1937: Mikhail Ivanovich Romanov's Archival File
2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 74; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00312.x
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)European history and politics
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. NKVD: Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennykh del (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs). See for example Rolf Binner, Bernd Bonwetsch, Marc Junge, Massenmord und Lagerhaft: Die andere Geschichte des grossen Terrors, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009; O. Khlevniuk, Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle, New Haven, CT; Yale UP, 2009; H. Kuromiya, The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s, New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2007; Pavel Polian, Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR, New York: Central European UP, 2004.2. A.I. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov, eds, GULAG: Glavnoe upravlenie lageri, 1918–1960, Moscow: Demokratiia, 2000; A.I. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov, Lubianka: VChK‐OGPU‐NKVD‐NKGB‐MGB‐MVD‐KGB, 1917–1960, Moscow: Demokratiia, 1997; V. Danilov et al., eds, Tragediia Sovetskoi derevni: Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie, 5 vols, Moscow: Rosspen, 1999–2006; Iu. N. Afanas'ev et al., eds., Istoriia Stalinskogo Gulaga, 7 vols, Moscow: Rosspen, 2004–2005: A.Ia. Razumov et al., eds, Leningradskii martyrolog, St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaia natsional'naia biblioteka, 1996; J. Arch Getty, O. V. Naumov, Stalin and the Self‐Destruction of the Bolsheviks, rev.ed., New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2009; Lynne Viola et al., eds, The War Against the Soviet Peasantry, vol. 1, New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2005: Matthew E. Lenoe, The Kirov Murder and Soviet History, New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2010.3. See J.V. Stalin, “Defects in Party Work and Measures For Liquidating Trotskiye and Other Double‐Dealers,” in J.V. Stalin, Works, vol. 14 (1934–1940), London: Red Star Press, 1978, 241–73.4. These were published in English in a separate pamphlet as Joseph Stalin, Defects in Party Work and Measures For Liquidating Trotskyite and Other Double Dealers, Moscow: Cooperative Publishing of Foreign Workers, 1937. This version was, however, heavily censored.5. Stalin, Works, vol. 14, 261. Stalin proposed this idea at least already in 1928, on the eve of collectivization (see Erik van Ree, The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin, London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, 114).6. Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 14, 264.7. V.N. Khaustov, V.P. Naumov, N.S. Plotnikova, eds, Lubianka. Stalin i Glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD, 1937–1938, Moscow: Materik, 2004, 112.8. Ibid., 112.9. Binner, Bonwetsch, Junge, Massenmord, 29–123.10. See Khlevniuk, Master, 184.11. For more on I.M. Romanov, see his biography at the website of the Rumiantsev Museum, V.I. Shchipin, “Narodnik Ivan Romanov,” available at http://www.rummuseum.ru/portal/node/896, accessed 26 September 2011.12. Among his works we may note M.I. Romanov, Istoriia odnogo severnogo zakholust'ia, Velikii Ustiug: Sovetskaia Mysl', 1925; M.I. Romanov, “Shkola i zhizn',” Narodnyi uchitel' 5, 1926, 31–6; M.I. Romanov, “Pamiatniki drevneishikh vremen v byvshoi krest'ianskoi Dmitrievskoi volosti Cherevkovskogo raiona Severno‐Dvinskogo okruga,” Zapiski Severno-Dvinskogo okruga 6, 1929, 107–23; M.I. Romanov, “Tvorchestvo rebenka severnoi derevni,” Iskusstvo s shkole 7, 1928, 17–26; M.I. Romanov, “U Gor'kogo: vospominaniia,” Sever 3, 193, 78–80. Note as well M.I. Romanov, “Istoriia Ust'ianskikh volosti,” vol. 1: “Ust'ianskie volosti do smuty, xii–xvii vv.”[unpublished manuscript completed in 1951 and located in M. I. Mil'chik's archive]. After completion of his sentence and his release from the Gulag, as a former prisoner (zek), Romanov was nonetheless barred from publishing his scholarly work. An appreciation of his scholarly activity can be found in G.A. Verevkina, M.I. Mil'chuk, Mikhail Ivanovich Romanov: Vydaiusshchii kraeved russkogo severa: strikhi k portretu, Bel'sk: n.p., 2006. He is also commemorated as one of the many victims of Stalin's policies in Arkhangel'sk region in a multi‐volume work, see “Romanov Mikhail Ivanovich,” in Iu. M. Shperling, ed., Pomorskii Memorial: Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskoi repressii, vol. 2, Arkhangel'sk: n.p., 2001, 507.13. The most evocative description of these institutes can be found in A.I. Solzhenitsyn, In The First Circle: The First Uncensored Edition, trans. Harry Willets, New York: Harper Perennial, 2009.14. The FSB (Federal'naia sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii or Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation) is the Russian successor to the Soviet KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennyi bezopastnosti or Committee of State Security). Its archival holdings throughout the Russian Federation are not easily accessible to researchers; thus, those who have no personal (family) ties to the Soviet regime's victims are usually barred from looking at their archival case‐files.15. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464. OGPU, the Ob'edinennoe gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie (United State Political Administration), was a forerunner of the NKVD. SR is an abbrevation for the Socialist‐Revolutionary Party, a non‐Marxist socialist party that stood in the tradition of the Populists in its support for a type of agrarian socialism made up of communal villages. It was highly popular in 1917, when it split into a left‐wing and right‐wing faction, with the former supporting Lenin's (and Stalin's) Bol'sheviks for a while.16. See N.A. Mamonova, “Vydaiushchiisia kraeved Ruskkogo Severa,”Vazhskii krai‐Novyi Region, 7 July 2011, available at http://region.vagaland.ru/arhiv/2011/07/07/07.html, accessed 27 September 2011.17. M. I. Romanov, “Iamy,” typewritten manuscript, Archive of the Ust'ianskii Kraevedcheskii Muzei (Ust'ianskii Museum of Local History Arkhangel'sk province), file (delo) KP 3929–3, 51.18. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.19. Officially, after the new constitution the USSR of 1936 created a new legislature called the Supreme Soviet, for which these elections were the first ever; while formally elected on the basis of the one‐person‐one‐vote principle, voters could only vote for one candidate (carefully selected by the Communist Party's leadership) in each district. In practice this was a mere rubber‐stamp parliament, in everything doing the bidding of the Communist Party's leaders.20. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464. Maksim Gor'kii (Gorky; 1868–1936) was a world famous writer, who for a long while had been critical of the Bolsheviks before his return to the USSR in 1929. Lenin was indeed of noble birth.21. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.22. Ibid.23. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.24. Romanov, “Iamy,” 58.25. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.26. Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii (The State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow), Fond (collection) 9414, opis' (inventory) 1, delo (file) 371, listy (sheets or pages) 3, 53.27. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.28. Beria succeeded Ezhov in late 1938.29. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.30. Romanov, “Iamy,” 126.31. Ibid., 136.32. Archive of the FSB of Arkhangelsk region, file p‐12464.33. Verevkina, M.I. Mil'chuk, Mikhail Ivanovich Romanov: Vydaiusshchii kraeved russkogo severa: strikhi k portretu, Bel'sk, n.p., 2006, 7.34. Compare Kuromiya's reflections (Kuromiya, Voices, 1–13).Additional informationNotes on contributorsOksana Valerevna BitkovaOksana Bitkova is a graduate student at the Northern Atlantic Arctic Federal University and a history teacher at school No. 13 in Severodvinsk, Russia. The author expresses her gratitude to her supervisor, Professor Mikhail Nikolaevich Suprun for his guidance, as well as moral support and understanding, which created the conditions for creative work. She would also like to thank the Director Ustyansky Museum (Arkhangelsk Oblast, a settlement October) Ipatovo Natalia Valentinovna for the warmth of relations, mindfulness, wisdom, and for her valuable professional advice.
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