Urbanization without Growth: A Not-So-Uncommon Phenomenon
1999; Linguagem: Inglês
10.1596/1813-9450-2412
Autores Tópico(s)Taxation and Compliance Studies
ResumoNo AccessPolicy Research Working Papers25 Jun 2013Urbanization without Growth: A Not-So-Uncommon PhenomenonAuthors/Editors: Marianne Fay, Charlotte OpalMarianne Fay, Charlotte Opalhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2412SectionsAboutPDF (0.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:August 2000 Sustained economic growth is always accompanied by urbanization. But in Africa urbanization occurred without growth. Was Africa's urbanization process distorted, or is urbanization not always accompanied by sustained growth? To find out why African countries' experience with urbanization and sustained growth appeared to differ from that of other countries, Fay and Opal investigated the determinants of urbanization across countries over 40 years. Rather than studying individuals' decisions to migrate, they relied on macroeconomic data and cross-country comparisons. A central hypothesis of their study: that individuals move (with varying degrees of ease) in response to economic incentives and opportunities. If location incentives are distorted, so is growth. The authors find that urbanization levels are closely correlated with levels of income. But urbanization continues even during periods of negative growth, carried by its own momentum, largely a function of the level of urbanization. From that viewpoint, Africa's urbanization without growth is not a puzzle. Factors other than income that help predict differences in levels of urbanization across countries include: · Income structure. · Education. · Rural-urban wage differentials. · Ethnic tensions. · Civil disturbances. In addition, the relationship between economic incentives and urbanization is weaker in countries with fewer civil or political liberties. Factors other than initial urbanization level that help explain the speed of urbanization include: · The sector from which income growth is derived. · Ethnic tensions. · Civil disturbances and democracy (these two slow the pace of urbanization if all else is constant). · Rural-urban wage differentials, whether they represent an urban bias or simply lower productivity in agriculture relative to other sectors. The weak relationship that this study shows between urbanization and traditionally accepted migration factors suggests that in Africa economists are overlooking part of the urbanization story. The fact that the informal sector appears to provide a significant source of income for urban migrants, coupled with the overlap between rural and urban activities, may shed light on the nature of urbanization in Africa. This paper-a product of the Urban Development and Transportation Division, Private Sector and Infrastructure Vice Presidency-is part of a larger effort in the Bank to develop its urban economics and strategy work program. Marianne Fay may be contacted at [email protected] Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByCausality Between Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence From the Indian StatesFrontiers in Sustainable Cities, Vol.420 May 2022Urban poverty and vulnerability in global South: An alternative multidimensional framework for measurement and targetingRegional Science Policy & Practice, Vol.14, No.24 February 2022Urban Agglomerations and Wage and Self-employment Jobs in EthiopiaThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.868 March 2022Can Urbanisation Improve Household Welfare? Evidence From EthiopiaJournal of African Economies, Vol.318 March 2022Is urbanisation in the Global South fundamentally different? Comparative global urban analysis for the 21st centuryUrban Studies, Vol.478 February 2022Environmental decentralization, environmental protection investment, and green technology innovationEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.29, No.926 June 2020Trade openness and energy consumption in sub-Saharan African countries: A multivariate panel Granger causality testEnergy Reports, Vol.7Water, Migration, and Human Capital Spillovers3 January 2022Toward a bioarchaeology of urbanization: Demography, health, and behavior in cities in the pastAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol.175, No.S7222 February 2021Green Structural Adjustment in the World Bank's Resilient CityAnnals of the American Association of Geographers, Vol.111, No.12 June 2020Cities of Workers, Children or Seniors? Stylized Facts and Possible Implications for Growth in a Global Sample of CitiesRegional Science and Urban EconomicsExchange rate misalignment, state fragility, and economic growth in sub-Saharan AfricaCogent Economics & Finance, Vol.9, No.112 March 2021Is there a universal parametric city size distribution? Empirical evidence for 70 countriesThe Annals of Regional Science, Vol.65, No.319 June 2020Comparing Cities in Developed and Developing Countries: Population, Land Area, Building Height and CrowdingRegional Science and Urban EconomicsPopulation Dynamics, Urbanisation without Growth, and the Rise of MegacitiesThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.56, No.926 December 2019Did industrialisation lead to segregation in cities of the nineteenth century? The case of Uppsala 1880–1900Scandinavian Economic History Review, Vol.68, No.121 July 2019General Growth Performance8 November 2020Democracy in Ghana, Vol.2118 February 2019PrefaceDemocracy, Development, and Daily LifeLeadership and Civic Life in Urban AfricaThe Political History of Urbanization in GhanaThe Construction of Legitimate AuthorityDistributive Politics for an Urbanizing ContinentThe Organization of Civic LifeEveryday Politics in Urban AfricaMethodological AppendixIndexConclusion14 June 2018Relevance of Smart Economy in Smart Cities in Africa22 February 2019Smart Homes as a Solution for Sustainable and More Inclusive Retrofitting of Existing BuildingsMeasuring Urban Economic Density11 January 2019Urban development by dispossession: planetary urbanization and primitive accumulationStudies in Political Economy, Vol.99, No.310 January 2019Using Satellite Imagery to Revolutionize Creation of Tax Maps and Local Revenue Collection6 June 2018Urbanization and mortality declineJournal of Regional Science, Vol.58, No.25 January 2018The relationship between urbanization and economic growthInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.45, No.2Urbanization17 August 2018Urbanization and International Migration From AfricaSSRN Electronic JournalAfrican Urbanization: Assimilating Urban Metabolism into Sustainability Discourse and PracticeJournal of Industrial Ecology, Vol.21, No.529 December 2016Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and … urban push?Journal of Urban Economics, Vol.98Malthus living in a slum: Urban concentration, infrastructure and economic growthJournal of Urban Economics, Vol.98MORTALITY, MIGRATION, AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA'S URBAN TRANSITIONJournal of Demographic Economics, Vol.83, No.16 December 2016The Urban Wage Premium in Africa9 March 2017Smart Economy in Smart Cities26 August 2016Has climate change driven urbanization in Africa?Journal of Development Economics, Vol.124Average city size and economic growthCambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Vol.9, No.231 May 2016Farther on down the Road: Transport Costs, Trade and Urban Growth in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Review of Economic Studies, Vol.83, No.323 April 2016Transition towards Sustainable Urbanization in Asia and Africa11 August 2016What happened to urbanization in the globalization era? An empirical examination for poor emerging countriesThe Annals of Regional Science, Vol.55, No.2-318 November 2015Growing through Cities in Developing CountriesWorld Bank Research Observer, Vol.30, No.15 March 2015City Size and Urbanization in Mediterranean CitiesSCIENZE REGIONALI, No.1Urbanization13 January 2015Climate Change and Urban Development in AfricaThe Geography of Development Within CountriesGrowing through Cities in Developing Countries29 April 2014Internal consistency of demographic assumptions in the shared socioeconomic pathwaysPopulation and Environment, Vol.35, No.312 February 2014Climate Change and Urban Development in Africa23 June 2014Agglomeration, Regional Growth, and Economic Development6 November 2012Concentration and Growth in Latin American Countries4 October 2013Neoliberalism and the Urban Economy in Ghana: Urban Employment, Inequality, and PovertyGrowth and Change, Vol.43, No.117 February 2012Economic growth, size of the agricultural sector, and urbanization in AfricaJournal of Urban Economics, Vol.71, No.1The Role of the Demographic Transition in the Process of UrbanizationPopulation and Development Review, Vol.3725 January 2011Modeling Spatial Processes of Urban Growth in African Cities: A Case Study of Nairobi CityUrban Geography, Vol.31, No.216 May 2013Unfolding the Integral African World System ThoughtSSRN Electronic JournalRéférencesCanadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, Vol.41, No.3Urbanization, informal sector, and developmentJournal of Development Economics, Vol.84, No.1Climatic change and rural–urban migration: The case of sub-Saharan AfricaJournal of Urban Economics, Vol.60, No.3The paradox of China's growing under-urbanizationEconomic Systems, Vol.30, No.1Climatic Change and Rural-Urban Migration: The Case of Sub-Saharan AfricaSSRN Electronic JournalPolitics, information and the urban biasJournal of Development Economics, Vol.75, No.1Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization processJournal of Urban Economics, Vol.53, No.1Urbanization, Urban Concentration and Economic Growth in Developing CountriesSSRN Electronic JournalNatural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of RiskSSRN Electronic Journal View Published: November 1999 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaRelated CountriesCongo, Democratic Republic ofCzech RepublicGuatemalaNigeriaTimor-LesteRelated TopicsHealth Nutrition and PopulationPrivate Sector Development KeywordsDISASTERSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESHEALTH SERVICESLIVING CONDITIONSMIGRANTSNATIONAL POPULATIONPOLICYPOLICY MAKERSPOVERTYRATE OF GROWTHRURAL AREASSANITATIONSLUM DWELLERSURBAN AREASURBAN DWELLERSURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POPULATIONURBANIZATION PDF DownloadLoading ...
Referência(s)