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A Complicated Kindness: The Iowa Famine Relief Movement and the Myth of Midwestern (and American) Isolationism

2011; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 73; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00298.x

1540-6563

Jeff Bloodworth,

American History and Culture

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Jeff Bloodworth is an assistant professor of history at Gannon University (Erie, PA). The author extends his kindest thanks to the peer reviewers for their keen insights.NotesJeff Bloodworth is an assistant professor of history at Gannon University (Erie, PA). The author extends his kindest thanks to the peer reviewers for their keen insights.1. Letter from Andrew White to Benjamin Tillinghast (28 December 1892), Benjamin Franklin Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 2, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa. [From here indicated as: Tillinghast Papers Box 2, Folder 2.]2. “Charity Begins At Home,”New York Times, 22 January 1893, 13; “Miss Barton Talks Sense,”Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 21 January 1893, Clara Barton Papers, Reel 83, File “Russia Newspaper Clippings, December 1891–December 1892,” Library of Congress, Washington, DC. [From here indicated as: Barton Papers, Reel 83, File “Russia Newspaper Clippings, December 1891‐December 1892.”]3. “A Red Cross Sanctuary,”New York Times, 20 March 1893, 3; “A Gift to the Red Cross,”New York Times, 23 February 1893, 10.4. “A Gift to the Red Cross,”New York Times, 23 February 1893, 10.5. Justus Doenecke, “The Strange Career of American Isolationism,” Peace and Change 3, 1975, 79–83: 79; David Hendrickson, Union, Nation, or Empire, Lawrence, KS: Kansas UP, 2009, 360–1; Ronald Powaski, Toward An Entangling Alliance, Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1991, xi–xii; Sondra Herman, “Internationalism as a Current in the Peace Movement: A Symposium,” in Charles Chatfield, ed., Peace Movements in America, New York: Schocken Books, 1973, 174–5; Hans Morgenthau, In Defense of the National Interest, New York: Knopf, 1951, 4.6. Robert Griffith, “Old Progressives and the Cold War,” Journal of American History 2, 334–7: 336.7. By 1900, nearly 80 percent of male voters in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota were either foreign born or children of immigrant parents, see Ray Allen Billington, “The Origins of Middle Western Isolationism,” Political Science Quarterly 1, 44–64: 44, 53; Robert Wilkins, “The Nonpartisan League and Upper Midwest Isolationism,” Agricultural History 2, 102–9: 109; Tor Egil Forland, “Bringing It all Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist,” Journal of American Studies 3, 1992, 337–55: 344–5; Walter McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1997, 40–1.8. Margo Jefferson, “The American Way of Class, A Game of Self‐Delusion,”New York Times, 31 March 1999, 2E; Steve Lohr, “Forget Peoria. It's Now: ‘Will It Play in Tulsa?,’”New York Times, 1 June 1992, 1A; James McCormick, “Isolationism,” in Richard Sisson, Christian Zacher, and Andrew Cayton, eds., The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 2006, 1675–6.9. Richard Leopold, “The Mississippi Valley and American Foreign Policy,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4, 1951, 625–42: 626; Wayne Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations, Minneapolis, MN: UP of Minnesota, 1962, 7; Glen Smith, Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959, New York: Garland, 1979, 212–13; Ralph Smuckler, “The Region of Isolationism,” American Political Science Review 2, 1953, 386–401; Billington, “The Origins.”10. George Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776, New York: Oxford UP, 2008, 1, 482; Frank Ninkovich, The Wilsonian Century: U.S. Foreign Policy Since 1900, Chicago: UP of Chicago, 1999, 20; Cole, Senator.11. Richard G. Robbins, Famine in Russia, 1891–1892, New York: Columbia UP, 1975, 2.12. Walter McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter With the World Since 1776, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997, 40–1.13. McDougall, Promised Land, 120–1.14. Alan Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2003, 14–16, 107–8.15. Tami Davis & Sean Lynn‐jones, “Citty Upon a Hill,” Foreign Policy 66, 1987, 20–38: 20; Richard Gamble, The War for Righteousness: Progressive Christianity, the Great War, and the Rise of the Messianic, Wilmington, DE: Nation Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2003, 8, 9, 16–17; Herring, From Colony, 2.16. James Field, America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882, Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1963, 3, 7, 25; Bradford Perkins, “Interests, Values, and the Prism: The Sources of American Foreign Policy,” Journal of the Early Republic 4, 1994, 458–66: 466; Herring, From Colony, 2–3; Gamble, The War, 15.17. Ian Tyrrell, Transnational Nation: The United States in Global Perspective Since 1789, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 3.18. Tyrrell, Transnational Nation, 3.19. Ian Tyrrell, Reforming the World: The Creation of America's Moral Empire, Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2010.20. See for example Nancy Cassels, “Bentinck: Humanitarian and Imperialist: The Abolition of the Suttee,” The Journal of British Studies 1, 1965, 77–87; Peter Marsh, “Lord Salisbury and the Ottoman Massacres,” The Journal of British Studies 2, May 1972, 63–83; Gary Bass, Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention, New York: Knopf, 2008, 7; Geoffrey Robertson, Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice, New York: New Press, 2000, 12–13.21. Douglas Maynard, “Reform and the Origin of the International Organization Movement,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3, 1963, 220–31: 220; Bass, Freedom's Battle, 8, 22–3.22. Bass, Freedom's Battle, 316; Elizabeth Pryor, Clara Barton: Professional Angel, Philadelphia: UP of Pennsylvania, 1988, 315–17; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso Editions, 1983; Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response, New York: Harper Collins, 2003, 126.23. Tyrrell, Reforming the World, 99.24. Caroline Moorehead, Dunant's Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross, New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999, 8; Ira Rutkow, James A. Garfield, New York: Times Books, 2006, 73–4; John Rollins, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 1817–1885: The Politics and Diplomacy of Stewardship, unpubl. PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1974, 358–61; Pryor, Clara Barton, 207–9; “What is the Red Cross?,” Barton Papers, Reel 68, Folder “International Red Cross Conferences: Sixth International Red Cross Conference, Vienna, Austria, Sept., 1897–97.”25. Pryor, Professional Angel, 263–6; Bass, Freedom's Battle, 28; Moorhead, Dunant's Dream, 96–8; B. F. Tillinghast, “A Far‐Reaching Charity,”The Midland Monthly, April–May 1894, 325–39; William Barton, The Life of Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922, 271; “Speech by William Jennings Bryan,” Extract from House Proceedings, William McKinley Papers, 6 January 1892, Reel 81, Series IV, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.26. Marian Moser Jones, “Confronting Calamity: The American Red Cross and the Politics of Disaster Relief, 1881–1939,” unpubl. PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 2008, 80–1.27. Ibid.28. Jones, “Confronting Calamity,” 113–22.29. A collection of four towns, Davenport and Bettendorf, Iowa, and Moline and Rock Island, Illinois, that are situated upon the Mississippi River in eastern Iowa and western Illinois.30. B. F. Tillinghast, “Former Editor of Democrat, Dies; Active Figure 30 Years Ago,”Davenport Democrat, 12 January 1937 (evening edition), 2; J. E. Calkins, “Reminiscences of the Late B. F. Tillinghast: Many Years Managing Editor of The Democrat,”Davenport Democrat & Leader, 24 January 1937, 15; Henry Borzo, “A Chapter in Iowa‐Russian Relations,” Annals of Iowa 8, 1959, 561–95: 571; “Tillinghast Address on Clara Barton,” Barton Papers, Reel 62, Folder “Tillinghast March 1890–May 1904.”31. “B. F. Tillinghast, “Former Editor of Democrat, Dies; Active Figure 30 Years Ago,”Davenport Democrat, 12 January 1937, (evening edition), 2; J. E. Calkins, “Reminiscences of the Late B. F. Tillinghast: Many Years Managing Editor of The Democrat,”Davenport Democrat & Leader, 24 January 1937, 15; Borzo, “Chapter,” 571; “Tillinghast on Clara Barton Address,” Barton Papers, Reel 62, Folder “Tillinghast March 1890–May 1904.”32. Leslie Butler, Critical Americans: Victorian Intellectuals and Transatlantic Liberal Reform, Chapel Hill, NC: U. of North Carolina P., 2007, 5.33. Frank Ninkovich, The Cultural Foundation of American Internationalism, 1865–1890, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2009, 21.34. Ninkovich, Global Dawn, 21.35. John Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996, 106.36. Jones, “Confronting Calamity,” 74.37. Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream, New York: Hill & Wang, 1982, 6, 7.38. Rosenberg, Spreading, 19–23.39. David Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development, Cambridge: UP of Harvard, 2003, 42–43.40. Norman Saul, Concord and Conflict The United States and Russia, 1867–1914, Lawrence, KS: UP of Kansas, 1996, 311–12, 328–9; Frederick Travis, George Kennan and the American‐Russian Relationship, 1865–1924, Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 1990, 79–82.41. He is sometimes dubbed “the elder” George Kennan to distinguish him from his more famous nephew George F. Kennan, the Cold‐War diplomat and historian.42. Travis, George Kennan, 83–84, 114, 117.43. George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols, New York: The Century Company, 1891; Travis, George Kennan, 111.44. Engerman, Modernization, 42–3; Saul, Concord, 339.45. Tyrrell, Reforming the World, 102.46. Richard Robbins, Famine in Russia: The Imperial Government Responds to a Crisis, New York: Columbia UP, 1975, 2; “Foreign Grain Outlook,”Davenport Democrat, 19 August 1891, 3.47. James Simms, “The Crop Failure of 1891: Soil Exhaustion, Technological Backwardness, and Russia's ‘Agrarian Crisis’,” Slavic Review 2, 1982, 236–50: 237–8; Harold Smith, “Bread for the Russians: William C. Edgar and the Relief Campaign of 1892,” Minnesota History 2, 1970, 54–62: 60.48. “Russia Facing Famine,”New York Times, 13 July 1891, 6.49. Robbins, Famine, 171–4; Engerman, Modernization, 43.50. “Russia's Dire Distress,”New York Times, 12 December 1891, 1; “Distress not Exaggerated,”New York Times, 7 January 1892, 2.51. “The Czar is O.K.,”The Minneapolis Journal, 6 May 1892, 1; Famine Faced in Russia,”New York Times, 30 August 1891, 16; A. N. Wilson, Tolstoy: A Biography, New York: Norton, 2001, 400–1.52. “Desperation in Russia,”New York Times, 19 December 1891, 1.53. Ibid.; “Russia's Growing Distress,”New York Times, 7 November 1891, 2.54. Wilson, Tolstoy, 401; Henri Troyat, Tolstoy, London: Grove Press, 2001, 495–6; “Russia's Misery: Described by Tolstoi,” Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russian Newspapers, December 1891–December 1892”; “The Awful Truth,” Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia November 1891–May 1892”; “We Can Keep the Flour,” newspaper article, Tillinghast Papers Box 2, Folder 6; “Count Tolstoy And the Famine,”New York Times, 1 March 1892, 4.55. Benjamin Franklin Tillinghast, “Iowa Corn for Russians,” eds John Ely Briggs and Ruth Gallaher, The Palimpsest 26, 1945, 47–65: 49.56. Simms, “Crop Failure.”57. H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s, Chicago: UP of Chicago, 2002, 178–9.58. Brands, Reckless Decade, 184.59. William Holmes, “Populism in Search of Context,” Agricultural History 4, 1990, 26–58: 39; John D. Hicks, “The Persistence of Populism,” Minnesota History 1, 1931, 3–20: 3.60. “Secretary Rusk's Report,”New York Times, 9 November 1891, 5.61. “Rusk's Report,”The Davenport Daily Times, 9 November 1891, 1A; “Blessings of a Surplus,”Davenport Democrat, 29 September 1891, 2.62. “Desperation in Russia,”New York Times, 19 December 1891, 1; Borzo, “Chapter,” 571.63. George McMichael, Journey to Obscurity; the Life of Octave Thanet, Lincoln, NE: Nebraska UP, 1965, 127; James Simms, “Impact of Russian Famine, 1891–92, Upon the United States,” Mid-America 3, 1978, 171–84: 172.64. Letter by A. Greger to James Blaine, 16 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 1; “The Imperial Minister and His First Secretary,”Davenport Democrat, 10 April 1892, 2; Harold Smith, “Bread for the Russians: William C. Edgar and the Relief Campaign of 1892,”Minnesota History, Summer 1970, 54–62: 55–6.65. Saul, Concord, 341–2.66. “An Appeal to the People of Minnesota!,” Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 1; Letter by William Edgar to Horace Boies, 24 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 1.67. Letter by William Edgar to Tillinghast, 21 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers Box 1, Folder 1; J. E. Calkins, “Reminiscences of the Late B. F. Tillinghast, Many Years Managing Editor of The Democrat,”Davenport Democrat & Leader, 24 January 1937, 15.68. Tillinghast, “Iowa Corn,” 53; Borzo, “Chapter,” 565.69. Borzo, “Chapter,” 568.70. “They Call it Murphy‐Brod,”New York Times, 26 June 1892, 17.71. “Famine Victims in Russia,”New York Times, 27 November 1891, 3.72. “Praying for Bread,”Chicago Tribune, preserved in Barton Papers, Reel 83, File “Russia Newspaper Clippings December 1891–December 1892”; “Iowa Feeds the Famishing,”Chicago Times, 2 April 1892, preserved in Barton Papers, Reel 83, F “Russian Newspapers, Dec. 1891–Dec. 1892.”73. Borzo, “Chapter,” 568.74. Ibid.75. Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 16 December 1891, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”76. Borzo, “Chapter,” 571.77. “Iowa Feeds the Famishing,”Chicago Times.78. “Russia's Winter Wheat Crop,”New York Times, 27 December 1891, 8; Borzo, “Chapter,” 594.79. William Edgar, The Story of a Grain of Wheat, New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1904, 12; Robert M. Frame, “Mills Machines and Millers: Minnesota Sources for Flour‐Milling Research,” Minnesota History 4, 1978, 152–62.80. Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 16 December 1891, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”81. Jeffrey Ostler, “Why the Populist Party Was Strong in Kansas and Nebraska but Weak in Iowa,” The Western Historical Quarterly 4, 1992, 451–74: 461; “Victory for Gov. Boies,”New York Times, 2 November 1891, 1.82. Jeff Ostler, Prairie Populism: The Fate of Agrarian Radicalism in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa, 1880–1892, Lawrence, KS: UP of Kansas, 1993, 169–171.83. “The Iowa Russian Famine Relief Committee,” 1 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers Box 1, Folder 3; Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 16 December 1891, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892”; Borzo, “Chapter,” 572; Robert Welch, “Horace Boies,”Leslie's Weekly, 31 March 1892, 146–7: 146; “Republican Candidates for the Democratic Presidential Nomination,”Leslie's Weekly, 19 May 1892, 260; “Iowa Corn and Money for the Starving,”Davenport Democrat, 23 December 1891, 2; “The Democratic State Central Committee,”The Oxford Mirror (Oxford Junction, IA), 28 January 1892, 1.84. “The Iowa Russian Famine Relief Committee,” 1 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 3.85. Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 20 December 1891, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia Correspondence March 1887–Jan. 1892”; Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 26 December 1891, Editorial Rooms Letter, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia Correspondence March 1887–Jan. 1892.”86. Letter by Tillinghast to Baron, 29 December 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia Correspondence March 1887–Jan. 1892”; Borzo, “Chapter,” 573–4; “Iowa Corn and Money for the Starving,”Davenport Democrat, 23 December 1891, 2; Letter by Alice French to Barton, 25 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”87. Letter by French to Barton, 25 January 1892; Letter by Tillinghast to J. B. Hubbell, 2 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892”; “Iowa Russian Famine Relief Committee,” Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia November 1891–May 1892”; Letter by Alice French to General Clover Bend, 3 March 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 8; “Free Lecture!” (flyer), Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 8; “Russian Famine Relief Committee Letter to the People of Allamakee County,” Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 8.88. Borzo, “Chapter,” 572; letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 23 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, File “Correspondence, March 1887–January 1892”; letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 16 December 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”89. Borzo, “Chapter,” 589.90. Letter by Tillinghast to FL Dows, 27 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 10.91. Letter by Jeremiah Rusk to Tillinghast, 29 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 2.92. Letter by Plymouth Roller Co. to Tillinghast, 28 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 2.93. Letter by William Edgar to Horace Boies, 24 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 1; letter by William Edgar to Tillinghast, 4 February 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 12; Borzo, “Chapter,” 582.94. Borzo, “Chapter,” 582; letter by Edgar to Tillinghast, 2 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, F “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”95. “Report from IWA to Governor Bois,” Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 5.96. Letter by Alice French to Clara Barton, 14 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, File “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892”; letter by Alice French to Barton, 13 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892”; letter by Alice French to Tillinghast, 3 March 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 18; Tillinghast, “Iowa Corn,” 56.97. “Minutes from Iowa Russian Famine Relief Commission Meeting,” 29 December 1891, Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 5; “Our Gift of Corn,” Barton Papers, Newspaper Reel 62, Folder “Tillinghast March 1890–May 1907.”98. Letter by Tillinghast to J. B. Hubbell, 2 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “March 1887–January 1892.”99. “Iowa Feeds the Famishing,”Chicago Times, 2 April 1892.100. Gerald Gilbert Govorchin, From Russia to America With Love: A Study of the Russian Immigrants in the United States, Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing, 1993, 45.101. Borzo, “Chapter,” 589.102. Letter by Tillinghast to Hubbell, 13 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”103. Borzo, “Chapter,” 585; letter by John Hoyt to The Democrat, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 19.104. Letter by Tillinghast to FL Dows, 27 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 10; Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 14 February 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence Russia Feb‐March 1892”; Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 8 March 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence Russia Feb‐March 1892”; “Governor's Proclamation [by] Gov. McKinley,” Clara Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia Correspondence, Feb–March 1892”; “Starving Russia” flyer by Francis Garrison, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 13; letter by Francis Garrison to Tillinghast, 4 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 4; “Proclamation From South Dakota Governor,” Tillinghast Papers Box 2, Folder 5.105. Letter by Irving Richardson to Tillinghast, 26 January 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 10.106. “That Wheat for Russia,”New York Times, 7 January 1892, 2; “The Russian Famine Relief,”The Tribune (Davenport, IA), 2 February 1892, 1; “The Impending Deficit,”New York Times, 8 January 1892, 4.107. Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 9 February 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence February–March 1892”; letter by Edgar to Tillinghast, 2 January 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892.”108. Letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 8 February 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence February–March 1892”; letter by Tillinghast to Barton, 31 January 1892, Barton Papers Reel 83, Folder “Correspondence March 1887–January 1892”; Borzo, “Chapter,” 583–4.109. Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad: A History, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1963, 114; “Another Cargo for Russia,”New York Times, 21 April 1892, 8; Clara Barton, The Red Cross, A History of this Remarkable International Movement in the Interest of Humanity: A Vivid and Authoritative Account of Relief from Suffering by War, Pestilence, Famine, Flood, Fires and other National Calamities, Washington, DC: American National Red Cross, 1898, 178; Francis Reeves, Russia Then and Now, 1892–1917: My Mission to Russia During the Famine of 1891–1892, With Data Bearing Upon Russia of Today, New York: Putnam, 1917; Final Report of the Russian Famine Relief Commission to the Governor of the State of Iowa, 1 June 1892, Davenport: The Democrat Company Printers, 1892; John Hoyt, Report of the Russian Famine Relief Committee of the United States, Washington, DC, 1893, 1; Pryor, Professional Angel, 270; “Generous Railroads,” 3 February 1892, Barton Papers, Reel 83, Folder “Russia November 1891–May 1892.”110. Letter by Barton to Tillinghast, 8 February 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 13.111. “Gratitude of Russia,”New York Times, 21 March 1892, 4; “New York's Relief Ship,”New York Times, 29 March 1892, 5.112. “Help for the Russians,”New York Times, 8 March 1892, 9; “Iowa's Cargo Afloat,”Davenport Democrat, 2 May 1892, 1; “Iowa Russian Famine Relief Committee,” 9 February 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 1, Folder 14; “Awaiting the Order,”Davenport Daily Leader, 2 February 1892, 1.113. “The Order Has Come,”Davenport Daily Leader, 11 February 1892, 3.114. “Iowa Feeds the Famishing,”Chicago Times.115. “Iowa's Cargo Afloat,”The Davenport Democrat, 2 May 1892, 1; Borzo, “Chapter,” 591 and 593; “Iowa Feeds the Famishing,”Chicago Times.116. “Iowa's Cargo Afloat,”The Davenport Democrat, 2 May 1892, 1; “Fourth Cargo For Russia,”New York Times, 3 May 1892, 8.117. Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad, 113, 117; Barton, Red Cross, 178; “Our Gift of Corn,” Barton Papers, Reel 62, Folder “Tillinghast March 1890–May 1907”; “Iowa's Cargo Afloat,”Davenport Democrat, 2 May 1892 (evening edition), 1.118. “The Imperial Minister and His First Secretary,”Davenport Democrat, 10 April 1892, 2.119. Tillinghast, “Iowa Corn,” 62; in addition to the Tynehead's famine relief, Iowa corn continued to filter into Russia in a successive vessel bringing the Hawkeye State's food donations to approximately 7 million pounds (see Tillinghast, Palimpsest, 62). The sixteen “famine” provinces were: Kazan, Simbirsk, Perm, Saratov, Samara, Riazan, Tambov, Orel, Tula, Smolensk, Ufa, Nizhnyi Novgorod, Kharkov, Orenburg, Voronezh, and Peuza.120. Letter by Barton to Oscar Filkins, 15 May 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 3.121. Letter by Barton to Tillinghast, 19 May 1892, Tillinghast Papers, Box 2, Folder 3.122. McDougall, Promised Land, 40–1.123. Justus Doenecke, “The Strange Career of American Isolationism,” Peace and Change 3, 1975, 79; David Hendrickson, Union, Nation, or Empire, Lawrence, KS: UP of Kansas, 2009, 360–1; Ronald Powaski, Toward An Entangling Alliance, Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1991, xi–xii. Mid‐century historians such as Charles Chatfield declared that “no prominent [nineteenth century] American c[ould] be meaningfully described as [an] internationalist” and Hans Morgenthau calling the whole era an “intellectual, barren . . . political desert,” and in this vein nineteenth‐century isolationism has become a truism (see Sondra Herman, “Internationalism as a Current in the Peace Movement: A Symposium,” in Charles Chatfield, ed., Peace Movements in America, New York, Schocken Books, 1973, 174–5; Hans Morgenthau, In Defense of the National Interest, New York: Knopf, 1951, 4).