Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Environmental state of Lake Kariba and Zambezi River Valley: Lessons learned and not learned

2010; Wiley; Volume: 15; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1440-1770.2010.00438.x

1440-1770

C. H. D. Magadza,

Fish Biology and Ecology Studies

Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable UseVolume 15, Issue 3 p. 167-192 Environmental state of Lake Kariba and Zambezi River Valley: Lessons learned and not learned C. H. D. Magadza, Corresponding Author C. H. D. Magadza Corresponding author. Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author C. H. D. Magadza, Corresponding Author C. H. D. Magadza Corresponding author. Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 16 September 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2010.00438.xCitations: 38Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Lake Kariba, still the largest reservoir in the world by volume, is 60 years old. It has undergone changes in its thermal properties, associated with global warming, which reflect in turn on its limnology. These changes include a shallower eipilimnion, higher heat content and increased tropicality to near equatorial status. The role of Lake Kariba with regard to its energy characteristics is discussed in light of global warming findings. The lake's water residence time has increased from 3.7 years to ≈5.7 years, attributable to a reduced inflow from the Zambezi River. The phytoplankton communities have changed towards a cyanophyceae-dominated community, leading to a decline in entomostracan zooplankton, and a near collapse of the planktivorous Limnothrissa miodon fishery. Prolonged use of pesticides to control Glossina has led to measurable ecosystem level impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. The impacts of the forced relocation of the Tonga people were still evident during this study. Siltation from resettlement areas has led to the loss of habitat and biodiversity in the inflowing streams to the lake. Unplanned shoreline development in the early history of the lake poses health problems. It is projected that global warming will cause the lake temperature to rise by ≈4 °C by the end of the century. Higher temperatures will be accompanied by windier conditions, thereby enhancing the risks from storms on the lake. The appropriateness of administrative structures intended to manage the Zambezi River Basin environment also is discussed herein. It is concluded that the management protocol is institutionally a non-inclusive process lacking the capacity to involve other stakeholders in managing the lake's resources, and even less so in the integrated management of the basin. References Arnell N. W. (1999) Climate change and global water resources. Glob. Environ. Change 9(Suppl Issue), S31–50. 10.1016/S0959-3780(99)00017-5 Web of Science®Google Scholar Balon E. K. (1971) Replacement of Alestes Imbiri IPeters, 1852, by A. Lateralis Boulenger, 1900, in Lake Kariba, with Ecological Notes. Fisheries Research Bulletion of Zambia; Vol. 5. Fisheries Research Institute, Chilanga, Zambia. Google Scholar Balon E. K. (1975) The eels of Lake Kariba: distribution, taxonomic status, age, growth and density. J. Fish Biol., 7, 797–815. 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1975.tb04651.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Balon E. K. & Coche A. G. (1974) Lake Kariba: A Manmade Tropical Ecosystem in Central Africa. Dr. W. Junk b.v. Publishers The Hague, 767p. 10.1007/978-94-010-2334-4 Google Scholar Berg H. (1995) Modelling DDT dynamics in Lake Kariba. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 32, 331–53. Web of Science®Google Scholar Berg H., Kiibus M. & Kautsky N. (1992) DDT and other insecticides in the ecosystem of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Ambio 21(7), 444–50. Web of Science®Google Scholar Van Bochove J. & Van Doe J. C. (1998) Sewage pollution in Lake Kariba. University of Zimbabwe/Hogeschool Zeeland Aquatic Ecotechnology, The Netherlands (Project report), 20 p. Google Scholar Boko M., Niang I., Nyong A. et al. (2007) Africa. In: Climate Change 2007: Impact, Adaptations and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds M. L. Parry, O. F. C. Caziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. Van Der Linden & C. E. Hanson), pp. 975, Cambridge, CUP. Google Scholar Chakona A., Phiri C., Magadza C. H. D. & Brendonck L. (2008) The influence of habitat structure and flow permanence on macro invertebrate assemblages in temporary rivers in northwestern Zimbabwe. Hydrobiologia 607, 199–209. 10.1007/s10750-008-9391-3 Web of Science®Google Scholar Chifamba P. C. (1995) The status of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Kariba. Zambia-Zimbabwe SADC Fisheries Project. Project Report, 35, 21 p. Google Scholar Chikuni O., Polder A., Skaare J. U. & Nhachi C. F. B. (1997) Evaluation of DDT and DDT residues in human breast milk in the Kariba Valley of Zimbabwe. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10, 776–8. 10.1007/s001289900401 Web of Science®Google Scholar Coche A. G. (1971) Lake Kariba: a multi-disciplinary bibliography annotated and indexed. Fisheries Research Bulletin of Zambia, Vol. 5. Google Scholar Cronberg G. (1989) Qualitative and quantitative phytoplankton investigations in Lake Kariba during 1984–1986. In: Ecology of Lake Kariba. ULKRS Bulletin No 1/89 (ed C. H. D. Magadza), University of Zimbabwe, Kariba, Zimbabwe, ISBN 0 7974 0936-X, 92 p. Google Scholar Cronberg G. (1997) Phytoplankton in Lake Kariba. In: Advances in the Ecology of Lake Kariba (ed. J. Moreau), pp. 66–101. University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, Zimbabwe. Google Scholar Desanker P. & Magadza C. (2001) Africa. In: Climate Change 2001: Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability (eds J. F. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken & K. S. White), pp. 487–531. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK. Google Scholar Douthwaite R. J. & Tingle C. C. D. (1994) DDT in the Tropics: The Impacts on Wildlife in Zimbabwe of Ground-Spraying for Tsetse Fly Control. Natural Resources Institute, ODA, 195 p. Google Scholar Douthwaite R. J. & Tingle C. C. D. (1995) DDT in the Tropics: The Impacts on Wildlife in Zimbabwe of Ground-Spraying for Tsetse Fly Control. Natural Resources Institute, ODA, 195 p. Google Scholar Ficke A. D., Mayrick C. A. & Hansen L. J. (2007) The potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 17, 581–613. 10.1007/s11160-007-9059-5 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gammelsrod T. (1992) Variation in shrimp industry on the Sofala Bank, Mozambique, and its relation to the Zambezi river runoff. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 35, 91. 10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80058-7 Web of Science®Google Scholar Golterman H. L. (1975) Physiological Limnology. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, 489 p. Web of Science®Google Scholar Gough D. & Gough W. I. (1970a) Load-induced earthquakes at Lake Kariba-II. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 21, 79–101. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1970.tb01768.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Gough D. & Gough W. I. (1970b) Stress and deflection in the lithosphere near Lake Kariba-I. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 21, 65–78. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1970.tb01767.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Grohs F. & Elwell H. A. (1995) Estimating sheetwash erosion from croplands in communal lands of Zimbabwe. Trans. Zimbabwe Sci. Assoc. 67, 6–12. Google Scholar Hulme M. (1996) (ed). Climate change and Southern Africa: An exploration of some potential impacts and implications in the SADC region. WWF International, Avenue du Mont Blanc, Gland, Switzerland, 99 p. Google Scholar Hutchinson P. (1973) Increase in rainfall due to Lake Kariba. Weather 28(12), 499–504. 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1973.tb00816.x Google Scholar International Lake Environment Committee (199495) Survey of the state of world lakes. CD ROM. Environment Agency, Government of Japan/United Nations Environment Programme/International Lake Environment Committee. Google Scholar International Lake Committee Foundation (ILEC) (2003) World Lake Vision: A Call to Action. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation and United Nations Environment Programme. 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001, Japan. http://www.ilec.or.jp/wwf/eng, 36 p. Google Scholar International Lake Environment Committee (2005a) World Lake Vision: A Call to Action. International Lake Basin Management Foundation, Kusatsu, Japan, 38 p. Google Scholar International Lake Environment Committee (2005b) Managing Lakes and Their Basins for Sustainable Use: A Report for Lake Basin Managers and Stakeholders. International Lake Basin Management Foundation, Kusatsu, Japan, 145 p. Google Scholar International Lake Environment Committee (2007) World Lake Vision Action Report. International Lake Basin Management Foundation, Kusatsu, Japan, 392 p. Google Scholar Jackson P. N. B. (1959) Summary of the Zambezi Valley surveys. Joint Fisheries Research Organisation (JFRO) Annual Report 8 (1958). Government Printer, Lusaka, pp. 24–7. Google Scholar Jubb R. A. (1960) Some Lake Kariba fish problems. Piscator, 47, 112–19. Google Scholar Kira T. & Nakamura M. (1993) Environmental management of Lake Biwa and its catchment area with special reference to the control of eutrophication. In: Developmental Protection and Lake Ecosystems (eds S. Horst, H. Stabel, W. Gelller, Y. Xianogan & S. Fenning), China Science and Technology Press, Nanjing. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1970) A preliminary survey of the shoreline vegetation of Lake Kariba. Kirkia, 7(2), 253. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1973) Comparative Limnology of Six Hydroelectric Dams on the Waikato River, New Zealand (1970-1972). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand, 252 p. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1977) Observations on the behaviour of macrophytes following the impoundment of the Kafue River at Kafue Gorge (1974–1976). Trans. Rhod. Sci. Assoc. 58(3), 17–23. Google Scholar Magadza C.H.D. (1980) The distribution of zooplankton in the Sanyati Basin, Lake Kariba: a multivariate analysis. Hydrobiologia 70, 57–67. 10.1007/BF00015491 Web of Science®Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1985) An analysis of plankton from Lake Bangweulu, Zambia. In: Hydrobiologie du Bassin du Lake Bangweolo et du Luapula (ed. J. J. Symoens), 32 p. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1986) Conflicts of resource use on the Lake Kariba environs. Nat. Resour. 22(4): 2–12, UNESCO. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1990) Problems of catchment management in usufruct land use environment. In: Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Lake/River Basin Management, Otsu, Japan. February 1990, ILEC. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1992) Synopsis of the SAREC-Sponsored Project, "Ecology of Lake Kariba". Hydrobiologia 232, 73–7. 10.1007/BF00014614 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1993a) Some insights into the relationship between drought, food production and food consumption in the Omay Communal lands, L, Kariba. In: Worlds of Pain and Hunger (ed H. G. Bohle), Freiburg studien zur Geographischen Entwicklungsforschung, Verlag breitenbach Publishers, Saarbrücken, 219 p. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1993b) Social impacts of the creation of Lake Kariba. In: Involuntary Resettlement in Africa (ed C. Cook), World Bank Technical Paper No. 227. Washington, DC. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1994) An evaluation of eutrophication control in Lake Chivero, using multivariate analysis of plankton samples. In: Studies on the Ecology of Tropical zooplankton (eds H. Dumont, J. Green & H. Masundire), pp. 295, Academic Press, London. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1996) Climate change: some likely impacts in Southern Africa. In: Climate Change and World Food Security. NATO ASI Series 1: Global environmental change: Vol. 37 (ed T. E. Downing), pp. 449–83, Springer, New York. 10.1007/978-3-642-61086-8_17 Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (1999) Pesticides and the ecosystem. In: Pesticide Policies in Zimbabwe: status and Implications for Change (eds G. Godfrey Mudimu, H. Waibel & G. Fleischer), pp. 295. Publication of Pesticide Policy Project, Hannover, September 1999. Special Issue Publication Series, No. 1. Institut für Gartenbauökonomie, Universität Hannover, 241 p. Google Scholar Magadza C. (2001) Human impacts on wetland biodiversity In the Zambezi Basin. In: Biodiversity of the Zambezi Basin Wetlands (ed J. Timberlake). The Zambezi Society. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (2005) Kariba reservoir. In: International Lake Environment Committee. C. Managing Lakes and their Basins for Sustainable Use: A Report for Lake Basin Managers and Stakeholders. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Otsu, Japan, 146 p. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (2006) Kariba reservoir: experience and lessons learned. Lakes & Reserv.: Res. Manage. 11(4), 271–86. 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2006.00308.x Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. (2009) Challenges in water management in Southern Africa. Report presented at 13th World Lake Conference, November 1–5, 2009, Wuhan, China. Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D. & Dhlomo E. J. (1996) Wet Season incidence of coliform bacteria in Lake Kariba inshore waters of Kariba Town area. Lakes Reservoirs: Res. Manag. 2(1/2), 89–96. 10.1111/j.1440-1770.1996.tb00051.x Google Scholar Magadza C. H. D., Heinanen A. & Dhlomo E. (1989) Preliminary results on the limnochemistry of Lake Kariba, 1986, with special reference to nitrogen and phosphorus. In: Ecology of Lake Kariba. ULKRS Bulletin No 1/89 (ed C. H. D. Magadza), University of Zimbabwe, Kariba, Zimbabwe, ISBN 0 7974 0936-X, 92 p. Google Scholar Masundire H. (1989) Bionomics and production of zooplankton in relation to Limnothrissa miodon, Boulenger, in Lake Kariba. In: Ecology of Lake Kariba. ULKRS Bulletin No 1/89 (ed C. H. D. Magadza), University of Zimbabwe, Kariba, Zimbabwe, ISBN 0 7974 0936-X, 92 p. Google Scholar Masundire H. M. (1991) Seasonal variation in size of Bosmina longirostris O.F. Müller in tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereiningung für Limnologie 24, 1455–9. Web of Science®Google Scholar Masundire H. (1998) Water quality and limnological studies. In: Zambezi River Authority. Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Scheme Feasibility Report; Vol. 4a: Further Environmental Impact Assessment. Harare and Soils Incorporated (Pvt) Ltd, Zimbabwe, 173 p. Google Scholar McCully P. (1996) Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, 6. Zed Books Ltd., London. Google Scholar Mhlanga L. (2001) Water quality of the Eastern Basin of Lake Kariba in relation to encroachment of Eichhornia crassipes. Verh. Internat. Verien. Limnol. 27, 3595–8. Web of Science®Google Scholar O'Reilly C. M., Alin S. R., Plisnier P. D., Cohen A. S. & McKee B. A. (2003) Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Nature 424, Available from URL: http://www.nature.com/nature. Accessed 14 Aug 2003. Web of Science®Google Scholar Parry M. L., Caziani O. F. C., Palutikof J. P., Van Der Linden P. J. & Hanson C. E. (eds) (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impact, Adaptations and Vulnerability; Contribution of Working Group II to Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. CUP, 975 p. Google Scholar Pliński M. & Jóźwiak T. (1999) Temperature and N: P ratio as factors causing blooms of blue-green algae in the Gulf of Gdańsk. OCEANOLOGIA, 41(1), 73–80. Google Scholar Romberg L. (1987) Phytoplankton succession in the Sanyati basin, Lake Kariba. Hydrobiologia 153, 193–202. 10.1007/BF00007206 Web of Science®Google Scholar Sanyanga R. A. (1996a) The inshore fish populations of Lake Kariba, with reference to the biology of Synodontis zambezensis. Ph.D. Thesis, Stockholm University. Google Scholar Sanyanga R. A. (1996b) Variations in abundance of Synodontis zambezensis (Pisces: Mochokidae) Peters 1852, in the inshore fishery of L. Kariba. Fish. Res. 26, 171–86. 10.1016/0165-7836(95)00386-X Web of Science®Google Scholar Scudder T. (1991) A sociological framework for the analysis of new land settlements. In: Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development (ed M. M. Cernea), p. 575. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Web of Science®Google Scholar Scudder T., Manley R. E., Coley R. W. et al. (1993) IUCN Review of Southern Okavango Integrated Water Development Project. IUCN, 1196, Gland, Switzerland, 543 p. Google Scholar Sibanda P. (2003) The Possible Effects Of Global Warming On The Growth Of Algae. BSc Thesis, Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, 41 p. Google Scholar Smithers R. H. N. (1983) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 736 p. Google Scholar Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M. et al. (eds) (2007) IPCC 2007. The physical science basis. CUP, 987 p. Google Scholar Thomas C. J., Kelts K. & Odada E. 2000. The Holocene history of Lake Victoria. Ambio, XXIX(1), 2–11. Google Scholar Urbiztondo R. J. (1992) Modelling of climate change impacts on the upper Zambezi River Basin. MSc Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 134 p. Google Scholar Wetzel R. G. (1983). Limnology, 2nd edn. Saunders College Publishing, 767 pp plus references, and index. Google Scholar Wigley T. M. L., Hulme M., Brown O. et al. (2000) SCENGEN: A Global and Regional Climate Generator (CDROM). Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. Google Scholar World Commission on Dams (2001) A new Framework for Decision Making. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London and Sterling, VA, 404 p. Web of Science®Google Scholar Zambezi River Authority (1998) Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Scheme Feasibility Report. Vol. 4a: Further Environmental Impact Assessment, August 1998. Civil Consult P.O. Box CY751 Harare and Soils Incorporated (Pvt) Ltd. 19 Union Ave. Harare, 173 p. Google Scholar Zimbabwe Department of Meteorology at www://utande.co.zw/main.htm. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume15, Issue3September 2010Pages 167-192 ReferencesRelatedInformation