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Characterization of a Novel Kinetochore Protein, CENP-H

1999; Elsevier BV; Volume: 274; Issue: 39 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.274.39.27343

1083-351X

Naoko Yoshizawa-Sugata, Eisuke Munekata, Kazuo Todokoro,

Mitochondrial Function and Pathology

Macromolecular centromere-kinetochore complex plays a critical role in sister chromatid separation, but its complete protein composition as well as its precise dynamic function during mitosis has not yet been clearly determined. Here we report the isolation of a novel mouse kinetochore protein, CENP-H. The CENP-H, with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa, was found to contain a coiled-coil structure and a nuclear localization signal. The CENP-H transcripts were relatively scarce but were detectable in most tissues and embryos at various stages of development. Immunofluorescence stainings of mouse fibroblast cells with anti-CENP-H-specific antibody demonstrated that the CENP-H is specifically and constitutively localized in kinetochores throughout the cell cycle; this was also confirmed by stainings with anti-centromere-specific antibody. Thus the newly isolated CENP-H may play a role in kinetochore organization and function throughout the cell cycle. Macromolecular centromere-kinetochore complex plays a critical role in sister chromatid separation, but its complete protein composition as well as its precise dynamic function during mitosis has not yet been clearly determined. Here we report the isolation of a novel mouse kinetochore protein, CENP-H. The CENP-H, with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa, was found to contain a coiled-coil structure and a nuclear localization signal. The CENP-H transcripts were relatively scarce but were detectable in most tissues and embryos at various stages of development. Immunofluorescence stainings of mouse fibroblast cells with anti-CENP-H-specific antibody demonstrated that the CENP-H is specifically and constitutively localized in kinetochores throughout the cell cycle; this was also confirmed by stainings with anti-centromere-specific antibody. Thus the newly isolated CENP-H may play a role in kinetochore organization and function throughout the cell cycle. mitotic centromere-associated kinesin base pair(s) 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid phosphate-buffered saline fluorescein isothiocyanate 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole A replicated chromosome possesses two discrete complex macromolecular assemblies, kinetochores, which are positioned on opposite sides of the centromere region of replicated chromosomes. Recent studies have identified several kinetochore proteins that have a pivotal role in centromere structure, kinetochore formation, and sister chromatid separation (1Rieder C.L. Salmon E.D. Trends Cell Biol. 1998; 8: 310-318Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (371) Google Scholar, 2Skibbens R.V. Hieter P. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1998; 32: 307-337Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar, 3Dobie K.W. Hari K.L. Maggert K.A. Karpen G.H. Curr. Opin. Genet. 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Mitchison T.J. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 128: 95-104Crossref PubMed Scopus (327) Google Scholar), which has been shown in Xenopus extracts to be required for spindle formation and maintenance (9Walczak C.E. Mitchison T.J. Desai A. Cell. 1996; 84: 37-47Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (462) Google Scholar). Immunoelectron microscopic analyses revealed that the kinetochores consist of four structurally differentiated domains: inner plate, interzone, outer plate, and fibrous corona. The inner plate is closely associated with the centromeric heterochromatin and contains CENP-C (10Tomkiel J. Cooke C.A. Saitoh H. Bernat R.L. Earnshaw W.C. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 125: 531-545Crossref PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar), which is required for the maintenance of a functional kinetochore, and CENP-G (11He D. Zeng C. Woods K. Zhong L. Turner D. Busch R.K. Brinkley B.R. Busch H. Chromosoma ( Berl ). 1998; 107: 189-197Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar). 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A. 1987; 84: 4126-4130Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar), and the cDNA library was constructed in λZipLoxTM phage (Life Technologies, Inc.). The digoxigenin-labeled 330 bp CENP-H cDNA, which was incidentally obtained by differential display, was used for screening the library. Four positive clones were isolated from 5 × 105plaques, and their sequences were determined. The 5′ end of the CENP-H transcript was determined by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE) methods, following the manufacturer's instructions (Life Technologies, Inc.). The cDNAs for 5′-RACE were synthesized by SuperScriptTM II (Life Technologies, Inc.) at 50 °C for 30 min or by ThermoScriptTM (Life Technologies, Inc.) for 60 min at 55 °C with a primer CCGAAGTGCAACTGAAA. The primers used for PCR were GACAGACCCCGCTTCTCT or TCCATTGCAAAGGCCCGCTAGGTT, both of which resulted in the isolation of the identical cDNA. The GenBankTM/EBI/DDBJ accession number of mouse CENP-H is AB017634. The CENP-H cDNA encoding amino acid residues 27 to 241 was cloned into pGEX-2T (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The GST-fused CENP-H was expressed in XL1-Blue MRF′ with 0.1 mm isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside and isolated by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose beads according to the manufacturer's protocol (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The purified GST fusion protein was used to immunize a rabbit. Antibody was affinity-purified with GST-CENP-H fusion protein coupled to HiTrap NHS-activated Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of various mouse tissues and embryos at various stages of development was conducted using Mouse Rapid-ScanTM Panel (Origene) containing cDNAs of 4-log ranged dilution. The primers used were CAGTTGCACTTCGGGATAACA and TAGCGTGTTGAGGTCCTTCT corresponding to 405–425 and 800–820 bp of CENP-H cDNA. The PCR (30 cycles) was carried at 94 °C for 30 s, 62 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 2 min using 0.4 μm primer per reaction. The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was examined as a control. Mouse NIH/3T3 fibroblasts cultured on 24 × 60 mm coverslips were washed twice with PHEM (60 mm PIPES, 25 mm HEPES, pH 6.9, with KOH, 10 mm EGTA, 2 mm MgCl2) and incubated for 1 min at room temperature. Cells on the coverslips were fixed with methanol at −20 °C for 5 min, immediately dried, and washed briefly with PBS. The coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies in an antibody solution (0.1 m PIPES-KOH, pH 7.2, 1 mm MgSO4, 1 mm EGTA, 1.83%l-lysine, 1% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% NaN3) for 1 h at 37 °C. Primary antibodies used were: purified rabbit anti-CENP-H antibody (1:10 dilution), human anti-centromere autoimmune serum (29Nagata Y. Muro Y. Todokoro K. J. Cell Biol. 1997; 139: 449-457Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar) (1:500 dilution), or rat anti-tyrosinated α-tubulin antibody (Biosys) (1:20 dilution). After washing with PBS, the coverslips were incubated with Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (1:1500 dilution), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-rat antibody (1:50 dilution) and/or anti-human antibody (all three antibodies from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) (1:50 dilution) in antibody solution containing 1 μg/ml DAPI for 45 min at 37 °C, washed three times with PBS for 3 min, and mounted on slides with 90% glycerol and 10% 10× PBS containing 1,4-para-phenylene diamine. Samples were observed with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX60 equipped with U-ULS 100HG) and photographed. During the course of isolation of erythropoietin-inducible transcripts by differential display method in erythropoietin-responsive mouse SKT6 cells (28Todokoro K. Kanazawa S. Amanuma H. Ikawa Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1987; 84: 4126-4130Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar), a cDNA fragment encoding a novel kinetochore protein was incidentally isolated. We called it CENP-H because of its constitutive subcellular localization in kinetochores (see below). The full-length CENP-H cDNA was isolated from SKT6 cDNA library constructed in λZipLoxTM phage using 330-bp cDNA fragment as a probe, and the translational initiation site was confirmed by 5′-RACE method using SuperScript II at 50 °C or ThermoScriptTMat 60 °C. The sequence analysis of the isolated cDNA revealed that it encodes a novel protein. Fig.1 A shows the confirmed full-length mouse CENP-H sequence. The sequence surrounding the first ATG is in agreement with that of the translational initiation site (so-called Kozak consensus sequence) (30Kozak M. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 108: 229-241Crossref PubMed Scopus (2810) Google Scholar). The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 241 amino acids, and its predicted molecular mass is 28,135 daltons. The predicted isoelectric point is 5.35. The encoded protein contains a coiled-coil structure (amino acids 28 to 187) and a nuclear localization signal RKKR (amino acids 152 to 155) (Fig.1 B), indicating that it might be located in nucleus and bind to another protein through this coiled-coil structure. Northern blot analysis showed CENP-H transcripts at 1.5 kilobases in SKT6 and many other hematopoietic cell lines (data not shown), but their expression levels were too low to exactly quantify by Northern blots. Therefore, to determine the transcriptional levels of mouse CENP-H gene in various tissues, a Mouse Rapid-ScanTM panel was used for the quantification (Fig.2). The primers used were designed to amplify 415-bp fragment (405–820 bp), and the PCR was performed in a series of dilutions of cDNA, of which 1× contains 2.5 pg of cDNA (Fig. 2). Among 16 tissues and 4 embryos at different developmental stages, the most abundant transcript was found in embryos of day 9.5 (Fig. 2). The transcripts were detectable in various tissues except brain, heart, and adrenal gland. It was relatively abundantly expressed in thymus, spleen, uterus, ovary, testis, and muscle, but weakly expressed in small intestine, lung, and stomach. Expression in kidney, liver, skin, and prostate gland was barely detectable. In embryos, it was abundantly expressed between day 9.5 and day 12.5. One of the housekeeping enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was equally expressed in all tissues and embryos were examined (data not shown). The CENP-H transcripts could be detected in most tissues but they were relatively abundant in proliferating tissues, whereas the transcriptional levels might not reflect the protein level in a cell. To determine the subcellular localization of CENP-H, we performed indirect immunofluorescence microscopic analyses with the affinity purified anti-CENP-H antibody in NIH/3T3 cells. The CENP-H of 33 kDa was detected by the antibody in mouse NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells (data not shown). Because there exists a nuclear localization signal in CENP-H, it was expected to be localized in the nucleus. CENP-H was indeed found in the nucleus during interphase (Fig. 3,lane 1, top panel), and surprisingly, a number of paired CENP-H stainings on the chromosomes were clearly visible throughout the cell cycle (Fig. 3, lanes 1–6, top panels). The paired CENP-H stainings were always seen during mitosis: in prophase (Fig. 3, lane 2), prometaphase (Fig. 3,lane 3), metaphase (Fig. 3, lane 4), anaphase (Fig. 3, lane 5), and telophase (Fig. 3, lane 6). Double stainings of the cells with anti-centromere antibody (Fig.4, lanes 1–5, second panels) together with anti-CENP-H antibody (Fig. 4, lanes 1–5, top panels) revealed that these paired dots on the chromosomes were centromeres/kinetochores of the sister chromatids (Fig. 4). In triple stainings (CENP-H, centromere, and DNA), the stainings of CENP-H completely overlapped with those of centromeres (Fig. 4, bottom panels). Therefore, we concluded that the newly isolated cDNA encodes a novel kinetochore protein and thus designated it CENP-H.Figure 4CENP-H in centromeres/kinetochores throughout the cell cycle. NIH/3T3 cells in interphase (lane 1), prophase (lane 2), metaphase (lane 3), and anaphase (lane 4) or telophase (lane 5) were stained with anti-CENP-H-specific rabbit antibody (top panels), anti-centromere human autoimmune serum (second panels), and DAPI (third panels). The Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit or FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG was used as secondary antibody. The combinations of all three fluorochromes are shown in thebottom panels.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) In reporting this isolation of a novel kinetochore protein CENP-H, which is constitutively localized in kinetochores throughout the cell cycle, we have hypothesized that CENP-H may play a role in kinetochore organization and function. At least 5 proteins, CENP-A, CENP-B, CENP-C, CENP-D, and CENP-G, are known to be constitutively associated with kinetochores throughout the cell cycle. These proteins are thought to be involved in maintaining the structure of chromatides and kinetochores. In contrast, CENP-E, CENP-F, MCAK, Mad family, and Bub family, which are transiently associated with kinetochores during mitosis, are thought to have an important function in sister chromatid separation and/or spindle assembly checkpoint. Kalitsis et al. (31Kalitsis P. Fowler K.J. Earle E. Hill J. Choo K.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 1136-1141Crossref PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar) recently reported, however, that mitotic chromosomes of CENP-C knockout mouse embryos displayed a scattered and highly condensed configuration and did not segregate in an ordered fashion, suggesting that some of these constitutively associated kinetochore proteins might also be indispensable not only for organizing kinetochores but also for acting in metaphase-anaphase transition. The CENP-H was found to be a coiled-coil protein. Thus the possibility that CENP-H interacts with other kinetochore proteins is required study. The antibody we prepared could recognize human CENP-H in immunofluorescence stainings but not in immunoprecipitation or immunoblot. Thus we were unable to examine the interactions with the other known kinetochore proteins CENP-B and CENP-C, of which the available antibodies react only with human proteins. The identification of CENP-H binding proteins must await isolation of its human homologue and preparation of its specific antibody. Further studies are required to understand the detailed structure and dynamic biological functions of kinetochores during mitosis. We thank Y. Muro for anti-centromere antibody and Y. Nagata, K. Ishihara, Y. Kurasawa, A. Kato, and H. Masumoto for valuable discussions.