Artigo Revisado por pares

PRESENT STATUS OF THE ETIOLOGY OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

1951; American College of Physicians; Volume: 34; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês

10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1093

ISSN

1539-3704

Autores

W. B. Castle,

Tópico(s)

Meta-analysis and systematic reviews

Resumo

Article1 May 1951PRESENT STATUS OF THE ETIOLOGY OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIAW. B. CASTLE, M.D., F.A.C.P.W. B. CASTLE, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-34-5-1093 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptINTRODUCTIONTo be among those who have received the award given annually in memory of Dr. John Phillips is an honor that I greatly cherish. Consequently, when President Fitz asked me to speak to you in connection with the subject for which this distinction was conferred upon me several years ago, I welcomed the opportunity because I hoped in this way to express some of my gratitude to the College. Happily enough, in the intervening years the advances in the understanding of the nature of pernicious anemia derived from many sources have been very great. Indeed, in the brief time...Bibliography1. JukesStokstad THEL: Pteroylglutamic acid and related compounds, Physiol. Rev. 28: 51-106, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Girdwood RH: Vitamin B12 and related factors: A clinical and experimental review, Edinburgh M. J. 57: 72-109, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. Strauss MB: Medical progress: Vitamin B12 and pernicious anemia, New England J. Med. 243: 187-194 and 222-229, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Hall BE: Studies on the nature of the intrinsic factor of Castle, Brit. M. J. 2: 585-589, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Present knowledge of pteroylglutamates ("folic acid"), Nutrition Rev. 8: 260-267, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. CastleHam WBTH: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. V. Further evidence for the essential participation of extrinsic factor in hematopoietic responses to mixtures of beef muscle and gastric juice and to hog stomach mucosa, J. A. M. A. 107: 1456-1463, 1936. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. CastleHeathStraussHeinle WBCWMBRW: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. VI. The site of the interaction of food (extrinsic) and gastric (intrinsic) factors; failure of in vitro incubation to produce a thermostable hematopoietic principle, Am. J. M. Sc. 194: 618-625, 1937. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. CastleRossDavidsonBurchenalFoxHam WBJBCSJHHJTH: Extrinsic factor in pernicious anemia: ineffectiveness of purified casein and of identified components of the vitamin B complex, Science 100: 81-83, 1944. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. StraussCastle MBWB: The nature of the extrinsic factor of the deficiency state in pernicious anemia and in related macrocytic anemias: activation of yeast derivatives with normal human gastric juice, New England J. Med. 207: 55-59, 1932. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. GardnerHarrisSchillingCastle FHJWRFWB: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. XI. Hematopoietic activity in pernicious anemia of a beef muscle extract containing food (extrinsic) factor upon intravenous injection without contact with gastric (intrinsic) factor, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 34: 1502-1511, 1949. Google Scholar11. HeinleWelch RWAD: The role of conjugated and free forms of folic acid in the control of pernicious anemia, Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 48: 343-349, 1946. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12. BethellMeyersAndrewsSwendseidBirdBrown FHMCGAMEODRA: Metabolic function of pteroylglutamic acid and its hexaglutamyl conjugate. I. Hematologic and urinary excretion studies on patients with macrocytic anemia, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 32: 3-22, 1947. MedlineGoogle Scholar13. BerkCastleWelchHeinleAnkerEpstein LWBADRWRM: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. X. Activity of vitamin B12 as food (extrinsic) factor, New England J. Med. 239: 911-913, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. SchillingHarrisCastle RFJWWB: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. XIII. Hematopoietic activity of vitamin B12a (vitamin B12b), Blood 6: 228-232, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. LichtmanWatsonGinsbergPierceStokstadJukes HJVJVELTH: Vitamin B12b: some properties and its therapeutic use, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 72: 643-645, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. SchillingHarrisCastle RFJWWB: Unpublished observations. Google Scholar17. HorriganVilter DRW: Direct action of vitamin B12 upon human bone marrow: the effect of instillations of vitamin B12 and folic acid into the bone marrow as studied by histochemical techniques, J. Clin. Investigation 29: 823, 1950 (Abstract). MedlineGoogle Scholar18. WalshThomasChowFluhartyFinch RJEDSKRGCA: Iron metabolism: heme synthesis in vitro by immature erythrocytes, Science 110: 396-398, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. CohnSurgenorGreeneHunterKahnt EJDMRWMFW: The state in nature of the active principle in pernicious anemia of catalase, and of other components of liver, Science 109: 443, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar20. SchillingFrutonHofsteeWelchHarrisGardnerCastle RFJSBHADJWFHWB: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. XII. Failure of thymus aminopolypeptidase to act as intrinsic factor, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 36: 942-949, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar21. Meulengracht E: Continued investigations on the presence of the antianaemic factor in preparations of dried stomach substance from the cardia, fundus and pylorus, and the duodenum. V. Preparations from the duodenum, Acta med. Scandinav. 85: 79-88, 1935. CrossrefGoogle Scholar22. FoxCastle HJWB: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. IX. Difference in site of secretion of intrinsic factor in the hog and in the human stomach, Am. J. M. Sc. 203: 18-28, 1942. CrossrefGoogle Scholar23. BethellSwendseidMeyersNelighRichards FHMEMCRBHG: Observations on the hematopoietic factors in hog stomach and duodenum, and the treatment of pernicious anemia by orally administered vitamin B12 in combination with extracts of duodenal mucosa, Univ. Hosp. Bull., Ann Arbor 15: 49-53, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar24. CastleTownsendHeath WBWCCW: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. III. The nature of the reaction between normal human gastric juice and beef muscle leading to clinical improvement and increased blood formation similar to the effect of liver feeding, Am. J. M. Sc. 180: 305-335, 1930. CrossrefGoogle Scholar25. Landboe-ChristensenBerkCastle ELWB: Unpublished observations. Google Scholar26. PetriNorgaardJensenius SFH: Experimental studies on production of pernicious anemia by operation on the digestive tract. 2. Results of three types of combined elective resections of the stomach and duodenum (on dogs), Acta med. Scandinav. 107: 506-531, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar27. GeigerGoodmanClaiborn AJLSLN: Effects of gastrointestinal resections in swine on the anti-anemia potency of the liver, Yale J. Biol. and Med. 13: 259-278, 1940. MedlineGoogle Scholar28. MacDonaldIngelfingerBelding RMFJHW: Late effects of total gastrectomy in man, New England J. Med. 237: 887-896, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29. Askey JM: Prevention of pernicious anemia: recognition of the latent stage in relatives, Ann. Int. Med. 14: 593-607, 1940. LinkGoogle Scholar30. McCarrison R: Studies in deficiency disease, 1921, Henry Frowde and Hodder and Stoughton, London. Google Scholar31. MillerRhoads DKCP: The experimental production of loss of hematopoietic elements of the gastric secretion and of the liver in swine with achlorhydria and anemia, J. Clin. Investigation 14: 153-172, 1935. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar32. Lindgren S: Studie über depressive Sekretions-anomalien des Magens auf Grund eines vom Bevölkerungsstandpunkt einheitlichen Materials aus der Provinz Vesterbotten im Nordlichen Schweden, Acta med. Scandinav., Suppl. 48: 1-235, 1932. Google Scholar33. Flinker R: Die Magenfunktion bei Pellagra, Arch. Verdauungskr. 57: 282-292, 1935. CrossrefGoogle Scholar34. PattersonStetten WBD: A study of gastric HCl formation, Science 109: 256-258, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar35. TaylorCastleHeinleAdams FHWBRWMA: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. VII. Resemblances between the proteolytic activity of normal human gastric juice on casein in neutral solution and the activity of the intrinsic factor, J. Clin. Investigation 17: 335-345, 1938. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar36. von Bonsdorff B: Diphyllobothrium latum and pernicious anemia. VII. "Castle's test" in pernicious tapeworm anemia, Acta med. Scandinav., Suppl. 196: 456-477, 1947. Google Scholar37. MazzaMiglardi FPC: Sulla natura dell'enzima emopoietico della mucosa gastrica, Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 71: 344-346, 1941. Google Scholar38. ÅgrenWaldenström GJ: The intrinsic factor activity of highly purified preparations of aminopolypeptidase II, Acta med. Scandinav., Suppl. 196:432-455, 1947. Google Scholar39. TernbergEakin JLRE: Erythein and apoerythein and their relation to the anti-pernicious anemia principle, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 3858, 1949. CrossrefGoogle Scholar40. LichtmanGinsbergWatson HVJ: Therapeutic effect of aureomycin in pernicious anemia, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 74: 884-888, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar41. WillsClutterbuckEvans LPWBD: A new factor in the production and cure of macrocytic anaemias and its relation to other haemopoietic principles curative in pernicious anaemia, Biochem. J. 31: 2136-2147, 1937. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar42. PfiffnerBinkleyBloomBrownBirdEmmettHoganO'Dell JJSBESRAODADAGBL: Isolation of antianemia factor (vitamin Bc) in crystalline form from liver, Science 97: 404-405, 1943. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar43. Stokstad EL: Some properties of a growth factor for Lactobacillus casei , J. Biol. Chem. 149: 573-574, 1943. CrossrefGoogle Scholar44. SpiesVilterKochCaldwell TDCFMBMH: Observations on the anti-anemic properties of synthetic folic acid, South. M. J. 38: 707-709, 1945. CrossrefGoogle Scholar45. Allan AB: Synthetic folic acid in the treatment of macrocytic anaemia associated with pregnancy and nutritional macrocytic anaemia, Indian J. M. Sc. 2: 199-209, 1948. Google Scholar46. MooreBierbaumWelchWright CVOSADLD: The activity of synthetic Lactobacillus casei factor ("folic acid") as an antipernicious anemia substance. I. Observations on four patients: two with Addisonian pernicious anemia, one with nontropical sprue and one with pernicious anemia of pregnancy, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 30: 1056-1069, 1945. MedlineGoogle Scholar47. BethellMeyersNeligh FHMCRB: Vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia and puerperal macrocytic anemia, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 33: 1477-1478, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar48. DavidsonGirdwood LSRH: Folic acid in treatment of megaloblastic anaemia, Lancet 2: 373-376, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. DayHallPease LABEGL: Macrocytic anemia of pregnancy refractory to vitamin B12 therapy; response to treatment with folic acid: report of case, Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 24: 149-157, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar50. LuhbyWheeler ALWE: Megaloblastic anemia of infancy. II. Failure of response to vitamin B12 and the metabolic role of folic acid and vitamin C, Ohio State Univ. Health Center J. 3: 1-20, 1949. Google Scholar51. ZuelzerOgden WWFN: Megaloblastic anemia in infancy: a common syndrome responding specifically to folic acid therapy, Am. J. Dis. Child. 71: 211-243, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar52. MayNelsonLoweSalmon CDENCURJ: Pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia in infancy. An interrelationship between pteroylglutamic acid and ascorbic acid, Am. J. Dis. Child. 80: 191-206, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar53. SpiesStoneLopez Toca TDRER: Anti-anemic properties of pteroylglutamyl glutamic acid, South. M. J. 40: 175-176, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar54. WilkinsonIsraels JFMC: Pteroyl-polyglutamic acids in the treatment of pernicious anaemia, Lancet 2: 689-691, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar55. RossBeldingPaegel JFHBL: The development and progression of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in patients with pernicious anemia treated with synthetic pteroylglutamic (folic) acid, Blood 3: 68-90, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar56. VilterHorriganMuellerJarroldVilterHawkinsSeaman RWDJFTCFVA: Studies on the relationships of vitamin B12, folic acid, thymine, uracil and methyl group donors in persons with pernicious anemia and related megaloblastic anemias, Blood 5: 695-717, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar57. Ross JF: Personal communication. Google Scholar58. HeinleWelchPritchard RWADJA: Essentiality of both the antipernicious anemia factor of liver and pteroylglutamic acid for hematopoiesis in swine, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 33: 1647-1648, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar59. CartwrightTattingAshenbruckerWintrobe GEBHMM: Experimental production of a nutritional macrocytic anemia in swine, Blood 4: 301-323, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar60. A new form of folic acid—the Leuconostoc citrovorum factor, Nutrition Rev. 8: 282-284, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar61. SauberlichBaumann HECA: A factor required for the growth of Leuconostoc citrovorum , J. Biol. Chem. 176: 165-173, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar62. NicholWelch CAAD: Synthesis of citrovorum factor from folic acid by liver slices; augmentation by ascorbic acid, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 74: 52-56, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar63. EllisonWolfeLichtmanGinsbergWatson RRSHVJ: The effect of citrovorum factor in pernicious anemia, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 76: 366-370, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar64. Burchenal JH: Personal communication. Google Scholar65. BurchenalBabcockBroquistJukes JHGMHPTH: Prevention of chemotherapeutic effects of 4-amino-N10-methyl-pteroylglutamic acid on mouse leukemia by citrovorum factor, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 74: 735-737, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar66. MeyerRitzCacceseRutzkySawitskyBock LMNDAJAG: Studies in pernicious anemia patients treated with liver extract and folic acid antagonists, Am. J. M. Sc. 218: 197-203, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar67. RickesBrinkKoniuszyWoodFolkers ELNGFRTRK: Crystalline vitamin B12 , Science 107: 396-397, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar68. West R: Activity of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia, Science 107: 398, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar69. Ungley CC: Vitamin B12 in pernicious anaemia: parenteral administration, Brit. M. J. 2: 1370-1377, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar70. MeyerSawitskyCohenKrimFadem LMABSMR: Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with vitamin B12 , Am. J. M. Sc. 220: 604-609, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar71. Smith EL: Purification of anti-pernicious anaemia factors from liver, Nature 161: 638-639, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar72. Shorb MS: Activity of vitamin B12 for the growth of Lactobacillus lactis , Science 107: 397-398, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar73. BrinkKuehlFolkers NGFAK: Vitamin B12: the identification of vitamin B12 as a cyano-cobalt coordination complex, Science 112: 354, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar74. PiercePageStokstadJukes AVACELTH: Crystallization of vitamin B12b , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 2952, 1949. CrossrefGoogle Scholar75. KaczkaWolfKuehlFolkers EADEFAK: Vitamin B12: reactions of cyano-cobalamin and related compounds, Science 112: 354-355, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar76. Whipple GH: Pigment metabolism and regeneration of hemoglobin in the body, Arch. Int. Med. 29: 711-731, 1922. CrossrefGoogle Scholar77. Peabody FW: The pathology of the bone marrow in pernicious anemia, Am. J. Path. 3: 179-202, 1927. MedlineGoogle Scholar78. DavidsonDavisInnes LSLJJ: The effect of liver therapy on erythropoiesis as observed by serial sternal punctures in twelve cases of pernicious anaemia, Quart. J. Med. 11: 19-27, 1942. Google Scholar79. CallenderLoutitJope STJFEM: Discussion on life and death of red blood corpuscle, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 39: 755-762, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar80. SingerKingRobin KJCS: The life span of the megalocyte and the hemolytic syndrome of pernicious anemia, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 33: 1068-1076, 1948. MedlineGoogle Scholar81. DobrinerRhoads KCP: Metabolism of blood pigments in pernicious anemia, J. Clin. Investigation 17: 95-103, 1938. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar82. LondonWest IR: The formation of bile pigment in pernicious anemia, J. Biol. Chem. 184: 359-364, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Boston, Massachusetts*Delivered in part at the Thirty-first Annual Session of the American College of Physicians, Boston, Massachusetts, April 18, 1950. Received for publication January 24, 1951.From the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, the Second and Fourth Medical Services (Harvard), Boston City Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byIdentification of a 4-base deletion in the gene in inherited intrinsic factor deficiencyGastrin, Age and the Gastric Mucosa*Funikuläre SpinalerkrankungDie physiologische Chemie der inneren Sekretion�ber die therapeutische Bedeutung der verschiedenen Formen des Vitamin B12Prolonged treatment of pernicious anemia with vitamin B12Relationship of Glandular Mucoprotein from Human Gastric Juice to Castle's Intrinsic Antianemic FactorPernicious Anemia and Multivitamin Preparations 1 May 1951Volume 34, Issue 5Page: 1093-1106KeywordsEtiologyGratitudeHospital medicineMedical servicesMemoryPernicious anemiaResearch laboratories ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1951 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright, 1951, by The American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...

Referência(s)