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Reflex Responses to Chemoreceptor Stimulation

1986; Wiley; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/cphy.cp030210

2040-4603

Robert S. Fitzgerald, Sukhamay Lahiri,

High Altitude and Hypoxia

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Background 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 New Discoveries 2 Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Their Stimuli 2.1 Carotid Body Chemoreceptors 2.1.1 Fetus and Newborn 2.1.2 Adult 2.2 Aortic Body Chemoreceptors 2.2.1 Fetus and Newborn 2.2.2 Adult 2.3 Pulmonary Chemoreceptors 3 Conditioning of Afferent Stimulus from Peripheral Chemoreceptors 3.1 Receptor Responses to Environmental and Other Factors 3.1.1 Altitude 3.1.2 Anesthetics 3.1.3 Other Substances 3.2 Autonomic Input Into Carotid Body 3.3 Stimulus Profile 3.4 Timing of Stimulus 3.5 Other Afferent Stimuli Modifying Chemoreceptor Input 3.5.1 Baroreceptors 3.5.2 Upper Airway Receptors 3.5.3 Pulmonary and Mixed Venous Chemoreceptors 3.5.4 Pulmonary Stretch Receptors 3.5.5 Somatic Input 3.5.6 Central Chemoreceptors 3.5.7 Central Nervous System Components 3.6 Effect of Central Nervous System Milieu on Neural Activity from Peripheral Chemoreceptors 3.6.1 Sleep 3.6.2 Anesthetics 3.6.3 Temperature 3.6.4 Acid-Base State 4 Reflex Responses of Ventilatory Apparatus to Peripheral Chemoreceptor Stimulation 4.1 Factors Affecting Efferent Component of Response 4.2 Reflex Response of Static Lung Volumes 4.3 Reflex Dynamic Ventilatory Responses 4.3.1 Effect of Carotid Body Denervation 4.3.2 Hypoxia 4.3.3 Hypercapnia 4.3.4 Acidosis 4.3.5 Components of Dynamic Ventilatory Response 4.3.6 Phrenic Nerve: Hypoxia Versus Hypercapnia 4.4 Other Elements of Ventilatory Apparatus 4.5 Glomectomy and Asthma 5 Reflex Cardiovascular Responses to Peripheral Chemoreceptor Stimulation 5.1 Brain Stem and Autonomic Neural Output to Cardiovascular System 5.2 Reflex Changes in Cardiovascular Mechanical Variables 6 Other Reflex Responses to Peripheral Chemoreceptor Stimulation 6.1 Adrenal Cortex 6.2 Release of Norepinephrine From the Heart 6.3 Erythropoiesis