S2k guideline for the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus and bullous pemphigoid
2015; Wiley; Volume: 13; Issue: 7 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/ddg.12612
ISSN1610-0387
AutoresEnno Schmidt, Matthias Goebeler, Michael Hertl, Miklós Sárdy, Cassian Sitaru, Rüdiger Eming, Silke Hofmann, Nicolas Hunzelmann, Johannes S. Kern, Harald Kramer, Hans‐Dieter Orzechowski, Christiane Pfeiffer, Volker Schuster, Birte Sporbeck, Michael Sticherling, Margitta Worm, Detlef Zillikens, Alexander Nast,
Tópico(s)Platelet Disorders and Treatments
ResumoJDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen GesellschaftVolume 13, Issue 7 p. 713-727 Guidelines S2k guideline for the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus and bullous pemphigoid Enno Schmidt, Corresponding Author Enno Schmidt Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Correspondence to Enno Schmidt, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED) University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 D-23562 Lübeck, Germany E†mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Goebeler, Matthias Goebeler Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMichael Hertl, Michael Hertl Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMiklós Sárdy, Miklós Sárdy Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorCassian Sitaru, Cassian Sitaru Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRüdiger Eming, Rüdiger Eming Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorSilke C. Hofmann, Silke C. Hofmann Center for Dermatology, Allergology, and Dermatosurgery, Helios Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorNicolas Hunzelmann, Nicolas Hunzelmann Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJohannes S. Kern, Johannes S. Kern Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorHarald Kramer, Harald Kramer Dermatologist in Private Practice, Fulda, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorHans-Dieter Orzechowski, Hans-Dieter Orzechowski Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorChristiane Pfeiffer, Christiane Pfeiffer Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorVolker Schuster, Volker Schuster Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital and Outpatient Clinical for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBirte Sporbeck, Birte Sporbeck Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMichael Sticherling, Michael Sticherling Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMargitta Worm, Margitta Worm Center for Allergy, Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDetlef Zillikens, Detlef Zillikens Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlexander Nast, Alexander Nast Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Enno Schmidt, Corresponding Author Enno Schmidt Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany Correspondence to Enno Schmidt, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED) University of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 D-23562 Lübeck, Germany E†mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthias Goebeler, Matthias Goebeler Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMichael Hertl, Michael Hertl Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMiklós Sárdy, Miklós Sárdy Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorCassian Sitaru, Cassian Sitaru Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorRüdiger Eming, Rüdiger Eming Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorSilke C. Hofmann, Silke C. Hofmann Center for Dermatology, Allergology, and Dermatosurgery, Helios Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorNicolas Hunzelmann, Nicolas Hunzelmann Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJohannes S. Kern, Johannes S. Kern Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorHarald Kramer, Harald Kramer Dermatologist in Private Practice, Fulda, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorHans-Dieter Orzechowski, Hans-Dieter Orzechowski Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorChristiane Pfeiffer, Christiane Pfeiffer Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorVolker Schuster, Volker Schuster Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital and Outpatient Clinical for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorBirte Sporbeck, Birte Sporbeck Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMichael Sticherling, Michael Sticherling Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMargitta Worm, Margitta Worm Center for Allergy, Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDetlef Zillikens, Detlef Zillikens Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorAlexander Nast, Alexander Nast Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Department of Dermatology, Charité – University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 June 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12612Citations: 75Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) - Ständige Komission Leitlinien. AWMF-Regelwerk "Leitlinien". 1. Auflage Edition, 2012. Google Scholar 2Hietanen J, Salo OP. Pemphigus: an epidemiological study of patients treated in Finnish hospitals between 1969 and 1978. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982; 62: 491–6. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3Marazza G, Pham HC, Scharer L, Pedrazzetti PP, Hunziker T, Trueb RM, Hohl D, Itin P, Lautenschlager S, Naldi L, Borradori L. Incidence of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus in Switzerland: a 2-year prospective study. Br J Dermatol. 2009; 161: 861–8. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09300.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4Michailidou EZ, Belazi MA, Markopoulos AK, Tsatsos MI, Mourellou ON, Antoniades DZ. Epidemiologic survey of pemphigus vulgaris with oral manifestations in northern Greece: retrospective study of 129 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2007; 46: 356–61. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03044.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5Chams-Davatchi C, Valikhani M, Daneshpazhooh M, Esmaili N, Balighi K, Hallaji Z, Barzegari M, Akhiani M, Ghodsi Z, Mortazavi H, Naraghi Z. Pemphigus: analysis of 1209 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2005; 44: 470–6. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02501.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6Baican A, Baican C, Chiriac G, Chiriac MT, Macovei V, Zillikens D, Ciuce D, Sitaru C. Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common autoimmune bullous disease in Northwestern Romania. Int J Dermatol. 2010; 49: 768–74. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04345.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7Pisanti S, Sharav Y, Kaufman E, Posner LN. Pemphigus vulgaris: incidence in Jews of different ethnic groups, according to age, sex, and initial lesion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974; 38: 382–7. 10.1016/0030-4220(74)90365-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8Simon DG, Krutchkoff D, Kaslow RA, Zarbo R. Pemphigus in Hartford County, Connecticut, from 1972 to 1977. Arch Dermatol. 1980; 116: 1035–7. 10.1001/archderm.1980.01640330073017 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 9Hahn-Ristic K, Rzany B, Amagai M, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Increased incidence of pemphigus vulgaris in southern Europeans living in Germany compared with native Germans. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002; 16: 68–71. 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00384.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 10Kneisel A, Hertl M. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Part 1: Clinical manifestations. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011; 9: 844–56; quiz 57. 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07793_suppl.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 11Schmidt E, Zillikens D. The diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune blistering skin diseases. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011; 108: 399–405. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 12Pfutze M, Eming R, Kneisel A, Kuhlmann U, Hoyer J, Hertl M. Clinical and immunological follow-up of pemphigus patients on adjuvant treatment with immunoadsorption or rituximab. Dermatology. 2009; 218: 237–45. 10.1159/000187431 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 13Rosenbach M, Murrell DF, Bystryn JC, Dulay S, Dick S, Fakharzadeh S, Hall R, Korman NJ, Lin J, Okawa J, Pandya AG, Payne AS, Rose M, Rubenstein D, Woodley D, Vittorio C, Werth BB, Williams EA, Taylor L, Troxel AB, Werth VP. Reliability and convergent validity of two outcome instruments for pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 2009; 129: 2404–10. 10.1038/jid.2009.72 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14Murrell DF, Dick S, Ahmed AR, Amagai M, Barnadas MA, Borradori L, Bystryn JC, Cianchini G, Diaz L, Fivenson D, Hall R, Harman KE, Hashimoto T, Hertl M, Hunzelmann N, Iranzo P, Joly P, Jonkman MF, Kitajima Y, Korman NJ, Martin LK, Mimouni D, Pandya AG, Payne AS, Rubenstein D, Shimizu H, Sinha AA, Sirois D, Zillikens D, Werth VP. Consensus statement on definitions of disease, end points, and therapeutic response for pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008; 58: 1043–6. 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.01.012 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 15Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, Izumi H, Ratrie H, 3rd, Mutasim D, Ariss-Abdo L et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1729–35. 10.1056/NEJM199012203232503 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16Kneisel A, Hertl M. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Part 2: diagnosis and therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011; 9: 927–47. 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07809_suppl.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 17Sabolinski ML, Beutner EH, Krasny S, Kumar V, Huang J, Chorzelski TP, Sampaio S, Bystryn JC. Substrate specificity of anti-epithelial antibodies of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus sera in immunofluorescence tests on monkey and guinea pig esophagus sections. J Invest Dermatol. 1987; 88: 545–9. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470131 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 18Jiao D, Bystryn JC. Sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence, substrate specificity, and immunoblotting in the diagnosis of pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997; 37: 211–6. 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80127-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 19Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Strasz-Kolacinska Z, Sulej J, Jablonska S. The use of two substrates for indirect immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 145: 178–82. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04312.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20Harman KE, Gratian MJ, Bhogal BS, Challacombe SJ, Black MM. The use of two substrates to improve the sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2000; 142: 1135–9. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03538.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 21Hahn K, Kippes W, Amagai M, Rzany B, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. [Clinical aspects and immunopathology in 48 patients with pemphigus]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete. 2000; 51: 670–7. 10.1007/s001050051193 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 22Zagorodniuk I, Weltfriend S, Shtruminger L, Sprecher E, Kogan O, Pollack S, Bergman R. A comparison of anti-desmoglein antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence in the serodiagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris. International journal of dermatology. 2005; 44: 541–4. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02541.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23Ahmed AR, Workman S. Anti-intercellular substance antibodies. Presence in serum samples of 14 patients without pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1983; 119: 17–21. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24Goldblatt F, Gordon TP. Antibodies to blood group antigens mimic pemphigus staining patterns: a useful reminder. Autoimmunity. 2002; 35: 93–6. 10.1080/08916930290016583 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25Lee FJ, Silvestrini R, Fulcher DA. False-positive intercellular cement substance antibodies due to group A/B red cell antibodies: frequency and approach. Pathology. 2010; 42: 574–7. 10.3109/00313025.2010.508792 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26Ishii K, Amagai M, Hall RP, Hashimoto T, Takayanagi A, Gamou S, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T. Characterization of autoantibodies in pemphigus using antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with baculovirus-expressed recombinant desmogleins. J Immunol. 1997; 159: 2010–7. 10.4049/jimmunol.159.4.2010 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 27Schmidt E, Dahnrich C, Rosemann A, Probst C, Komorowski L, Saschenbrecker S, Schlumberger W, Stocker W, Hashimoto T, Brocker EB, Recke A, Rose C, Zillikens D. Novel ELISA systems for antibodies to desmoglein 1 and 3: correlation of disease activity with serum autoantibody levels in individual pemphigus patients. Exp Dermatol. 2010; 19: 458–63. 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01069.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28van Beek N, Rentzsch K, Probst C, Komorowski L, Kasperkiewicz M, Fechner K, Bloecker IM, Zillikens D, Stocker W, Schmidt E. Serological diagnosis of autoimmune bullous skin diseases: prospective comparison of the BIOCHIP mosaic-based indirect immunofluorescence technique with the conventional multi-step single test strategy. Orphanet journal of rare diseases. 2012; 7: 49. 10.1186/1750-1172-7-49 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29Tampoia M, Zucano A, Villalta D, Antico A, Bizzaro N. Anti-skin specific autoantibodies detected by a new immunofluorescence multiplex biochip method in patients with autoimmune bullous diseases. Dermatology. 2012; 225: 37–44. 10.1159/000339776 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30Zarian H, Saponeri A, Michelotto A, Zattra E, Belloni-Fortina A, Alaibac M. Biochip technology for the serological diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. ISRN Dermatol. 2012; 2012: 237802. 10.5402/2012/237802 PubMedGoogle Scholar 31Tampoia M, Giavarina D, Di Giorgio C, Bizzaro N. Diagnostic accuracy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect anti-skin autoantibodies in autoimmune blistering skin diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2012; 12: 121–6. 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.07.006 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32Muller R, Svoboda V, Wenzel E, Muller HH, Hertl M. IgG against extracellular subdomains of desmoglein 3 relates to clinical phenotype of pemphigus vulgaris. Experimental dermatology. 2008; 17: 35–43. 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00615.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 33Amagai M, Tsunoda K, Zillikens D, Nagai T, Nishikawa T. The clinical phenotype of pemphigus is defined by the anti-desmoglein autoantibody profile. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999; 40: 167–70. 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70183-0 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 34Ding X, Aoki V, Mascaro JM, Jr., Lopez-Swiderski A, Diaz LA, Fairley JA. Mucosal and mucocutaneous (generalized) pemphigus vulgaris show distinct autoantibody profiles. J Invest Dermatol. 1997; 109: 592–6. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12337524 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 35Mahoney MG, Wang Z, Rothenberger K, Koch PJ, Amagai M, Stanley JR. Explanations for the clinical and microscopic localization of lesions in pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 461–8. 10.1172/JCI5252 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36Harman KE, Gratian MJ, Seed PT, Bhogal BS, Challacombe SJ, Black MM. Diagnosis of pemphigus by ELISA: a critical evaluation of two ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the major pemphigus antigens, desmoglein 1 and 3. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000; 25: 236–40. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00624.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 37Lenz P, Amagai M, Volc-Platzer B, Stingl G, Kirnbauer R. Desmoglein 3-ELISA: a pemphigus vulgaris-specific diagnostic tool. Arch Dermatol. 1999; 135: 143–8. 10.1001/archderm.135.2.143 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 38Ng PP, Thng ST, Mohamed K, Tan SH. Comparison of desmoglein ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence using two substrates (monkey oesophagus and normal human skin) in the diagnosis of pemphigus. Australas J Dermatol. 2005; 46: 239–41. 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2005.00191.x PubMedGoogle Scholar 39Bystryn JC, Akman A, Jiao D. Limitations in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3 in patients with pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2002; 138: 1252–3. 10.1001/archderm.138.9.1252 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Grando SA. Pemphigus vulgaris antibody identifies pemphaxin. A novel keratinocyte annexin-like molecule binding acetylcholine. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 29466–76. 10.1074/jbc.M003174200 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Grando SA. Novel human alpha9 acetylcholine receptor regulating keratinocyte adhesion is targeted by Pemphigus vulgaris autoimmunity. Am J Pathol. 2000; 157: 1377–91. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64651-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42Cozzani E, Dal Bello MG, Mastrogiacomo A, Drosera M, Parodi A. Antidesmoplakin antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2006; 154: 624–8. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06987.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 43Evangelista F, Dasher DA, Diaz LA, Prisayanh PS, Li N. E-cadherin is an additional immunological target for pemphigus autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 1710–8. 10.1038/sj.jid.5701260 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44Grando SA. Pemphigus autoimmunity: hypotheses and realities. Autoimmunity. 2012; 45: 7–35. 10.3109/08916934.2011.606444 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 45Muller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, Messer G, Mullegger R, Niedermeier A, Hertl M. Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 2009; 34: 898–903. 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03241.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004; 9: 29–33. 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2004.00832.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 47Joly P, Richard C, Gilbert D, Courville P, Chosidow O, Roujeau JC, Beylot-Barry M, D'Incan M, Martel P, Lauret P, Tron F. Sensitivity and specificity of clinical, histologic, and immunologic features in the diagnosis of paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000; 43: 619–26. 10.1067/mjd.2000.107488 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 48Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dermatol. 2007; 34: 503–11. 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00322.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 49Zimmermann J, Bahmer F, Rose C, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010; 8: 598–605. 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07380_supp.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 50Kim SC, Kwon YD, Lee IJ, Chang SN, Lee TG. cDNA cloning of the 210-kDa paraneoplastic pemphigus antigen reveals that envoplakin is a component of the antigen complex. J Invest Dermatol. 1997; 109: 365–9. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336235 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51Probst C, Schlumberger W, Stocker W, Recke A, Schmidt E, Hashimoto T, Zhu XJ, Zillikens D, Komorowski L. Development of ELISA for the specific determination of autoantibodies against envoplakin and periplakin in paraneoplastic pemphigus. Clin Chim Acta. 2009; 410: 13–8. 10.1016/j.cca.2009.08.022 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52Mahoney MG, Aho S, Uitto J, Stanley JR. The members of the plakin family of proteins recognized by paraneoplastic pemphigus antibodies include periplakin. J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 308–13. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00279.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53Schepens I, Jaunin F, Begre N, Laderach U, Marcus K, Hashimoto T, Favre B, Borradori L. The protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1 is the p170 antigen recognized by paraneoplastic pemphigus autoantibodies in human. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e12250. 10.1371/journal.pone.0012250 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 54Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Hashimoto T. Antibodies against desmoglein 3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) are present in sera from patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus and cause acantholysis in vivo in neonatal mice. J Clin Invest. 1998; 102: 775–82. 10.1172/JCI3647 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55Ruocco V, Pisani M. Induced pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res. 1982; 274: 123–40. 10.1007/BF00510366 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56Wolf R, Tamir A, Brenner S. Drug-induced versus drug-triggered pemphigus. Dermatologica. 1991; 182: 207–10. 10.1159/000247795 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57Brenner S, Bialy-Golan A, Ruocco V. Drug-induced pemphigus. Clin Dermatol. 1998; 16: 393–7. 10.1016/S0738-081X(98)00010-8 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58Fitzpatrick RE, Newcomer VD. The correlation of disease activity and antibody titers in pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1980; 116: 285–90. 10.1001/archderm.1980.01640270045011 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 59Abasq C, Mouquet H, Gilbert D, Tron F, Grassi V, Musette P, Joly P. ELISA testing of anti-desmoglein 1 and 3 antibodies in the management of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2009; 145: 529–35. 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60Cheng SW, Kobayashi M, Kinoshita-Kuroda K, Tanikawa A, Amagai M, Nishikawa T. Monitoring disease activity in pemphigus with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant desmogleins 1 and 3. Br J Dermatol. 2002; 147: 261–5. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04838.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 61Harman KE, Seed PT, Gratian MJ, Bhogal BS, Challacombe SJ, Black MM. The severity of cutaneous and oral pemphigus is related to desmoglein 1 and 3 antibody levels. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144: 775–80. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04132.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 62Bastuji-Garin S, Joly P, Lemordant P, Sparsa A, Bedane C, Delaporte E, Roujeau JC, Bernard P, Guillaume JC, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Maillard H, Pauwels C, Picard-Dahan C, Dutronc Y, Richard MA, French Study Group for Bullous D. Risk factors for bullous pemphigoid in the elderly: a prospective case-control study. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2011; 131: 637–43. 10.1038/jid.2010.301 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 63Bastuji-Garin S, Joly P, Picard-Dahan C, Bernard P, Vaillant L, Pauwels C, Salagnac V, Lok C, Roujeau JC. Drugs associated with bullous pemphigoid. A case-control study. Arch Dermatol. 1996; 132: 272–6. 10.1001/archderm.1996.03890270044006 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64Lloyd-Lavery A, Chi CC, Wojnarowska F, Taghipour K. The associations between bullous pemphigoid and drug use: a UK case-control study. JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 58–62. 10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.376 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 65Chen YJ, Wu CY, Lin MW, Chen TJ, Liao KK, Chen YC, Hwang CY, Chu SY, Chen CC, Lee DD, Chang YT, Wang WJ, Liu HN. Comorbidity profiles among patients with bullous pemphigoid: a nationwide population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165: 593–9. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10386.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66Cordel N, Chosidow O, Hellot MF, Delaporte E, Lok C, Vaillant L, Bernard P, D'Incan M, Roujeau JC, Joly P. Neurological disorders in patients with bullous pemphigoid. Dermatology. 2007; 215: 187–91. 10.1159/000106574 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67Cortes B, Marazza G, Naldi L, Combescure C, Borradori L. Mortality of bullous pemphigoid in Switzerland: a prospective study. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165: 368–74. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10413.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68Jedlickova H, Hlubinka M, Pavlik T, Semradova V, Budinska E, Vlasin Z. Bullous pemphigoid and internal diseases - A case-control study. Eur J Dermatol. 2010; 20: 96–101. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69Kulthanan K, Chularojanamontri L, Tuchinda P, Sirikudta W, Pinkaew S. Prevalence and clinical features of Thai patients with bullous pemphigoid. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011; 29: 66–72. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70Langan SM, Groves RW, West J. The relationship between neurological disease and bullous pemphigoid: a population-based case-control study. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2011; 131: 631–6. 10.1038/jid.2010.357 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71Taghipour K, Chi CC, Vincent A, Groves RW, Venning V, Wojnarowska F. The association of bullous pemphigoid with cerebrovascular disease and dementia: a case-control study. Arch Dermatol. 2010; 146: 1251–4. 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.322 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72Murrell DF, Daniel BS, Joly P, Borradori L, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Caux F, Marinovic B, Sinha AA, Hertl M, Bernard P, Sirois D, Cianchini G, Fairley JA, Jonkman MF, Pandya AG, Rubenstein D, Zillikens D, Payne AS, Woodley D, Zambruno G, Aoki V, Pincelli C, Diaz L, Hall RP, Meurer M, Mascaro JM, Jr., Schmidt E, Shimizu H, Zone J, Swerlick R, Mimouni D, Culton D, Lipozencic J, Bince B, Grando SA, Bystryn JC, Werth VP. Definitions and outcome measures for bullous pemphigoid: recommendations by an international panel of experts. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2012; 66: 479–85. 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.06.032 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Modern diagnosis of autoimmune blistering skin diseases. Autoimmunity reviews. 2010; 10: 84–9. 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.08.007 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 74Terra JB, Pas HH, Hertl M, Dikkers FG, Kamminga N, Jonkman MF. Immunofluorescence serration pattern analysis as a diagnostic criterion in antilaminin-332 mucous membrane pemphigoid: immunopathological findings and clinical experience in 10 Dutch patients. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 165: 815–22. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10474.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 75Vodegel RM, Jonkman MF, Pas HH, de Jong MC. U-serrated immunodeposition pattern differentiates type VII collagen targeting bullous diseases from other subepidermal bullous autoimmune diseases. Br J Dermatol. 2004; 151: 112–8. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06006.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 76Gammon WR, Kowalewski C, Chorzelski TP, Kumar V, Briggaman RA, Beutner EH. Direct immunofluorescence studies of sodium chloride-separated skin in the differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990; 22: 664–70. 10.1016/0190-9622(90)70094-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77Rose C, Schmidt E, Kerstan A, Thoma-Uszynski S, Wesselmann U, Kasbohrer U, Zillikens D, Shimanovich I. Histopathology of anti-laminin 5 mucous membrane pemphigoid. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2009; 61: 433–40. 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.02.012 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78Rose C, Weyers W, Denisjuk N, Hillen U, Zillikens D, Shimanovich I. Histopathology of anti-p200 pemphigoid. Am J Dermatopathol. 2007; 29: 119–24. 10.1097/DAD.0b013e31803326e6 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 79Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Inman AO, 3rd, Queen LL, Wheeler CE. Differentiating anti-lamina lucida and anti-sublamina densa anti-BMZ antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on 1.0 M sodium chloride-separated skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1984; 82: 139–44. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12259692 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 80Kelly SE, Wojnarowska F. The use of chemically split tissue in the detection of circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies in bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 1988; 118: 31–40. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01747.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 81Ghohestani R, Kanitakis J, Nicolas JF, Cozzani E, Claudy A. Comparative sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence to immunoblot assay for the detection of circulating antibodies to bullous pemphigoid antigens 1 and 2. Br J Dermatol. 1996; 135: 74–9. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-936.x PubMedGoogle Scholar 82Ghohestani RF, Nicolas JF, Rousselle P, Claudy AL. Diagnostic value of indirect immunofluorescence on sodium chloride-split skin in differential diagnosis of subepidermal autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Arch Dermatol. 1997; 133: 1102–7. 10.1001/archderm.1997.03890450048006 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 83Chan YC, Sun YJ, Ng PP, Tan SH. Comparison of immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods in the laboratory diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003; 28: 651–6. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01419.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 84Kippes W, Schmidt E, Roth A, Rzany B, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. [Immunopathologic changes in 115 patients with bullous pemphigoid]. Hautarzt. 1999; 50: 866–72. 10.1007/s001050051001 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 85Sardy M, Kostaki D, Varga R, Peris K, Ruzicka T. Comparative study of direct and indirect immunofluorescence and of bullous pemphigoid 180 and 230 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2013; 69: 748–53. 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.009 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 86van Beek N, Dohse A, Riechert F, Krull V, Recke A, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Serum autoantibodies against the dermal-epidermal junction in patients with chronic pruritic disorders, elderly individuals and blood donors prospectively recruited. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 170: 943–7. 10.1111/bjd.12739 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 87Jordon RE, Beutner EH, Witebsky E, Blumental G, Hale WL, Lever WF. Basement zone antibodies in bullous pemphigoid. Jama. 1967; 200: 751–6. 10.1001/jama.1967.03120220053008 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 88Beutner EH, Jordon RE, Chorzelski TP. The immunopathology of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1968; 51: 63–80. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 89Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Pemphigoid diseases. Lancet. 2013; 381: 320–32. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61140-4 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 90Giudice GJ, Emery DJ, Zelickson BD, Anhalt GJ, Liu Z, Diaz LA. Bullous pemphigoid and herpes gestationis autoantibodies recognize a common non-collagenous site on the BP180 ectodomain. J Immunol. 1993; 151: 5742–50. 10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5742 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 91Zillikens D, Rose PA, Balding SD, Liu Z, Olague-Marchan M, Diaz LA, Giudice GJ. Tight clustering of extracellular BP180 epitopes recognized by bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol. 1997; 109: 573–9. 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12337492 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 92Kobayashi M, Amagai M, Kuroda-Kinoshita K, Hashimoto T, Shirakata Y, Hashimoto K, Nishikawa T. BP180 ELISA using bacterial recombinant NC16a protein as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci. 2002; 30: 224–32. 10.1016/S0923-1811(02)00109-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 93Sitaru C, Dahnrich C, Probst C, Komorowski L, Blocker I, Schmidt E, Schlumberger W, Rose C, Stocker W, Zillikens D. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using multimers of the 16th non-collagenous domain of the BP180 antigen for sensitive and specific detection of pemphigoid autoantibodies. Exp Dermatol. 2007; 16: 770–7. 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00592.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 94Yoshida M, Hamada T, Amagai M, Hashimoto K, Uehara R, Yamaguchi K, Imamura K, Okamoto E, Yasumoto S, Hashimoto T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using bacterial recombinant proteins of human BP230 as a diagnostic tool for bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci. 2006; 41: 21–30. 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.11.002 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 95Blocker IM, Dahnrich C, Probst C, Komorowski L, Saschenbrecker S, Schlumberger W, Stocker W, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Epitope mapping of BP230 leading to a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 166: 964–70. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10820.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 96Charneux J, Lorin J, Vitry F, Antonicelli F, Reguiai Z, Barbe C, Tabary T, Grange F, Bernard P. Usefulness of BP230 and BP180-NC16a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the initial diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid: a retrospective study of 138 patients. Arch Dermatol. 2011; 147: 286–91. 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.23 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 97Tampoia M, Lattanzi V, Zucano A, Villalta D, Filotico R, Fontana A, Vena GA, Di Serio F. Evaluation of a new ELISA assay for detection of BP230 autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1173: 15–20. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04630.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 98Roussel A, Benichou J, Randriamanantany ZA, Gilbert D, Drenovska K, Houivet E, Tron F, Joly P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the combination of bullous pemphigoid antigens 1 and 2 in the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol. 2011; 147: 293–8. 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.21 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 99Wieland CN, Comfere NI, Gibson LE, Weaver AL, Krause PK, Murray JA. Anti-bullous pemphigoid 180 and 230 antibodies in a sample of unaffected subjects. Arch Dermatol. 2010; 146: 21–5. 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.331 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 100della Torre R, Combescure C, Cortes B, Marazza G, Beltraminelli H, Naldi L, Borradori L. Clinical presentation and diagnostic delay in bullous pemphigoid: a prospective nationwide cohort. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 167: 1111–7. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11108.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 101Di Zenzo G, Marazza G, Borradori L. Bullous pemphigoid: physiopathology, clinical features and management. Adv Dermatol. 2007; 23: 257–88. 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.013 PubMedGoogle Scholar 102Schmidt E, della Torre R, Borradori L. Clinical features and practical diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin. 2011; 29: 427–38, viii-ix. 10.1016/j.det.2011.03.010 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 103Korman N. Bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987; 16: 907–24. 10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70115-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 104Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, Bernauer W, Cooper KD, Elder MJ, Fine JD, Foster CS, Ghohestani R, Hashimoto T, Hoang-Xuan T, Kirtschig G, Korman NJ, Lightman S, Lozada-Nur F, Marinkovich MP, Mondino BJ, Prost-Squarcioni C, Rogers RS, 3rd, Setterfield JF, West DP, Wojnarowska F, Woodley DT, Yancey KB, Zillikens D, Zone JJ. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol. 2002; 138: 370–9. 10.1001/archderm.138.3.370 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 105Di Zenzo G, Calabresi V, Grosso F, Caproni M, Ruffelli M, Zambruno G. The intracellular and extracellular domains of BP180 antigen comprise novel epitopes targeted by pemphigoid gestationis autoantibodies. J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 864–73. 10.1038/sj.jid.5700594 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 106Di Zenzo G, Thoma-Uszynski S, Fontao L, Calabresi V, Hofmann SC, Hellmark T, Sebbag N, Pedicelli C, Sera F, Lacour JP, Wieslander J, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Borradori L, Zambruno G, Hertl M. Multicenter prospective study of the humoral autoimmune response in bullous pemphigoid. Clin Immunol. 2008; 128: 415–26. 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.012 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 107van Beek N, Knuth-Rehr D, Altmeyer P, Assaf C, Babilas P, Bayerl C, Benoit S, Dippel E, Effendy I, Eming R, Fischer M, Glaenz T, Glaser R, Goebeler M, Gollnick H, Gotze S, Gross G, Hadaschik E, Herbst R, Hermes B, Homey B, Hunzelmann N, Junger M, Kapp A, Kern JS, Korber A, Luger T, Mechtel D, Megahed M, Moll I, Peters KP, Pfeiffer C, Ring J, Rocken M, Sardy M, Seitz CS, Stadler R, Steinbrink K, Sticherling M, Szeimies RM, Tronnier M, Ulrich J, Vogt T, Wagner N, Welzel J, Wenzel J, Wozel G, Zouboulis CC, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Diagnostics of autoimmune bullous diseases in German dermatology departments. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012; 10: 492–9. 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07840_suppl.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 108Komorowski L, Muller R, Vorobyev A, Probst C, Recke A, Jonkman MF, Hashimoto T, Kim SC, Groves R, Ludwig RJ, Zillikens D, Stocker W, Schmidt E. Sensitive and specific assays for routine serological diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2013; 68: e89-95. 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.032 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 109Saleh MA, Ishii K, Kim YJ, Murakami A, Ishii N, Hashimoto T, Schmidt E, Zillikens D, Shirakata Y, Hashimoto K, Kitajima Y, Amagai M. Development of NC1 and NC2 domains of type VII collagen ELISA for the diagnosis and analysis of the time course of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2011; 62: 169–75. 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.03.003 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 110Lindelof B, Islam N, Eklund G, Arfors L. Pemphigoid and cancer. Arch Dermatol. 1990; 126: 66–8. 10.1001/archderm.1990.01670250072011 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 111Ogawa H, Sakuma M, Morioka S, Kitamura K, Sasai Y, Imamura S, Inaba Y. The incidence of internal malignancies in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid in Japan. J Dermatol Sci. 1995; 9: 136–41. 10.1016/0923-1811(94)00371-K CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 112Ong E, Goldacre R, Hoang U, Sinclair R, Goldacre M. Associations between bullous pemphigoid and primary malignant cancers: an English national record linkage study, 1999–2011. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014; 306: 75–80. 10.1007/s00403-013-1399-5 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 113Schulze F, Neumann K, Recke A, Zillikens D, Linder R, Schmidt E. Malignancies in pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases. J Invest Dermatol. 2015; 135: 1445–7. 10.1038/jid.2014.547 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 114Amo Y, Ohkawa T, Tatsuta M, Hamada Y, Fujimura T, Katsuoka K, Hashimoto T. Clinical significance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating anti-BP180 autoantibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci. 2001; 26: 14–8. 10.1016/S0923-1811(00)00149-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 115Schmidt E, Obe K, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Serum levels of autoantibodies to BP180 correlate with disease activity in patients with bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 174–8. 10.1001/archderm.136.2.174 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 116Pas HH, de Jong MC, Jonkman MF, Heeres K, Slijper-Pal IJ, van der Meer JB. Bullous pemphigoid: serum antibody titre and antigen specificity. Exp Dermatol. 1995; 4: 372–6. 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00062.x CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 117Di Zenzo G, Thoma-Uszynski S, Calabresi V, Fontao L, Hofmann SC, Lacour JP, Sera F, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Zambruno G, Borradori L, Hertl M. Demonstration of epitope-spreading phenomena in bullous pemphigoid: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Invest Dermatol. 2011; 131: 2271–80. 10.1038/jid.2011.180 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume13, Issue7July 2015Pages 713-727 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Referência(s)