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Un « gouvernement des journalistes par le Pouvoir politique » par défaut ?

2013; Université libre de Bruxelles; Volume: 2; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Francês

10.13140/2.1.2160.8325

2295-0729

Matthieu Lardeau,

Political and Social Issues

Cet article presente les interactions de deux mouvements concomitants apparus principalement dans les decennies 1950 a 1970 dans le champ de la presse francaise : d’un cote les initiatives – consecutives a la demarche pionniere, en 1951, de creation de la premiere Societe des journalistes (SDJ) au sein du Monde – menees par les journalistes de redactions de quotidiens pour creer des SDJ dont la destination peut aller jusqu’a gouverner les journaux; de l’autre cote, les « reponses » apportees par les Pouvoirs politique et public pour contenir ces initiatives visant a etendre le pouvoir des journalistes dans la gestion et la gouvernance de leurs journaux. Cette etude exploratoire repose principalement sur l’analyse de deux types de litterature, souvent deconsideres ou negliges par le champ academique, en depit de leur grande richesse : (1) la litterature professionnelle, ayant pour principaux auteurs les journalistes et managers de presse (Perier Daville, Boegner, Pigasse, etc.), florissante depuis 1944 et singulierement durant les decennies 1960 et 1970 ; (2) la litterature grise constituee notamment par des rapports publics rediges par des institutions comme les services du Premier ministre (commissions Lindon de 1970 et Serise de 1972), le Conseil economique et social, etc. Nos principaux resultats montrent que les propositions ou actions menees par les journalistes (1) restent le plus souvent inexploitees in concreto par les journalistes eux-memes; (2) entrent le plus souvent en opposition avec les politiques de nouveaux actionnaires ou directions de journaux et avec les projets des autorites politiques et publiques qui cherchent a encadrer l’autonomie de la profession journalistique pour mieux gouverner celle-ci ; (3) combien in fine les representants des differents acteurs impliques s’accordent pour contenir l’emergence d’un « gouvernement des journalistes » par les journalistes au profit d’un gouvernement indirect – ou par defaut – des journalistes par les autorites publiques. This paper aims to discuss the interactions between two concomitant phenomena that tagged the 1950s to 1970s French press: on the one hand, the movement initiated in 1951 at Le Monde and pursued by dailies’ journalists to develop and implement journalists’ associations (“Societe de journalistes” or “Societe de redacteurs”) inside the newsroom to run – on their own or in association with newspaper management – newsrooms and newspapers (editorial content, and business policy to some extent); and, on the other hand, the responses to this growing movement by public authorities (both political and administrative) who aimee to contain the demands for more independence and power by journalists. This exploratory study is based on the analysis of two kinds of literature too often neglected by academics despite their great richness: (1) professional literature mainly authored by journalists involved in management duties, and managers of printing presses (Perier Daville, Boegner, Pigasse, etc.), a flourishing literature since 1944, and more particularly during the 1960s and 1970s; (2) the grey literature that encompasses public reports like those produced by the Prime Minister’s Office (Lindon (1970) and Serise (1972) commissions), and the Conseil economique et social, etc. Our main results show that propositions and actions advanced by journalists and members of the news media: (1) remain largely unexploited by the profession and political authorities despite their innovation and effectiveness; (2) are regularly contained or blocked by political and public authorities who intend to maintain their ruling power over the press and journalism; (3) and that journalism-representative organizations and dominant journalists invariably uphold containment positions to limit journalists’ empowerment in management and newspaper governance. Consequently, most journalistic representatives agree - politics govern their profession. Este artigo pretende apresentar as interacoes entre dois movimentos paralelos, que surgiram essencialmente durante os anos de 1950 a 1970, no universo da imprensa francesa. O primeiro foi iniciado pelos jornalistas da imprensa periodica, no sentido de criar associacoes de profissionais – designadas “Societes de Journalistes” (SDJ’s) – no seio das redacoes, no intuito de governar – sozinhos ou em parceria com a administracao do veiculo – redacoes e jornais (o conteudo editorial e, ate certo ponto, a planificacao orcamental). A iniciativa pioneira e do diario Le Monde, em 1951. O segundo movimento diz respeito as reacoes por parte dos poderes politicos com o objetivo de conter essas iniciativas, que visam uma ampliacao do poder dos jornalistas na gestao e na governanca das suas proprias publicacoes. O presente estudo baseia-se principalmente na analise de dois tipos de literatura, frequentemente negligenciados pelo mundo academico, apesar de sua grande riqueza: (1) a literatura profissional, que tem como principais autores jornalistas e gestores de imprensa (Perier Daville, Boegner, Pigasse, entre outros), muito popular desde 1944 e especialmente durante as decadas de 1960 e 1970; (2) a literatura cinzenta, constituida principalmente por relatorios publicos redigidos por instituicoes, como os servicos do primeiro-ministro (comissoes Lindon 1970 e Serise 1972) e do Conselho Economico e Social. Os nossos principais resultados mostram: (1) que as propostas feitas pelos jornalistas e pelos profissionais da comunicacao em geral, apesar da sua inovacao e eficacia, permanecem inexploradas pelas autoridades profissionais e politicas; (2) que as propostas dos jornalistas feitas no sentido de aumentar a sua autonomia e poder nas redacoes e nos jornais sao sistematicamente bloqueadas pelas autoridades publicas e politicas, as quais tentam conservar o seu poder regulador sobre a imprensa e o jornalismo; (3) em ultima analise, que os representantes dos diferentes atores envolvidos interferem para conter a emergencia de um “governo dos jornalistas” pelos jornalistas em favor de um governo indireto – ou padrao - pelas autoridades publicas.