The Re-Objectification and Re-Commodification of Saartjie Baartman in Suzan-Lori Parks's 'Venus.' (Khoi-San Native of South Africa Publicly Displayed as the Hottentot Venus in 1810 in London and Paris; Playwright)
1997; Saint Louis University; Volume: 31; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês
ISSN
1945-6182
Autores Tópico(s)South African History and Culture
ResumoIn 1810, amid public sensation, scandal, and debate, Saartjie (pronounced, in Afrikaans, Sar-key) Baartman, member of the Khoi-San (Khoikhoi and San) peoples of South Africa, was put on near-nude public display in London and Paris. Ironically and perversely dubbed Hottentot she became the main attraction and thriving business for the London showmen who exhibited her. Baartman's genitalia and the abnormal protuberance of her buttocks, or what was termed steatopygia, served as the central model for Black female otherness in the nineteenth century. To this day, Baartman's preserved buttocks and genitalia are in jar at the Musee de l'homme in Paris.(1) Based on the nineteenth-century exhibition of Saartjie Baartman, the Obie Award-winning stage production Venus, written by Suzan-Lori Parks and directed by Richard Foreman, opened at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in May of 1996 to mixed reviews. Critics simultaneously described the work as a protracted exercise in the obvious,(2) formidable experience: gnarly but brilliant meditation,(3) and production that, though it played to small audiences, many of whom decamped before the final curtain, was nevertheless remarkable.(4) Suzan-Lori Parks's authorship includes such noted works as The American Play, The Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World, and the screenplay for the film Girl 6, produced and directed by Spike Lee. Darius Casey's description of Parks's work as non-naturalistic meditation on identity and culture, deconstruction of both the mythic experience of Black and the history of America fits Venus well. But while presenting non-naturalistic meditation on history, Parks's historical deconstruction presents fictitious melodrama frames Saartjie Baartman as person complicit in her own horrific exploitation; Parks depicts her as sovereign, consenting individual with the freedom and agency to trade in her human dignity for the promise of material gain. This essay focuses on Parks's representation of Saartjie Baartman as an accomplice in her own exploitation, presenting contextualized reading of Parks's play based on the historical documentation. My historicized reading furthers the discourse considers the issues of power, choice, and agency. I will argue close examination of the circumstances connected with Baartman's removal from the Cape and subsequent exhibition raises serious questions regarding what Parks has described as Baartman's complicity in her own exploitation. Further, Parks's portrayal of Saartjie Baartman draws on cultural images and stereotypes commonly used to represent Black woman in demeaning and sexually debased roles, the objectified oppositional Other measured against white male norm.(5) I will argue Baartman was victim, not an accomplice, not mutual participant in this demeaning objectification, and Parks's stage representation of her complicity diminishes the tragedy of her life as nineteenth-century Black woman striped of her humanity at the hands of hostile, racist society held her and those like her in contempt. In other words, Parks's Venus reifies the perverse imperialist mind set, and her mythic historical reconstruction subverts the voice of Saartjie Baartman. In an interview, Parks explains her decision to construct Baartman as an accomplice and how this perspective relates to her own experiences: I could have written two-hour saga with Venus being the victim. But she's multi-faceted. She's vain, beautiful, intelligent and, yes, complicit. I write about the world of my experience, and it's more complicated than that white man down the street is giving me hard time. That's just one aspect of our reality. As Black people, we're encouraged to be narrow and simply address the race issue. …
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