Diefenbaker's World: One Canada and the History of Canadian–American Relations, 1961–63
2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 75; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1111/hisn.12003
ISSN1540-6563
Autores Tópico(s)Canadian Policy and Governance
ResumoClick to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Quoted in "Liberals attack Mulroney over Trudeau tirade," Toronto Star, 6 September 2007, available at: http://www.thestar.com/article/253953 (accessed 27 November 2011).2. JohnDiefenbaker, One Canada: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker, 3 vols, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1975–77.3. ChristopherYoung, "Dief's Canada bounded by paranoia," Montreal Gazette, 4 December 1976, 48.4. Quoted in "Harkness disputes Diefenbaker version," Regina Leader‐Post, 20 October 1977, 42.5. Quoted in "Dief's place in history said modest by historians," Saskatoon Star‐Phoenix, 18 August 1979, A5.6. Quoted in "Diefenbaker vows to finish memoirs," Montreal Gazette, 31 December 1976, 23.7. John A.Munro, "Trials and Tribulations: The Making of the Diefenbaker and Pearson Memoirs," in Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory, ed. GeorgeEgerton, London: Taylor & Francis, 1994, 242–256: 244. Munro also worked on the memoirs of Prime Minister Lester Pearson (1897–1972) and later became the first director of the Diefenbaker Canada Centre at the University of Saskatchewan.8. Peter C.Newman, Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years, Toronto, 1963; DenisSmith, Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1995; and RichardGwyn, The 49th Paradox: Canada in North America, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 66.9. Peyton V.Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 1961–1963, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1968, 492.10. John HerdThompson and Stephen J.Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 4th ed., Montréal & Kingston: Taylor & Francis, 2008, 200.11. Smith, Rogue Tory, 378.12. J.L.Granatstein, "When Push Came to Shove: Canada and the United States," in Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961–1963, ed. Thomas G.Paterson, Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1989, 86–104: 103.13. Kevin J.Gloin, "Canada‐US Relations in the Diefenbaker Era: Another Look," in The Diefenbaker Legacy: Politics, Law and Society Since 1957, eds D.C.Story and R.B. Shepard, Regina: Taylor & Francis, 1998, 1–14: 8–9.14. Smith, Rogue Tory, 457; KnowltonNash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker: Fear and Loathing Across the Undefended Border, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1990, 12.15. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 2, 152.16. DennisMolinaro, " 'Calculated Diplomacy': John Diefenbaker and the Origins of Canada's Cuba Policy," in Our Place in the Sun: Canada and Cuba in the Castro Era, eds RobertWright and LanaWylie, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 75–95: 81.17. Telephone Conversation with the President, 8 April 1960, folder Presidential Telephone Calls 1–6/60 (2), box 10, Christian Herter Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, (DDEL), Abilene, Kansas.18. 446th Meeting of the National Security Council, 31 May 1960, folder 446th Meeting, box 12, Ann Whitman File, National Security Council Series, DDEL.19. Ibid.20. Robinson to USA Division, "Prime Minister's Visit to Washington for Signing of Columbia River Treaty," 18 January 1961, vol. 4.3, MG 31 E83, H. Basil Robinson Papers, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Ottawa.21. Diefenbaker to Eisenhower, 26 February 1961, vol. 4.2, Robinson Papers, LAC.22. Armstrong to Merchant, 8 February 1961, folder Ambassador Merchant, box 1, Alpha‐Numeric Files Relating to Canadian Affairs 1957–1963, Office of British Commonwealth and Northern European Affairs, Department of State Records, RG 59, US National Archives and Record Administration (NARA), College Park, Maryland.23. Robinson to Heeney, 18 January 1961, vol. 1.16, MG 30 E144, Arnold Heeney Papers, LAC.24. Memorandum of conversation, "Visit of Canadian Prime Minister Diefenbaker," 20 February 1961, folder Canada, General 1/61–3/61, box 18, National Security Files (NSF), John F. Kennedy Library (JFKL), Boston, Massachusetts; Memorandum, "Conversations between the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Canada, the White House, Washington, February 20, 1961," 21 February 1961, vol. 4.2, Robinson Papers, LAC.25. Canada, House of Commons, Debates 1960–1961, vol. I‐VII, 20 February 1961, 2220.26. Heeney to Diefenbaker, 20 February 1961, vol. 1.16, Heeney Papers, LAC; and Robinson to Robertson, 21 February 1961, vol. 4.2, Robinson Papers, LAC.27. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 2, 168; Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States, 200.28. Call on the President prior to departure for post, 8 March 1961, in Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS], 1961–1963, XIII, Washington: Taylor & Francis, 1994, 1150.29. Ibid.30. J. Diefenbaker to E. Diefenbaker, 18 May 1961, in Personal Letters of a Public Man: The Family Letters of John G. Diefenbaker, ed. TadMcilroy, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 106. On the talks, see Memorandum, "Visit of President Kennedy to Ottawa, May 16–18, 1961—Meeting with the Prime Minister, May 17," undated, vol. 5.7, Robinson Papers, LAC.31. Transcript, "The Sixties," attached to Butterworth to Kiselyak, 15 February 1966, folder Re Canada 1966, box 13, Livingston Merchant Papers, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library (SMML), Princeton University.32. CharlesLynch, "Sweet talk to the Eagle," Ottawa Citizen, 1 April 1966, 7.33. LuborZink, "The Dief‐JFK conversation: truth or fiction?," Toronto Telegram, 7 April 1966, 6.34. Ibid.35. Griffin to Editor, Ottawa Citizen, 5 April 1966, 6.36. GeorgeBain, "How to create a crisis the John Diefenbaker way," Globe and Mail, 7 April 1966, 7.37. Washington Embassy to External Affairs, tel. 1816, 7 June 1961 and Washington Embassy to External Affairs, tel. 1820, 7 June 1961, file 9030‐40 pt. 7, vol. 5280, RG 25, LAC.38. Ritchie to Holmes, 23 June 1961, file 1415–40 pt. 9, vol. 5030, RG 25, LAC.39. Cabinet Conclusions, 8 June 1961, vol. 6176, RG 2, LAC.40. Canada, House of Commons, Debates 1960–1961, vol. I‐VII, 8 June 1961, 6016–6017.41. CharlesLynch, "U.S. relations (circa 1961)," Ottawa Citizen, 16 April 1966, 7.42. Ibid.43. Lyon publicly revealed this information in a speech to the Ninth Annual Canadian‐American Seminar at the University of Windsor just prior to the publication of his book (see RobertReguly, "Dief believed it was JFK who beat him—historian," Toronto Daily Star, 2 November 1967, 3).44. Lyon to Smith, 10 May 1966, folder POL 17 Ottawa, box 9, Country Director for Canada, Records Relating to Political Matters 1957–66, RG 59, NARA.45. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 2, 181.46. Ibid.47. Transcript, "The Sixties," folder Re Canada 1966, box 13, Merchant Papers, SMML; Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 31 March 1966, 3644.48. Lynch, "Sweet talk," 7.49. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 3, 80.50. GregDonaghy and MichaelStevenson, "The Limits of Alliance: Cold War Solidarity and Canadian Wheat Exports to China, 1950–1963," Agricultural History83, 2009, 29–50: 42. Others who cite this story are: LawrenceMartin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers: Washington and Ottawa Face to Face: The Myth of Bilateral Bliss, 1867–1982, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1982, 193; and FredEdwards, "Chinese Shadows," in RobertBothwell and JeanDaudelin, eds, Canada Among Nations 2008: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy, Montréal and Kingston: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 293–315: 301.51. See Diefenbaker's speeches in Toronto, Halifax, and Winnipeg that summer: Department of External Affairs, Statements and Speeches [S&S], no. 61/7, "Hemisphere and Global Problems," 3 July 1961; Speech to the Canadian Weekly Newspapers Association Annual Convention, Halifax, 15 August 1961, vol. 7.11, Robinson Papers, LAC; Address to the Canadian Bar Association, Winnipeg, 1 September 1961, vol. 7.10, Robinson Papers, LAC. And see DanielMacfarlane, "Courting War over a Rubber Stamp," International Journal63, 2008, 751–768.52. Heeney to file, "Germany and Berlin: Conversation with the Prime Minister," 5 September 1961, file 50346‐3‐40 pt. 3.3, vol. 6089, RG 25, LAC.53. Ibid.54. Heeney to Diefenbaker, 3 November 1961, and Diefenbaker to Heeney, 9 November 1961, vol. 1.16, Heeney Papers, LAC.55. Ibid.56. PatriciaMcmahon, Essence of Indecision: Diefenbaker's Nuclear Policy, 1957–1963, Montréal & Kingston: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 114–145.57. AndreaBenvenuti and StuartWard, "Britain, Europe, and the 'Other Quiet Revolution' in Canada," in PhilipBuckner, ed., Canada and the End of Empire, Vancouver: Taylor & Francis, 2005, 165–182.58. Memorandum of conversation, "Meeting between Prime Minister Macmillan and Prime Minister Diefenbaker in the Privy Council Chamber, Ottawa, 30 April 1962," undated, file 50412‐40 pt. 4, vol. 6151, RG 25, LAC.59. Ibid.60. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 267.61. Ibid.62. Merchant to Ball, 5 May 1962, folder Canada, General, Rostow Memorandum and Related Materials 5/61‐5/63, box 18, NSF, JFKL.63. Rostow to Kennedy, "What we want from the Ottawa trip," 16 May 1961, folder Canada, General, Rostow Memorandum and Related Materials 5/61‐5/63, box 18, NSF, JFKL.64. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 2, 183.65. Merchant to Ball, 5 May 1962, and Bundy to Ball, 8 May 1962, folder Canada, General, 4/62‐5/16/61, box 18, NSF, JFKL.66. Ibid.67. Telegram From the Embassy in Canada to the Department of State, 28 June 1962, in FRUS 1961–1963, XIII, 1182.68. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 276. See also BruceMuirhead, Dancing Around the Elephant: Creating a Prosperous Canada in an Era of American Dominance, 1957–1973, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2007, 43.69. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 3, 124–125.70. Jocelyn MaynardGhent, "Canada, the United States, and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Pacific Historical Review48, 1979, 159–184: 182.71. Joseph T.Jockel, Canada in NORAD 1957–2007: A History, Montréal and Kingston: Taylor & Francis, 2007, 55.72. Ibid., 55.73. Memorandum of conversation, "Meeting with Prime Minister Diefenbaker to Deliver Copy of President Kennedy's Letter of October 22 on Cuban Situation," 22 October 1962, folder Canada, General 10/62‐1/63, box 18, NSF, JFKL.74. Jockel, Canada in NORAD, 57.75. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 3, 82–83.76. Robinson, Diefenbaker's World, 288. Robinson's papers at Library and Archives Canada contain a closed file on Pound, which may perhaps contain her notes of this telephone conversation, or simply notes of his interview with her.77. Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 195–196.78. Nash, Kennedy and Diefenbaker, 133.79. "JFK Asked Canadian State of Emergency," Montreal Gazette, 28 October 1967, 1.80. Peyton V.Lyon, "Canadian‐United States Relations during the Final Months of the Diefenbaker Regime," Speech to the Ninth Annual Canadian‐American Relations Seminar, University of Windsor, 1 November 1967, folder Correspondence; Miscellaneous 1967, box 14, Merchant Papers, SMML.81. Reguly, "Dief believed," 3. As Lyon would add in his book: "If Mr Diefenbaker really received such a call, it would of course detract from his claim that Canada was badly treated. … It would also be more difficult to understand Mr Diefenbaker's relative inactivity during the remainder of the day. None of his associates, however, appears to have been told about this phone message at the time, and it seems probable that in 1967 Mr Diefenbaker's memory is at fault": Lyon, Canada in World Affairs, 33.82. Transcript, "Text of a Television Interview with the Secretary of State for External Affairs on the CBC, October 22, 1962," vol. 12.45, Howard Green Papers, LAC. Note that the transcript bears the wrong date, as this interview took place on 24 October.83. Ibid.84. See S&S, no. 62/17, 17 December 1962; and Transcript, "Interview with J.L. Granatstein, York University Oral History Programme", file 2, 605‐D‐1, Howard Green Papers, City of Vancouver Archives.85. Cabinet Conclusions, 23 October 1962, vol. 6193, RG 2, LAC.86. Ottawa Embassy to State Department, no. 573, 29 October 1962, folder Cuba, Cables 10/28/62‐19/29/62, box 41, NSF, LAC.87. Ibid.88. Excerpt, "Address by the Prime Minister at the Diamond Jubilee Banquet of the Zionist Organization of Canada, Beth Tzedec Synagogue, Toronto," 5 November 1962, file 2444‐40 pt. 12, vol. 4184, RG 25, LAC.89. Ibid.90. "Poll Finds Canadians Back U.S. Cuban Stand," Globe & Mail, 23 November 1962, 5.91. Ottawa High Commission to Commonwealth Relations Office, no. 991, 26 October 1962, and Ottawa High Commission to Commonwealth Relations Office, no. 979, 24 October 1962, DO 200/113, The National Archives of the United Kingdom.92. Ibid.93. Ghent, "Canada, the United States," 166.94. Jockel, Canada in NORAD, 57; JamieGlazov, Canadian Policy toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union, Montréal and Kingston: Taylor & Francis, 2002, 143; PatrickLennox, At Home and Abroad: The Canada‐US Relationship and Canada's Place in the World, Vancouver: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 48; Smith, Rogue Tory, 459; and NormanHillmer and J.L.Granatstein, For Better or for Worse: Canada and the United States into the Twenty‐First Century, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2007, 204.95. John M.Kirk and PeterMckenna, Canada‐Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy, Gainesville, FL: Taylor & Francis, 1997, 62.96. Peter T.Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: Canadian Involvement Reconsidered, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1993; and AsaMckercher, "A 'Half‐hearted Response'?: Canada and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962," International History Review33, 2011, 335–352.97. Bundy to Kennedy, "Canadian Chronology," 14 February 1963, and Legere to Kennedy, "Addition to 'Canadian Chronology,'" 14 February 1963, file Canada, Security 1963, box 113, President's Office Files, JFKL.98. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 3, 3. The argument is expanded upon in Jocelyn MaynardGhent, "Did He Fall or Was He Pushed? The Kennedy Administration and the Collapse of the Diefenbaker Government," International History Review1, 1979, 246–270.99. CharlesLynch, "Conspiracy of silence," Ottawa Citizen, 14 July 1965, 7.100. Ibid.101. Transcript, "The Sixties," folder Re Canada 1966, box 13, Merchant Papers, SMML.102. Ibid.103. CharlesLynch, "Reflections on patriotism," Ottawa Citizen, 9 February 1966, 7.104. Ibid.105. Ibid.106. Ibid.107. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 3, 3–4.108. Ibid.109. Reguly, "Dief believed," 3.110. Munro, "Trials and Tribulations," 253.111. Butterworth to Merchant, 22 November 1967, folder Butterworth, W. Walton 1967, box 14, Merchant Papers, SMML.112. Merchant to Butterworth, 28 February 1966, folder POL 12 Conservative Party, box 8, Coordinator for Canadian Affairs, Records Relating to Political Matters 1957–66, RG 59, NARA.113. Ibid.114. Kiselyak to Butterworth, 21 February 1966, folder POL 17 Ottawa, box 9, Coordinator for Canadian Affairs, Records Relating to Political Matters 1957–66, RG 59, NARA.115. CharlesLynch, "Merchant Loomed Large in Ottawa," Montreal Gazette, 22 May 1976, 7.116. Butterworth to Smith, 26 May 1966, folder POL 17 Ottawa, box 9, Coordinator for Canadian Affairs, Records Relating to Political Matters 1957–66, RG 59, NARA.117. Smith to Butterworth, 21 June 1966, folder POL 17 Ottawa, box 9, Coordinator for Canadian Affairs, Records Relating to Political Matters 1957–66, RG 59, NARA.118. Ibid.119. GeorgeEgerton, "The Politics of Memory: Form and Function in the History of Political Memoir from Antiquity to Modernity," in Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory, ed. GeorgeEgerton, London: Taylor & Francis, 1994, 1–27: 23. In his excellent study of Diefenbaker's views of India and Pakistan, Ryan Touhey adopted this approach, using One Canada to illuminate the prime minister's views of both South Asia and South Asians (see RyanTouhey, "Dealing in Black and White: The Diefenbaker Government and the Cold War in South Asia," Canadian Historical Review92, 2011, 429–454).120. Smith, Rogue Tory, 553.121. Diefenbaker, One Canada, vol. 2, 172.122. J.L.Granatstein, Yankee Go Home?: Canadians and Anti‐Americanism, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1996, 141.123. See GeorgeGrant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1965; AlPurdy, ed., The New Romans: Candid Canadian Opinions of the US, Edmonton: Taylor & Francis, 1968; JohnWarnock, Partner to Behemoth: The Military Policy of a Satellite Canada, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1970; and IanLumsden, ed., Close the 49th Parallel etc.: The Americanization of Canada, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1970.124. RobertBothwell, Alliance and Illusion: Canada and the World, 1945–1984, Vancouver: Taylor & Francis, 2007, 173.125. Ibid., 168.126. Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers, 7.127. DuncanMcdowall, "Spinning the Past: Prime Ministerial Memoirs, 2007," Queen's Quarterly115, Spring 2008, 117–131.128. Lynch, "Merchant Loomed Large," 7.Additional informationNotes on contributorsAsa McKercherA former archival assistant at Library and Archives Canada, Asa McKercher is a PhD Candidate at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and a former Arthur M Schlesinger Jr Fellow at the John F Kennedy Presidential Library. His most recent articles have appeared in The Canadian Historical Review and The International Journal. The author would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers as well as both the Kennedy Library Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
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