Characterization of Polymers
2005; American Chemical Society; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1002/9783527627219.ch3
ISSN1520-5835
Autores Tópico(s)Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
ResumoChapter 3 Characterization of Polymers Hans-Georg Elias, Hans-Georg EliasSearch for more papers by this author Hans-Georg Elias, Hans-Georg EliasSearch for more papers by this author Hans-Georg Elias, Hans-Georg EliasSearch for more papers by this author Book Author(s):Hans-Georg Elias, Hans-Georg EliasSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 October 2005 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527627219.ch3 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Organic chemists often view synthetic macromolecules as uncomplicated chemical compounds that consist of monotonous arrays of simple monomelic units. Polymers used as plastics, elastomers, and fibers do indeed have such uncomplicated structures because they are derived from simple monomers that result directly or indirectly from products obtained from fossil hydrocarbons. The biosynthesis of enzymes and nucleic acids, possibly also of native polysaccharides, results in molecularly uniform polymers with macromolecules of the same constitution and molar mass. Synthetic polymers and many other natural polymers are however non-uniform with regard to the degree of polymerization of their molecules. Molar mass distributions can be determined by many methods. Mass spectroscopy and sedimentation equilibrium are absolute methods that need no calibration. The viscometry of dilute polymer solutions delivers quantities that can be correlated with the molar mass of the polymer. Literature to Chapter 3 3.1 INTRODUCTION: Nomenclature, Comprehensive Works Google Scholar IUPAC, Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell, London 1991 ("Purple Book") Google Scholar G. Allen, J.C. Bevington, Eds., Comprehensive Polymer Science; C. Booth, C. Price, Eds., vol. 1, Polymer Characterization, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1989 Google Scholar 3.1 INTRODUCTION: General Analytical Methods Google Scholar J.Urbanski, W.Czerwinski, K.Janicka, F.Majewska, H.Zowall, Handbook of Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Plastics, Wiley, New York 1977 Google Scholar L.S. Bark, N.S. Allen, Eds., Analysis of Polymer Systems, Appl.Sci.Publ., Barking, Essex 1982 Google Scholar J. Mitchell, Ed., Applied Polymer Analysis and Characterization, Hanser, Munich 1987 Google Scholar E.Schröder, G.Müller, K.-F.Arndt, Polymer Characterization, Hanser, Munich 1989 Google Scholar T.R.Crompton, Analysis of Polymers, Pergamon, Oxford 1989 Google Scholar J.R.White, D.Campbell, Polymer Characterization. Physical Techniques, Chapman and Hall, New York 1989 Google Scholar J.I. Kroschwitz, Ed., Polymers: Characterization and Analysis, Wiley, New York 1990 (reprints of contributions to Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering) Google Scholar H.G. Barth, J.W. Mays, Eds., Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization, Wiley, New York 1991 Google Scholar B.J. Hunt, M.I. James, Eds., Polymer Characterisation, Blackie Academic, Glasgow 1993 10.1007/978-94-011-2160-6 Google Scholar R.A.Pethrick, J.V.Dawkins, Modern Techniques for Polymer Characterisation, Wiley, London 1999 Google Scholar B.Stuart, Polymer Analysis, Wiley, New York 2002 Google Scholar R.F. Brady, Ed., Comprehensive Desk Reference of Polymer Characterization and Analysis, ACS Books, Washington (DC) 2003 Google Scholar 3.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: Special Methods Google Scholar Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Google Scholar W.Klöpffer, Introduction to Polymer Spectroscopy, Springer, Berlin 1984 10.1007/978-3-642-69373-1 Google Scholar R.A.Nyquist, The Infrared Building Blocks of Polymers, Sadtler, Philadelphia 1989 Google Scholar D.I.Bower, W.F.Maddams, The Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989 10.1017/CBO9780511623189 Google Scholar D.O.Hummel, Atlas of Polymer and Plastics Analysis, VCH, Weinheim, 3rd ed., 4 vols. 1991–2000 Web of Science®Google Scholar P.J.Hendra, J.K.Agbenyega, The Raman Spectra of Polymers, Rapra Technol., Shawbury (UK) 1993 Google Scholar M.Buback, H.P.Vögele, FT-NIR Atlas, Rapra Technol., Shawbury (UK) 1993 Google Scholar A.H. Fawcett, Ed., Polymer Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York 1996 Google Scholar G.Zerbi, H.W.Siesler, I.Noda, M.Tasumi, S.Krimm, Modern Polymer Spectroscopy, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1999 10.1002/9783527613922 Google Scholar J.L.Koenig, Spectroscopy of Polymers, Elsevier, New York 1999 10.1016/B978-044410031-3/50005-0 Google Scholar P.A.Mirau, A Practical Guide to Understanding the NMR of Polymers, Wiley, New York 2005 Google Scholar Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Google Scholar B.Ranby, J.F.Rabek, ESR Spectroscopy in Polymer Research, Springer, Berlin 1977 10.1007/978-3-642-66600-1 Google Scholar Q.T.Pham, R.Petiaud, H.Waton, Proton and Carbon NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers, Wiley, New York 1983 ( 2 vols.) Google Scholar R.A. Komoroski, Ed., High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers in Bulk, VCH, Weinheim 1986 Google Scholar R.R.Ernst, G.Bodenhausen, A.Wokann, Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in One and Two Dimensions, Oxford University Press, New York 1987 Web of Science®Google Scholar B.Schrader, Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, VCH, Weinheim 1995 10.1002/9783527615438 Google Scholar F.A.Bovey, P.A.Mirau, NMR of Polymers, Academic Press, San Diego 1997 Google Scholar I.Ando, T.Asakura, Solid State NMR of Polymers, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 1998 Google Scholar R.N. Ibett, Ed., NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers, Blackie Academic, London 1993 10.1007/978-94-011-2150-7 Google Scholar Gas Chromatography Google Scholar V.G.Berekin, V.R.Alishoyev, I.B.Nemiroskaya, Gas Chromatography of Polymers, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977 Google Scholar S.A.Liebman, E.J.Levy, Pyrolysis and GC in Polymer Analysis, Dekker, New York 1986 Google Scholar Other Chromatographic Methods Google Scholar H.Inagaki, Polymer Separation and Characterization by Thin-Layer Chromatography, Adv.Polym.Sci. 24 (1977) 189 10.1007/3-540-08124-0_4 CASGoogle Scholar J.Janca, Field-Flow Fractionation, Dekker, New York 1987 Google Scholar 3.2.2 END GROUP DETERMINATIONS Google Scholar S.R.Palit, B.M.Mandal, End-Group Studies Using Dye Techniques, J.Macromol.Sci.Rev. C 2 (1968) 225 CASGoogle Scholar R.G.Garmon, End Group Determinations, Techniques and Methods of Polymer Evaluation 4/1 (1975) 31 Google Scholar 3.3 MOLAR MASS DISTRIBUTIONS Google Scholar S.R.Rafikov, S.Pavlova, I.I.Tverdokhlebova, Determination of Molecular Weights and Polydispersity of High Polymers, Akad.Wiss.USSR, Moscow 1963; Israel Program of Scientific Translation, Jerusalem 1964 Google Scholar J.Aitchison, J.A.C.Brown, The Lognormal Distribution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1969 CASGoogle Scholar L.H.Peebles, Molecular Weight Distributions in Polymers, Interscience, New York 1971 Google Scholar H.-G.Elias, Polymolecularity and Polydispersity in Molecular Weight Determinations, Pure Appl.Chem. 43/1-2 (1975) 115 10.1351/pac197543010115 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar S.R.Holding, E.Meehan, Molecular Weight Characterization of Synthetic Polymers (Rapra Review Report), Plastics Design Library, Norwich (NY), 1997 Google Scholar 3.4.1 MASS SPECTROSCOPY Google Scholar G.Siuzdak, Mass Spectrometry for Biotechnology, Academic Press, London 1996 Google Scholar G.Montaudo, R.P.Lattimer, Mass Spectroscopy of Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL) 2002 Google Scholar H.Pasch, W.Schnepp, MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers, Springer, Berlin 2003 10.1007/978-3-662-05046-0 Google Scholar E.De Hoffmann, V.Stroobant, Mass Spectrometry. Principles and Applications, Wiley, Chichester, 2nd ed. 2002 Google Scholar J.H.Gross, Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook, Springer, Berlin 2004 10.1007/3-540-36756-X Google Scholar 3.4.2 SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY Google Scholar W.W.Yan, J.J.Kirkland, D.D.Bly, Modern Size-Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, Wiley, New York 1979 Google Scholar G.Glöckner, Polymercharakterisierung durch Flüssigkeitschromatographie, VEB Dtsch.Vlg.Wiss., Berlin 1980, Hüthig, Heidelberg 1982; Polymer Characterization by Liquid Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986 Google Scholar C.G.Smith, N.E.Skelly, C.D.Chow, R.A.Solomon, Chromatography: Polymers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1982 Google Scholar B.G.Belenkii, L.Z.Vilenchek, Modem Liquid Chromatography of Macromolecules, Elsevier, New York 1983 Google Scholar J. Janca, Ed., Steric Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers, Dekker, New York 1984 Google Scholar B.J. Hunt, S. Holding, Eds., Size Exclusion Chromatography, Blackie, Glasgow 1989; Chapman and Hall, New York 1990 Google Scholar C.S.Wu, Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography, Dekker, New York 1995 Google Scholar M.Potschka, Inverse Size Exclusion Chromatography and Universal Calibration, Macromol.Symp. 110 (1996) 121 10.1002/masy.19961100111 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar H.Pasch, B.Trathnigg, HPLC of Polymers, Springer, Berlin 1997 Google Scholar R.W.A. O1iver, Ed., HPLC of Macromolecules, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2nd ed. 1998 (biological macromolecules) Google Scholar S.Mori, H.G.Barth, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Springer, Heidelberg 1999 10.1007/978-3-662-03910-6 Google Scholar K.M. Gooding, F.E. Regnier, Eds., HPLC of Biological Macromolecules, Dekker, New York 2002 Google Scholar 3.5 MOLAR MASS AVERAGES Google Scholar H.-G.Elias, R.Bareiss, J.G.Watterson, Mittelwerte des Molekulargewichtes und anderer Eigenschaften, Adv.Polym.Sci.-Fortschr.Hochpolym.Forschg. 11 (1973) 111 10.1007/3-540-06054-5_12 CASGoogle Scholar R.E.Bareiss, Polymolecularity Correction Factors, in J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut, E. Grulke, Eds., Polymer Handbook, Wiley, New York, 4th ed. 1998 Google Scholar 3.5.7 DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASSES Google Scholar R.U.Bonner, M.Dimbat, F.H.Stross, Number Average Molecular Weights, Interscience, New York 1958 Google Scholar P.E.Slade, Jr., Polymer Molecular Weights, Dekker, NY 1975 ( 2 vols.) Google Scholar N.C.Billingham, Molar Mass Measurements in Polymer Science, Halsted Press, New York 1977 Google Scholar A.R. Cooper, Ed., Determination of Molecular Weight, Wiley 1990 Google Scholar A.K.Bledzki, T.Spychaj, Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen von hochmolekularen Stoffen, Hüthig und Wepf, Basel 1991 (Ubungsaufgaben) Google Scholar 3.6 VISCOMETRY Google Scholar M.Kurata, W.H.Stockmayer, Intrinsic Viscosities and Unperturbed Dimensions of Long Chain Molecules, Fortschr.Hochpolym.Forschg.-Adv.Polym.Sci. 3 (1961/64) 196 10.1007/BFb0050490 Google Scholar H.vanOene, Measurement of the Viscosity of Dilute Polymer Solutions, in Characterization of Macromolecular Structure, Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S., Publ. 1573, Washington (DC) 1968 Google Scholar H.Yamakawa, Modern Theory of Polymer Solutions, Harper and Row, New York 1971 Google Scholar M.Bohdanecky, J.Kovar, Viscosity of Polymer Solutions, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1982 Google Scholar R.E.Bareiss, Polymolecularity Correction Factors, in J. Brandrup, E.H. Immergut, E. Grulke, Eds., Polymer Handbook, Wiley, New York, 4th ed. 1998 Google Scholar W.-M.Kulicke, C.Clasen, Viscosimetry of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes, Springer, Heidelberg 2004 (laboratory handbook) 10.1007/978-3-662-10796-6 Google Scholar References to Chapter 3 Google Scholar H.-G.Elias, U.Gruber, Makromol.Chem. 86 (1965) 168, Table 2 10.1002/macp.1965.020860116 Web of Science®Google Scholar R.C.Beavis, B.T.Chait, Anal.Chem. 62 (1990) 1836, Fig. 2b 10.1021/ac00216a020 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar P.O.Danis, D.E.Karr, W.J.Simonsick, Jr., D.T.Wu, Macromolecules 28 (1995) 1229, Fig. 1 10.1021/ma00108a060 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar K.Rollins, J.H.Scrivens, MJ.Taylor, Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 4 (1990) 355 10.1002/rcm.1290040913 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar U.Bahr, A.Deppe, M.Karas, F.Hillenkamp, U.Giessmann, Anal.Chem. 64 (1992) 2866, Table I 10.1021/ac00046a036 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Z.Grubisic, P.Rempp, H.Benoit, J.Polym.Sci.-Polym.Lett. Ed. 5 (1967) 753, Table I 10.1002/pol.1967.110050903 CASGoogle Scholar A.L.Spatorico, J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 19 (1975) 1601, Table I 10.1002/app.1975.070190611 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar A.R.Cooper, E.M.Barrall, II, J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 17 (1973) 1253, Table III 10.1002/app.1973.070170419 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar P.Andrews, Biochem.J. 91 (1964) 222, Tables 1 and 3 10.1042/bj0910222 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar R.D.Hester, P.H.Mitchell, J.Polym.Sci.-Polym.Chem.Ed. 18 (1980) 1767 10.1002/pol.1980.170180608 Web of Science®Google Scholar A.L.Spatorico, G.L.Beyer, J.Appl.Polym.Sci. 19 (1975) 2933, Tables I and IV 10.1002/app.1975.070191101 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar H.-G.Elias, R.Bareiss, J.W.Watterson, Adv.Polym.Sci. 11 (1973) 111, Fig. 4 (modified) 10.1007/3-540-06054-5_12 CASGoogle Scholar D.J.Streeter, R.F.Boyer, Ind.Eng.Chem. 43 (1951) 1790, Table I 10.1021/ie50500a032 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar D.T.F.Pals, J.J.Hermans, Rec.Trav. 71 (1952) 433, Table I 10.1002/recl.19520710504 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar R.E.Bareiss, Polymolecularity Correction Factors, in J. Brandrup, E. Immergut, E.A. Grulke, Eds., Polymer Handbook, Wiley-Interscience, New York 1999, p. VIII/215 (amended) Google Scholar F.Abe, Y.Einaga, H.Yamakawa, Macromolecules 26 (1993) 1891, Tables I and III 10.1021/ma00060a015 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar H.Murakami, T.Norisuye, H.Fujita, Macromolecules 13 (1980) 345, Tables I and II 10.1021/ma60074a026 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar N.Donkai, H.Inagaki, K.Kajiwara, H.Urakawa, M.Schmidt, Makromol. Chem. 186 (1985) 2623, Table 1 10.1002/macp.1985.021861223 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar R.Kuhn, H.Krömer, G.Rossmanith, Angew.Makromol.Chem. 40/41 (1974) 361, Fig. 3 10.1002/apmc.1974.050400117 Web of Science®Google Scholar P.R.Dvornic, S.Uppuluri, in J.M.J. Fréchet, D.A.Tomalia, Eds., Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, Wiley, New York 2001; S.Uppuluri, Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University, Houghton (MI), 1997 Google Scholar T.H.Mourey, S.R.Turner, M.Rubinstein, J.M.J.Fréchet, C.J.Hawker, K.L.Wooley, Macromolecules 25 (1992) 2401, Table I, SEC data of P2 10.1021/ma00035a017 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar S.M.Aharoni, N.S.Murthy, Polym.Commun. 24 (1983) 132, recalculated from Table 1 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar R.S.Turner, B.I.Voit, T.H.Mourey, Macromolecules 26 (1993) 4617, Table II 10.1021/ma00069a031 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Macromolecules: Volume 1: Chemical Structures and Syntheses ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)