds.), Personality and the prediction of behavior (pp. 73–120). New York : Academic Press. Mcguire, W. J. & Mcguire, C. V. (1988). Content and process in the experience of self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 97–144. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Minard, R. D. (1952). Race relationships in the Pocahontas coalfield. Journal of Social Issues, 8, 29–44. Myrdal, G. (1944). An American Dilemma. New York : Harper & Row. Oakes, P. J. & Turner, J. C. (1980). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour: Does minimal intergroup discrimination make social identity more positive European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 295–301. Ogbu, J. (1986). The consequences of the American caste system. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The school achievement of minority children: New perspectives. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. Pelham, B. W. & Swann, W. B. (1989). From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672–680. Pittman, T. S. & Heller, J. F. (1987). Social motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 461–489. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. Rosenberg, M. (1981). The self-concept: Social product and social force. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology. Sociological perspectives. New York : Basic Books. Simon, B., Glässner-Bayerl, B. & Stratenwerth, I. (1991). Stereotyping and self-stereotyping in a natural intergroup context: The case of heterosexual and homosexual men. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 252–266. Simon, B. & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 699–711. Simon, B., Pantaleo, G. & Mummendey, A. (1995). Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 106–119. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 93–159. Steele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811. Stryker, S. (1987). Identity theory: Development and extensions. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychological perspectives (pp. 89–104). Chichester , England : Wiley. J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.) (1991). Social comparison. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. Swann, W. B. (1990). To be adored or to be known: The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 408–450). New York : Guilford. Swann, W. B., Griffin, J. J., Predmore, S. X. & Gaines, B. (1987). The cognitive-affective crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 881–889. Swann, W. B., Hixon, J. G., Stein-Seroussi, A. & Gilbert, D. T. (1990). The fleeting gleam of praise: Cognitive processes underlying behavioral reactions to feedback. Embracing the bitter “truth”: Negative self-concepts and marital commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 17–26. Swann, W. B., Pelham, B. W. & Krull, D. S. (1989). Agreeable fancy or disagreeable truth? Reconciling self-enhancement and self-verification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 782–791. H. Tajfel (Ed.) (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London : Academic Press. Tajfel, H. (1981). Social stereotypes and social groups. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup Behavior. Oxford : Blackwell. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. H. Tajfel (Ed.) (1984). The social dimension: European developments in social psychology (Vols. 1, 2). Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press. Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey , CA : Brooks-Cole. Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago : Nelson-Hall. Taylor, M. C. & Walsh, E. J. (1979). Explanations of black self-esteem: Some empirical tests. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 242–253. Taylor, S. E. (1983). Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation. American Psychologist, 38, 1161–1173. Taylor, S. E. & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 15, 337–348. Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C. & Porter, L. E. (1994). Dimensions of perceived discrimination: The personal/group discrimination discrepancy. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 7 (pp. 233–255). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. Tennen, H. & Herzberger, S. (1987). Depression, self-esteem, and the absence of self-protective attributional biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 72–80. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181–227. Trope, Y. (1986). Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 350–378). New York : Guilford. Turner, J. C. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behavior. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior. Oxford , England : Blackwell. Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social-cognitive theory of group behavior. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes: Theory and research, Vol. 2 Greenwich , CT : JAI Press. Turner, J. C. (1991). Social influence. Milton Keynes , England : Open University Press. J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.) (1981). Intergroup behaviour: Oxford , England : Blackwell. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford , England : Blackwell. Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A. & Mcgarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454–463. White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333. Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231–248. Wylie, R. C. (1979). The self concept: Theory and research on selected topics, (vol. 2). Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press. Citing Literature Volume818, Issue1Self Across Psychology, The: Self‐Recognition, Self‐Awareness, and the Self ConceptJune 1997Pages 193-214 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)