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Invertebrate Locomotor Systems

1997; Wiley; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/cphy.cp130212

2040-4603

Robert J. Full,

Physiological and biochemical adaptations

The sections in this article are: 1 Mechanisms of Locomotion 1.1 Swimming 1.1.1 Low Reynolds Numbers (Re ≪1) 1.1.2 High Reynolds-Numbers (Re > 1,000) 1.1.3 Intermediate Reynolds Numbers (1 < Re < 1,000) 1.2 Crawling 1.2.1 Peristalsis 1.2.2 Two Anchors 1.2.3 Pedal Waves 1.3 Walking, Running, and Rolling 1.3.1 Gaits 1.3.2 Design Trends and Hypotheses 1.3.3 Dynamic Models of Rolling, Walking, and Running 1.3.4 Design of Legs 1.4 Jumping 1.4.1 Drag 1.4.2 Species 1.5 Flying 1.5.1 Aerodynamics of Wings and Bodies 1.5.2 Gliding 1.5.3 Forward Flapping Flight 1.5.4 Hovering 1.6 Comparison of Locomotor Dynamics 1.6.1 Speed 1.6.2 Frequency 1.6.3 Mechanical Power Output 2 Production of Locomotion: Musculoskeletal Systems 2.1 Filament, Sarcomere, and Muscle Level 2.1.1 Force Production 2.1.2 Force-Velocity Relationship 2.1.3 Muscle–Organism Level 2.1.4 Muscle Mechanical Power Output 2.1.5 Mechanical Advantage and Moments 2.1.6 Energy Transfer 3 Energetics of Locomotion 3.1 Aerobic Metabolism 3.1.1 Speed 3.1.2 Size 3.1.3 Mode of Locomotion 3.1.4 Species 3.1.5 Temperature and Dehydration 3.2 Anaerobic Metabolism 3.2.1 Aerobic Response Pattern 3.2.2 Mixed Aerobic and Nonaerobic Response Pattern 3.2.3 Nonaerobic Response Pattern 3.3 Endurance and Metabolism 3.3.1 Continuous Locomotion 3.3.2 Intermittent Locomotion 3.4 Metabolic Cost of Transport 3.4.1 Speed 3.4.2 Size 3.4.3 Mode of Locomotion 3.4.4 Species 3.4.5 Temperature 4 conclusion4 Conclusions 4.1 Trends 4.1.1 Speed, Cycle Frequency, and Cycle Distance 4.1.2 Mechanical Power Output 4.1.3 Metabolic Power Input 4.1.4 Explanatory Hypotheses of Trends 5 Future Research 5.1 Comparative Muscle Physiology 5.2 Comparative Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology 5.3 Comparative Biomechanics 5.4 Collaboration 5.5 Direct-Experiments Using Innovative Technology 5.6 Cybercreatures and Experiments: Computer Modeling 6 Appendix: List of Symbols