Uncertain Fates: Allied Soldiers at the Miranda De Ebro Concentration Camp
2014; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 76; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/hisn.12026
ISSN1540-6563
AutoresMatilde Eiroa San Francisco, Concha Pallarés,
Tópico(s)Spanish History and Politics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. From the extensive number of scholarly works of recent vintage, the following might be consulted: Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth‐Century Spain, London: Taylor & Francis, 2012; Joan Llarch, Campos de concentración en la España de Franco, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 1978; José Manuel Monago, El campo de concentración de Nanclares de la Oca, 1940–1947, Vitoria: Taylor & Francis, 1998; Javier Rodrigo, Los campos de concentración franquistas. Entre la Historia y la Memoria, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2003; Javier Rodrigo, Cautivos, campos de concentración en la España franquista, 1936–1947, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 2005; Carme Molinero and others (eds.), Una inmensa prisión. Los campos de concentración y las prisiones durante la guerra civil y el franquismo, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis 2003; José Ángel fernández, Historia del campo de concentración de Miranda de Ebro, 1940–1947, Miranda de Ebro: Taylor & Francis, 2003; Ángeles Egido and Matilde Eiroa, eds, “Los campos de concentración franquistas en el contexto europeo,” Ayer 1, 2005, 11–24; Jon Barriuso, “Camps de Concentració i Unitats Disciplinàries de Treballadors a l'Espanya de Franco,” Revista Electrónica del Departament d'Història Moderna i Contemporània, available at http://seneca.uab.es/hmic, accessed 27 november 2012; Adrián Blas, Campo de Gusen. El cementerio de los republicanos españoles, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2010; Felip Solé and Gregory Tuban, Camp d'Argeles (1939–1942), Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 2010; Concha Pallarés, “Desplazados y refugiados políticos en España, 1940–1947. El papel de las embajadas,” unpubl. Ph.D. diss., Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2009; José Ramón González, “Prisioneros del miedo y control social: El campo de concentración de Castuera,” Hispania Nova 6, 2006, available at: http://hispanianova.rediris.es/6/dossier/6d004.pdf, accessed 2 December 2012.2. Robert Belot, Aux frontiers de la liberté, S'évader de France sous l'occupation, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1998; Patricia Bes, Historie et mémoire de évasions vers l'Espagne sous l'occupation (1940–1944), Toulouse: Taylor & Francis, 2001; Emilienne Eychenne, Pyréneés de la liberté. Les évasions par l'Espagne 1939–1945, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1998; Ciryl Penna, Escape and Evasion, London: Taylor & Francis, 1987. Some key memoirs include Michael Foot and J. L. Langley, Escape and Evasion. 1939–1945, London: Taylor & Francis, 1979; The Earl of Cardigan, I Walked Alone: An Escape Through France in 1940, London: Taylor & Francis, 1950; John Thomas, No Banners: The Fabulous Story of the Legendary Newton Twins Who Waged a Private War against the Nazis, London: Taylor & Francis, 1955; Sherrie G. Ottis, Silent Heroes: Downed Airmen and the French Underground, Lexington, KY: Taylor & Francis, 2001; Vincent Brome, The Way Back, London: Taylor & Francis, 1958; Pierre Sandahl, Miranda ou l'evasion par l'Espagne, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1945; Marcel Vivé, Les évadés de France a travers l'Espagne, guerre 1939–1945, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1998; Albert Pauly, Du Perron a Picadilly, Bruxelles: Taylor & Francis, 1965; Andre Pechereau, Les vendanges de Miranda: Temoignage, 1940–1944, París: Taylor & Francis, 1983.3. An example of the investigation of military documents is Francisco J. López, “Fondos documentales conservados en el Archivo General Militar de Guadalajara,” Cuadernos Republicanos 55, 2003, 85–100; Francisco J. López, “Las fuentes: los archivos militares,” in Ayer 1, 2005, 27–49.4. It is impossible to list all books about the topic of Franco and Hitler's relationship during the Second World War here, but mention should be made of some of the more recent English works: Wayne H. Bowen, Spain during World War II, Columbia, MO: Taylor & Francis, 2006; David Wingeate Pike, Franco and the Axis Stigma, Houndmills: Taylor & Francis, 2008; Stanley Payne, Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II, New Haven, CT: Taylor & Francis, 2009. See also Massimiliano Guderzo, Madrid e l'arte della diplomazia. L'incognita spagnola nella seconda guerra mondiale, Firenze: Taylor & Francis, 1995.5. Details and statistics on population movement can be found in Eugene M. Kulischer, Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917–1947, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1948. Malcolm J. Proudfoot, European Refugees, 1939–1952: A Study in Forced Population Movement, London: Taylor & Francis, 1957; Michael R. Marrus, The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century, Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis, 2002.6. See Arxiu Historic Girona [from here: AHG], Govern Civil, File number 254, Bordiers Files (1940–1942).7. Some examples can be found at The [British] National Archives, Foreign Office, Kew, Surrey, files 371/49600.8. AHG, Bordiers Files, 1940–1942, File number 254. Varian Fry, Surrender or Demand, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1997.9. Francis H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Cambridge: Taylor & Francis, 1990; Michael Alpert, “Operaciones secretas inglesas en España durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial,” Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie V: Historia Contemporánea, vol. 15, 2002, 455–472.10. Jean Fosty, “Réseaux belges,” Cahiers d'histoire de la Seconde Guèrre Mondiale 2, 1972, 79–111; Colonel Rémy, Le refus. Mémoires d'un agent secret de la France Libre, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1998; Hector Romantxo, Han pasado los Pirineos, Perpignan: Taylor & Francis, 1958; Juan Carlos Jimenez de Aberasturi, Vascos en la II Guerra Mundial. La red Comète en el País Vasco (1941–1944), San Sebastián: Taylor & Francis, 2004; Airey Neave, SATURDAY at M.I.9: The Classic Account of the WW2 Allied Escape Organisation, London: Taylor & Francis, 2010.11. Raffael Scheck, “The Prisoner of War Question and the Beginnings of Collaboration: The Franco‐German Agreement of 16 November 1940,” Journal of Contemporary History 2, 2010, 364–388.12. This was the name the refugees gave to the guides or companions who helped them cross the Pyrenees, either voluntarily or for a fee (see Gisèle Lougarot, Dans l'ombre des passeurs, Bayona: Taylor & Francis, 2004; Josep Calvet, Les muntanyes de la llibertat, L'Avenc: Taylor & Francis, 2008).13. The source of the number of detainees comes from Archivo General Militar de Guadalajara [from here: AGMG], Fondo de Miranda de Ebro, Depósito de Concentración de Miranda de Ebro [from here: DCME], Number of foreigners detained from 1940–47.14. AGMG, DCME, Box 160, Regulations and Incidents.15. AHG, Civil Government, Border Files, 1940–1942.16. See Ottis, Silent Heroes; Sandahl, Miranda ou l'evasion par l'Espagne; Albert Pauly, Du Perron a Picadilly.17. AGMG, DCME, Box 158, note of 5 May1944, Ministry of the Army.18. AGMG, DCME, Boxes 150–160.19. Memoranda n°70, 29 January 1943; n°78, 30 April 1943. Department of Security of the Ministry of the Interior. See also José Mª Espinosa de los Monteros and Concha Pallarés, “Miranda, mosaico de nacionalidades: franceses, británicos y alemanes,” Ayer 1, 2005, 153–187.20. AGMG, DCME, Box 140. Reserved note, 24 December 1942.21. AGMG, DCME, Box 140, Secret informative note, 29 December 1942.22. Christian Goeschel and Nikolaus Wachsmann, “Before Auschwitz: The Formation of the Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933–9,” Journal of Contemporary History 3, 2010, 515–534. Winzer escaped to Argentina after the Second World War.23. Archive of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs [from here: AMAE in the rest of the article], Dossier R‐2182, File 7. Note from the British government, December 1942.24. See Ángel Viñas, La Alemania nazi y el 18 de julio, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 1977; and Ángel Viñas, Franco, Hitler y el estallido de la Guerra civil: antecedentes y consecuencias, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2001. Stanley Payne's Franco and Hitler repeats some of the myths which have now been debunked by the historians who have consulted the newly available primary sources in the archives, which are now freely available for consultation.25. Donald Darling, called “Sunday” in MI 6 code, coordinated the actions of these networks from Madrid and later from Lisbon and Gibraltar. The link in the British Embassy in Madrid was Michael Creswell, called “Monday” in code, who held this responsibility from 1941. On the British Secret Service and the escape networks, Foot and Langley, Escape; Jean Pierre Azema and François Bedarida, La France des années noires, vol. 1: De la défaite à Vichy, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 2000.26. Earl of Cardigan, I Walked Alone.27. Keith Janes, Conscript Heroes, available at http://www.conscript‐heroes.com/, accessed 27 December 2012. This book tells the adventures of his father, Peter Janes, from the defeat at Dunkirk until his return to Great Britain.28. AGMG, DCME, Box 140. Personal. Accounts of internees (Accounts of people admitted and internees), 1940. Some documents on these “false” Canadians in AMAE, Dossier R‐2182, File 125: “Clandestine immigrants from France.” That they were British is evident from the rest of the personal information they gave to the authorities, as well as the fact that the British embassy dealt with their freedom permit.29. AGMG, DCME, Box 54, File 5919.30. AGMG, DCME, Box 48, File 5185.31. AGMG, DCME, Box 153, Liberated Lists.32. AGMG, DCME, Box 33, File 3624.33. AGMG, DCME, Box 153, Liberated.34. AGMG, DCME, Box 140, List of names, nationality, age, and military rank, which are submitted as documentation and sworn declarations by two officers of the same nationality, 19 February 1943.35. AGMG, DCME, Box 150, Information sheet from the camp's Civil Guard Information Service, 23 February 1943.36. On this subject, see Antonio M. Moral, Diplomacia, humanitarismo y espionaje en la Guerra civil española, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2008.37. For the role of the embassies and an in‐depth analysis of the international component of the Miranda camp, see Pallarés, “Desplazados y refugiados.” See also Carlton J. H. Hayes, Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942–1945, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1945; Denis Smyth, Diplomacy and Strategy of Survival: British Policy and Franco's Spain, 1940–1941, Cambridge: Taylor & Francis, 1986; Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949, London: Taylor & Francis, 2011.38. National Archives (Kew), Foreign Office, 371/39681.39. AGMG, DCME, Box 30.40. According to data from AMAE, Dossier R‐2182, file 6.41. Pilar Ponzán, Lucha y muerte por la libertad. Nueve años de guerra: 1936–1945, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 1996; Antonio Téllez, La red de evasión del grupo Ponzán, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 1996; Juan Carlos Jiménez de Aberasturi, Vascos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial: la red Comète en el País Vasco (1941–44), San Sebastián: Taylor & Francis, 1999; Jean Rémy, Le réseau Comète: la ligne de demarcation, París: Taylor & Francis, 1996.42. Robert Belot, Aux frontiers de la liberté, S'évader de France sous l'occupation, 292–293.43. These were some accusations that Spanish authorities leveled against the French soldiers.44. We reproduce the same spelling of first and last names that appear on entry records and in personal files (AGMG, DCME, Box 127, File 13968).45. AGMG, DCME, Box 11, File 1169.46. AGMG, DCME, Box 5, File 514.47. AGMG, DCME, Box 11, File 1114.48. AMAE, Dossier R‐1346, File 225.49. AGMG, DCME, Box 45, File 4946; Interview with Teodoro Francos Martín conducted in Bayonne (France) in July 2003.50. Bernard Garnier et al., eds, La Main‐d'œuvre française exploitée par le IIIe Reich, Caen: Taylor & Francis, 2001; Françoise Berger, “L'exploitation de la main‐d'oeuvre française dans l'industrie sidérurgique allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale,” Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, July–September 2003, 148–181.51. AGMG, DCME, Box 73, File 8032, Declaration to the Investigation Service of the Miranda Camp.52. AGMG, DCME, Box 14, File 1464.53. The way in which the Franquist regime treated the Jews is beyond the scope of this article, but we should note that sources do not confirm whether or not they were orthodox Jews and we are unable to ascertain their origins. For further information, see Federico Ysart, España y los judíos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 1973; Haim Avni, “The Zionist Underground in Holland and France and the Escape to Spain,” in Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem: Taylor & Francis, 1977; Haim Avni, España, Franco y los judíos, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 1982; Antonio Marquina and Gloria Ospina, España y los judíos en el siglo XX, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 1987; David Salinas, España, los sefarditas y el Tercer Reich (1939–1945), Valladolid: Taylor & Francis, 1997; Raanan Rein, Franco, Israel y los judíos, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 1996; José Antonio Lisbona, Retorno a Sefarad. La política de España hacia sus judíos en el siglo XX, Barcelona: Taylor & Francis, 1993; Bernd Rother, Franco y el Holocausto, Madrid: Taylor & Francis, 2005.54. AMAE, Dossier R‐2182, File 8, Letter to the delegate of the French Red Cross, Boyer‐Mas.55. AGMG, DCME, Box 156, Report of 14 January 1943.56. To be more precise, 5,786 were sent to North Africa via Portugal and 9,076 via Málaga (National Archives [Kew], Foreign Office 371/39681).57. AGMG, DCME, Box 154–156.58. See the memoirs cited above.59. An example of these protest notes in AMAE, R‐2182. 9, 1943.60. Matilde Eiroa, “Refugiados extranjeros en España: el campo de concentración de Miranda de Ebro,” Ayer 1, 2005, 125–152.Additional informationNotes on contributorsMatilde EiroaMatilde Eiroa is a lecturer in the School of Humanities and Communication at the University Carlos III de Madrid. Her publications include studies about Spanish Civil War and Francoism such as Política internacional y comunicación en España, 1939–1975. Las cumbres de Franco con Jefes de Estado (Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 2009) and “Brigadas Internacionales, la solidaridad de la izquierda” in A. Viñas (ed.), En el combate por la Historia. La República, la Guerra Civil, el Franquismo (Barcelona: Pasado y Presente, 2012).Concha PallarésConcha Pallarés is a PhD in Contemporary History at National Distance Education University (UNED, Spain). Her Thesis Dissertation was entitled “Displaced and Political Refugees in Spain, 1940–1947: The Role of Embassies” (2009).
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