The republic regenerated
2006; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 3; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/14788810500525531
ISSN1740-4649
Autores Tópico(s)Politics and Society in Latin America
ResumoAbstract This article explores the early history of republicanism in Latin America through the writings of Francisco Bilbao, one of Chile's most important nineteenth-century radical intellectuals. Bilbao's thinking about revolutionary change in Chile was heavily influenced by his understanding of the French revolutionary republican tradition. The article examines the transatlantic connections that shaped Bilbao's thought, the development of “second-generation” republicanism in Chile, and the French Revolutions of 1789 and 1848. It argues that the “regeneration” of the Chilean republic became a kind of mission for Bilbao and his generation of Chilean university students. In pursuing this mission, they became intermediaries between the cutting edge of Atlantic political thought and the stubborn social realities of postcolonial Chile. The article also shows how Bilbao's radical liberalism inspired a ferocious counterattack by Chile's conservative Catholic Church, indicating how the Church would respond to future challenges to its authority. Keywords: ChileLatin Americarepublicanismliberalismuniversity studentsGeneration of 1842Catholic ChurchSociety of EqualityBilbao Francisco Notes 1“A los Republicanos en Chile,” El Amigo del Pueblo, 1 April 1850. 2 CitationSábato, ed. Ciudadanía política; CitationThomson, ed. The European Revolutions; CitationUribe-Uran, ed. State and Society; and CitationPosada-Carbó, ed. Elections Before Democracy. 3 CitationSanders, Contentious Republicans, 3–5. 4 CitationChambers, From Subjects to Citizens; Warren, Vagrants and Citizens; and Citation Myers , Orden y Virtud. 5 CitationWood, “The Burden of Citizenship;” and CitationWood, “Building a Society of Equals.” For a different perspective on Chile's nineteenth-century popular movement, see CitationGrez, De la “regeneración del pueblo.” 6 CitationHale, “Political and Social Ideas.” 7 CitationSafford, “Politics, Ideology, and Society.” 8 CitationCollier, Chile: The Making of a Republic. 9 CitationPinilla, La Generación Chilena de 1842; and CitationJocelyn-Holt, “Tres aproximaciones.” 10 CitationGuerra, “La Revolución Francesa y el Mundo Ibérico” and CitationHale, “The Revival of Political History.” See also CitationGaspar and Geggus, ed. A Turbulent Time. 11 CitationGazmuri, El “48” Chileno. 12 CitationSerrano, Universidad. 13 CitationOficina Central de Estadística, Anuario Estadística, 125. 14 CitationJaksic, Citation Andrés Bello . 15 CitationShumway, The Invention of Argentina, 112–167; and CitationJaksic, “CitationSarmiento and the Chilean Press.” 16See CitationBlest Gana's classic novel, Martín Rivas, for details. 17 CitationChacón, “Himno a Kossuth.” 18 CitationMatta, “A Polonia.” 19Novels: “Grajina” and “Conrado Wallenrod.” Poems: “A una madre polaca” and “El castillo de Ballaklava.”. 20 CitationKramer, Threshold of a New World, 176–208. 21Bilbao, Obras completas. See also CitationFigueroa, Historia de Citation Francisco Bilbao . 22 CitationBilbao to Pinto, Valparaíso, 7 February 1843. 23 CitationStearns, Priest and Revolutionary; and CitationSpindler, “CitationFrancisco Bilbao.” 24Lamennais, De la esclavitud moderna. See also “Esclavitud moderna,” Citation El Progreso 17 June 1843. 25 CitationValenzuela, “Building Aspects of Democracy.” 26 CitationBilbao, “La Sociabilidad Chilena,” Citation El Crepúsculo , 1 June 1844. See also CitationGrez, ed. La ‘Cuestion Social’ en Chile, 63–91. 27Figueroa, Historia de Bilbao, 115–58. 28“Refutaciones a Bilbao,” Revista Católica, 18 June 1844–1 November 1844. 29 CitationDuveau, 1848; CitationAmann, Revolution and Mass Democracy; and CitationSewell, Jr, Work and Revolution. 30 CitationLombard, Lamartine; and CitationFortescue, Citation Alphonse de Lamartine . 31Lamartine, History of the Girondists. 32Vicuña, Los girondinos chilenos; and Vicuña, The Girondins of Chile. My quotations come from the recently published English edition. See also CitationJocelyn-Holt, “Los Girondinos chilenos.” 33 CitationDaitsman-Villalobos, “Schoolboys’ Memories and Political Crisis.” 34 CitationGarcía Millé, “Traces and Perceptions.” 35 CitationSperber, The European Revolutions; Agulhon, The Republican Experiment, CitationStearns, 1848; and CitationNamier, 1848. 36Figueroa, Historia de Bilbao, 159–74. 37Figueroa, Historia de Bilbao, 178. 38Spindler, “Francisco Bilbao,” 489. 39 CitationGazmuri, “El pensamiento político;” and CitationJobet, Santiago Arcos. 40There were two “histories” of the Society of Equality written by participants: Vicuña, Historia de la jornada; and CitationZapiola, La Sociedad de la Igualdad. See also CitationRomero, La Sociedad de la Igualdad. 41Vicuña, Historia de la jornada, 153; and Zapiola, La Sociedad, 25. 42A major shift occurred after the police raid on the society's headquarters. Most of the members who joined the Society of Equality after August were affiliated with the liberal establishment, including all the opposition deputies in Congress. From late 1850 to early 1851, during the state of siege, the exiled Igualitario leaders forged a new political alliance with disaffected military commanders. They then re-formed the Society of Equality and attempted to spark a barracks revolt/popular uprising on 20 April 1851. It was put down by government troops after a day of intense street fighting. This article focuses only on the early phase of the Society of Equality, where Francisco Bilbao's revolutionary imagination had the most influence. 43Sperber, The European Revolutions, 148–94. The emergence of modern forms of association (following the approach developed by CitationMaurice Agulhon) was also the core argument of Gazmuri, El “48” Chileno. 44Gazmuri, ed. Santiago Arcos, 107–13; and Collier, Chile, 84–92. 45 CitationRamirez Necochea, Historia del movimiento obrero, 78–100; CitationGodio, Historia del movimiento obrero, 34–9; and CitationMelgar Bao, El movimiento obrero latinoamericano, 62–71. 46Vicuña, Historia de la jornada, 68–9; and Collier, Chile, 135–6. 47 Citation Archivo Nacional/Fondo Varios . 48Bilbao, Boletines. See also the advertisement, “Boletines del espiritu por Francisco Bilbao,” in Citation La Barra , 3 June 1850. 49Bilbao's translation of the first chapter of Lamennais’ Words of a Believer, published in El Amigo del Pueblo on 26 April 1850, provoked a sharp reaction from the Archbishop of Santiago. Like his mentor Lamennais, Bilbao was excommunicated by his country's highest ecclesiastical authorities. 50Bilbao, Boletines, 95. 51In fact, when viewed from a gendered perspective the discourse generated by the radical republicans in Santiago was more hyper-masculinized than egalitarian. This was because of the way “active citizenship” had been constructed in Chile's early constitutions. 52 CitationLastarria, Diario político; and Lastarria, Literary Memoirs, 187–212. 53 CitationLida, “The Democratic and Social Republic” in Thomson, ed. The Europeans Revolutions. 54“El comunismo,” La Revista Católica, 24 August–11 September, 1850. 55“El comunismo: conclusión,” La Revista Católica, 11 September, 1850. 56 CitationSábato, “On Political Citizenship.”
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