The First Russian Settlers in Alaska
2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 75; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/hisn.12012
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Arctic and Russian Policy Studies
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. An earlier version of this article was published in Russian as A.V. Grinëv, “Pervye Russkie Poselentsy na Aliaske,” Klio 2, 2001, 52–65. It has been translated into English by Dr. Richard L. Bland of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.2. S.G. Fedorova, Russkoe naselenie Aliaski i Kalifornii (konets XVIII veka‐1867-g.), Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1971, 117, 119, 157; K.T. Khlebnikov, Russkaia Amerika v “zapiskakh” Kirila Khlebnikova. Novo‐Arkhangel'sk, ed. S.G. Fedorova, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 224–225. Of course, in the commentaries to the work of K.T. Khlebnikov, S.G. Fedorova allows an inaccuracy, indicating Siberian exiles (I. Popov, V. Naplavkov, and others) among the “posel'shchiki” in America who were not American colonists in the full sense of the word.3. See Appendix 1; S.G. Fedorova, “Etnicheskie protsessy v Russkoi Amerike,” in E.S. Markarian, ed., Natsional'nye protsessy v SShA, Moscow, 1973, 158–180: 161.4. W.L. Sarafian, “Alaska's First Settlers,” Alaska Journal 3, 1977, 174–177. For a more recent comprehensive American account, see Lydia Black, Russians in America, 1732–1867, Fairbanks, AK: Taylor & Francis, 2004.5. See Black, Russians in America. For some of the criticism, see A. A. Znamenskii, rev. of Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 by Lydia Black, Slavic Review 2, 2006, 372–373; and Sergei Kan, rev. of Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 by Lydia Black, Russian Review 1, 2005, 127–128. For a positive review, see Abraham Ascher, rev. of Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 by Lydia Black, International History Review 3, 2005, 595–597.6. See G.I. Shelikhov, Rossiiskogo kuptsa Grigoriia Shelikhova stranstvovaniia iz Okhotska po Vostochnomu okeanu k Amerikanskim beregam, ed. B.P. Polevoi, Khabarovsk: Taylor & Francis, 1972.7. A.I. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia v Tikhom okeane i Severnoi Amerike v XVIII veke, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1948, 225.8. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia, 281–282. The reasons for the refusal of the Empress are analyzed in the book by N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Rossiia otkryvaet Ameriku. 1732–1799, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1991, 183–186.9. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia, 295.10. Ibid., 313.11. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia, 321–323; A.I. Alekseev et al., eds, Russkie ekspeditsii po izucheniiu severnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana vo vtoroi polovine XVIII v.: Sbornik dokumentov, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1989, 316.12. A.S. Lappo‐danilevskii, Russkaia promyshlennyia i torgovyia kompanii v pervoi polovinie XVIII stolietiia, Istoricheskii ocherk, St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, 1899, 62–64.13. Sarafian, “Alaska's,” 174.14. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Voenno‐morskogo flota [The Russian State Archive of the Naval Fleet, St. Petersburg], fond 198, opis' 2, delo 79, listy 45–45oborot[verso].15. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia, 324–336.16. Ibid.17. Ibid.18. See Appendix 1.19. See A. V. Grinëv, “The Kaiury: Slaves of Russian America,” Alaska History 2, 2000, 1–18; See A. V. Grinëv, “Native Amanaty in Russian America,” European Review of Native American Studies 1, 2003, 7–20.20. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia, 336–353.21. Ibid., 336–353.22. Ibid., 354.23. Four men and two women, see Appendix 1.24. See V. O. Shubin, “Russkie poseleniia na Kuril'skikh ostrovakh v XVIII‐XIX vekakh,” in Russkie pervoprokhodtsy na Dal'nem Vostoke v XVII‐XIX vv. [Russian Explorers in the Far East in the 17th–19th Centuries], Vladivostok, RAN, 1992, 54–78: 60–3.25. P. A. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie obrazovaniia Rossiisko‐Amerikanskoi kompanii i deistvii eia do nastoiashchago vremeni, St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, 1861, 110; ibid., vol. 2, 1863, Appendix, 228–230; Shubin, “Russkie poseleniia,” 62.26. See Appendix 2.27. See Appendix 2.28. Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi imperii [Archive of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, Moscow], fond Glavnyi Arkhiv II‐3, 1787–1796 gg., opis' 34, delo 1, list 16 [from here, references to this archive's documents indicated as AVPRI, f. GA II‐3, 1787–1796 gg., op.34, d.1, l.16]; see also Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie vol. 2, Appendix, 95. Platon Zubov (1767–1822) was Catherine the Great's favorite at the time.29. See Appendix 2.30. AVPRI, f. GA II‐3, 1787–1796 gg., op.34, d.1, l.15ob.31. Falconets are small light cannons, trans. 32. AVPRI, f. RAK, op.888, d.121, l.10 ob.; A. V. Grinëv, “Zabytaia ekspeditsiia Dmitriia Tarkhanova na Mednuiu reku,” Sovetskaia etnografiia 4, 1987, 88–100: 91 (see for a translation, A. V. Grinëv, “The Forgotten Expedition of Dmitri Tarkhanov on the Copper River,” Alaska History 1, 1997, 1–17).33. AVPRI, f. RAK, op.888, d.121, ll.11–11ob.34. A baidarka is a sort of kayak.35. Ibid. ll. 2, 12; K.T. Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie Aleksandra Andreevicha Baranova, Glavnago Pravitelia Rossiiskikh kolonii v Amerike, St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, 1835, 28–30; N.N. Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki (1732–1867), vol. 1, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1997, 180–182. Some authors erroneously indicate that Baranov left 30 people in Yakutat, others write that Pribylov delivered a group of Russian settlers here in 1795, still others that the settlement of Slavorossiya was established in this year (see for example Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 1, 53; I.P. Magidovich and V.I. Magidovich, Ocherki po istorii geograficheskikh otkrytii: geograficheskie issledovaniya Novogo vremeni (seredina XVII‐XVIII v.), Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 229: 3; J.R. Gibson, Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods. The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841, Seattle, WA: Taylor & Francis, 1992, 13).36. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.121, ll.12–12 ob.37. See Appendix 2.38. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.121, ll.12–12 ob.39. Ibid.40. Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie, 34–36; Grinëv, “Zabytaia ekspeditsiia,” 91–92.41. Otdel rukopisei Rossiiskoi gosudarstvennoi biblioteki [Manuscript Division of the Russian State Library, Moscow], f.204, k.32, ed.khr.3, l.9. [From here indicated as OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.3, l.9.]42. Arkhiv Russkogo Geograficheskogo obshchestva [Archive of the Russian Geographical Society, St. Petersburg], razr.99, op.1, d.113, ll.26ob.‐27.43. Grinëv, “Zabytaia ekspeditsiia,” 92–93.44. L.A. Sitnikov, “Materialy dlia istorii Russkoi Ameriki (“Otvety” Filippa Kashevarova),” Novye materialy po istorii Sibirii dosovetskogo perioda, ed. N.N. Pokrovskii, Novosibirsk: Taylor & Francis, 1986, 82–103: 94.45. Sitnikov, “Materialy,” 95–98.46. See Appendix 2.47. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.121, l.12ob.48. On the fate of the “Lebedev people” in America, see Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi, vol. 1, 1997, 154–155, 161, 164–71, 187–95.49. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.121, l.13ob.50. Ibid., ll.15, 17.51. OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.3, l. 7.52. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 2, Appendix, 140–141.53. Ibid.54. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 1, 55.55. OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.4, ll.1–1ob.; Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 2, Appendix,140; Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie, 49–50.56. See Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie, 74; Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi, vol. 2, 1999, 15–24, 37–40, 67.57. P. N. Pavlov, ed. K istorii Rossiisko‐Amerikanskoi kompanii, Krasnoiarsk: Taylor & Francis, 1957, 97, 105; Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol 2., Appendix, 179; A.V. Grinëv, Indeitsy tlinkity v period Russkoi Ameriki (1741–1867 gg.), Novosibirsk: Taylor & Francis, 1991, 114–124 (see for a translation A. V. Grinëv, The Tlingit Indians in the Russian‐American Period [1741–1867], Lincoln, NE: Taylor & Francis, 2005, 116–132).58. K. T. Khlebnikov, “Pervonachal'noe poselenie russkikh v Amerike,” Materialy dlia istorii russkikh zaselenii po beregam Vostochnago okeana, vol. 4 (appendix to Morskoi sbornik 4, 1861), St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, 1861, 53; see also Pavlov, ed., K istorii, 116–117, 119.59. Pavlov, ed., K istorii, 112–117.60. Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie, 75.61. OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.5, ll. 15–17 ob.62. Khlebnikov, Zhizneopisanie, 78; Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 1, 106.63. Yu.F. Lisianskii, Puteshestvie vokrug sveta na korable “Neva” v 1803–1806 godakh, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1947, 148–163; for more detail, see Grinëv, Indeitsy tlinkity, 133–137.64. Khlebnikov, Russkaia Amerika v “zapiskakh”, 45.65. See A.V. Grinëv, “Indeitsy eiaki i sud'ba russkogo naseleniia v Yakutate,” Sovetskaia etnografiia 5, 1988, 110–120; A.V. Grinëv, “The Eyak Indians and the Fate of the Russian Population in Yakutat,” European Review of Native American Studies 2, 1989, 1–6; Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi, vol. 2, Moscow, 1999, 77–82.66. AVPRI, f. Gl. Arkhiv I‐7, 1802g., op.6, d.1, l.154; see Appendix 2.67. AVPRI, f. Gl. Arkhiv II‐3, 1805–1824gg., op. 34, d.7, l.2; see also Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 2, Appendix, 278.68. OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.6, l.3ob.69. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 2, Appendix, 195.70. OR RGB, f.204, k.32, ed.khr.6, ll. 2–3 ob., 5ob.71. Ibid.72. Ibid., ll.10–14, 20.73. Ibid.74. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv [Russian State Historical Archive, St. Petersburg], f.13, op.1, d.287, l. 65.75. For more detail see Grinëv, Indeitsy tlinkity, 322–323; A.V. Zorin, “Russkie plenniki Ameriki,” Pervye amerikantsy. Indeitsy Ameriki: proshloe i nastoiashchee 8, 2001, 10–20: 15–7.76. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.251, ll.7ob.‐8, 12ob.‐14.77. AVPRI, f.RAK, op.888, d.235, l.4ob.78. National Archives and Record Service, Washington, DC [from here: NARS], RG 261, RRAC, roll. 2, 10; see also ibid. roll. 26, ll. 74–75.79. Nikolai Podomarëv and Eremei Sololov were Siberian exiles but not posel'shchiki (A.V. Grinëv, Kto est' kto v istorii Russkoi Ameriki. Entsiklopedicheskii slovar'‐spravochnik, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 427, 500.).80. See Appendix 3.81. Sarafian, “Alaska's First Settlers,” 175.82. “Zapiska Kapitana 2‐go ranga Golovnina o sostoyanii Rossiisko‐Amerikanskoi kompanii v 1818-g.,” Materialy dlia istorii russkikh zaselenii po beregam Vostochnago okeana, vol. 1, St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, 1861, 54, 109.83. NARS, RRAC, RG 261, roll. 2, 156; Sarafian, “Alaska's First Settlers,” 176–177.84. See Appendix 3.85. NARS, RRAC, RG 261, roll. 2, 155–156.86. See Appendix 4.87. See Sarafian, “Alaska's First Settlers,” 177.88. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie, vol. 2, Appendix, 206.89. Ibid.90. See Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi, vol. 2, 1999, 131–134.91. Doklad Komiteta ob ustroistve russkikh amerikanskikh kolonii, vol. 2, St. Petersburg: Taylor & Francis, 1863, 41.92. Ibid., 465n.93. Ibid., 476–477.94. See Appendix 3.95. Arkhiv Russkogo Geograficheskogo obshchestva, razr. 99, op.1, d.101, ll.38 ob.‐40.96. Doklad Komiteta, vol.2, 109, 131.97. For more detail, see A.V. Grinëv, “Prichiny prodazhi Russkoi Ameriki SShA v otechestvennoi istoriografii,” Klio 2, 2000, 17–26 (translated as A.V. Grinëv, “Why Russia Sold Alaska: The View from Russia,” Alaska History 1–2, 2004, 1–22).Additional informationNotes on contributorsAndrei V. GrinëvAndrei Val'terovich Grinëv is a Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor in the History Department at St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.Andrei Val'terovich Grinëv (Grinyov) was born July 4, 1960, in Barnaul (Altai, West Siberia). In 1978–1983 he was a student of Altai State University and then ended the post‐graduate course at Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology in Moscow (1986). Now he is a Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor in the History Department at St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia. He is author of The Tlingit Indians of Russian America, 1741–1867, which was published in Russian in 1991 and translated into English by Dr. Richard L. Bland for publication by the University of Nebraska Press in 2005. He also wrote a significant part of the three‐volume monograph Istoria Russkoi Ameriki (1732–1867), published in Russian between 1997 and 1999, as well as the encyclopedic dictionary Kto est' kto v istorii Russkoi Ameriki (Moscow: Academia, 2009), and more than 100 scientific articles, which were published in the USA, Russia, Germany, Austria, and Japan.
Referência(s)