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Isolation of TAO1, a Protein Kinase That Activates MEKs in Stress-activated Protein Kinase Cascades

1998; Elsevier BV; Volume: 273; Issue: 44 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.273.44.28625

1083-351X

Michele R. Hutchison, Kevin Berman, Melanie H. Cobb,

Insect Resistance and Genetics

Several components of the budding yeast pheromone-response pathway are conserved in mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Thus, we used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase Ste20p to amplify related sequences from the rat. One of these sequences was used to clone a rat Ste20p homolog, which we called TAO1 for its one thousand and one amino acids. Northern analysis shows TAO1 is highly expressed in brain, as is a homolog TAO2. Recombinant TAO1 was expressed and purified from Sf9 cells. In vitro, it activated MAP/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinases (MEKs) 3, 4, and 6 of the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathways, but not MEK1 or 2 of the classical MAP kinase pathway. TAO1 activated MEK3 but not MEK4 or MEK6 in transfected cells. MEK3 coimmunoprecipitated with TAO1 when they were expressed in 293 cells. In addition, immunoreactive MEK3 endogenous to Sf9 cells copurified with TAO1 produced from a recombinant baculovirus. The activation of and binding to MEK3 by TAO1 implicates TAO1 in the regulation of the p38-containing stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway. Several components of the budding yeast pheromone-response pathway are conserved in mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Thus, we used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase Ste20p to amplify related sequences from the rat. One of these sequences was used to clone a rat Ste20p homolog, which we called TAO1 for its one thousand and one amino acids. Northern analysis shows TAO1 is highly expressed in brain, as is a homolog TAO2. Recombinant TAO1 was expressed and purified from Sf9 cells. In vitro, it activated MAP/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinases (MEKs) 3, 4, and 6 of the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathways, but not MEK1 or 2 of the classical MAP kinase pathway. TAO1 activated MEK3 but not MEK4 or MEK6 in transfected cells. MEK3 coimmunoprecipitated with TAO1 when they were expressed in 293 cells. In addition, immunoreactive MEK3 endogenous to Sf9 cells copurified with TAO1 produced from a recombinant baculovirus. The activation of and binding to MEK3 by TAO1 implicates TAO1 in the regulation of the p38-containing stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway. mitogen-activated protein extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase MAP/ERK kinase or MAP kinase kinase MEK kinase sterile 20 protein p21-activated kinase thousand and one amino acid protein kinase glutathioneS-transferase hemagglutinin myelin basic protein germinal center kinase mixed lineage kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase stress-activated protein kinase polymerase chain reaction base pair. MAP1 kinase pathways have been identified in mammals and in yeast, and each contains a 3-kinase cascade consisting of a MAP kinase or ERK, a MAP/ERK kinase (MEK), and a MEK kinase (MEKK) (1Hunter T. Plowman G.D. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997; 22: 18-22Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (406) Google Scholar, 2Neiman A.M. Stevenson B.J. Xu H.-P. Sprague Jr., G.F. Herskowitz I. Wigler M. Marcus S. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1993; 4: 107-120Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar, 3Levin D.E. Errede B. J. NIH Res. 1993; 5: 49-52Google Scholar). The parallel nature of the yeast and mammalian pathways was first realized when sequences of mammalian ERKs and yeast MAP kinases, KSS1 and FUS3, became available (4Courchesne W.E. Kunisawa R. Thorner J. Cell. 1989; 58: 1107-1119Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (239) Google Scholar, 5Boulton T.G. Yancopoulos G.D. Gregory J.S. Slaughter C. Moomaw C. Hsu J. Cobb M.H. Science. 1990; 249: 64-67Crossref PubMed Scopus (491) Google Scholar, 6Elion E.A. Grisafi P.L. Fink G.R. Cell. 1990; 60: 649-664Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (360) Google Scholar). Subsequently, information from the yeast pathways has been exploited to identify components and understand relationships in the mammalian cascades. More than a dozen mammalian MAP kinases that lie in several distinct cascades (7Robinson M.J. Cobb M.H. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997; 9: 180-186Crossref PubMed Scopus (2297) Google Scholar, 8Lewis, T. S., Shapiro, P. S., and Ahn, N. G. (1998)Cancer Res. 50–139Google Scholar) are now known. Fidelity in these pathways is maintained in part by the substrate specificity of the MEK family member. These cascades are differentially responsive to cellular stimuli, including proliferative and survival factors and stress. Several of the mammalian cascades share some regulatory features with yeast systems. The best delineated yeast MAP kinase pathway, activated by mating pheromones, is controlled by a receptor-G protein system and requires at least three protein kinases, Ste20p, Ste11p, and Ste7p, upstream of the MAP kinase Fus3p (9Ramer S.W. Davis R.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 452-456Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar, 10Chaleff D.T. Tatchell K. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1985; 5: 1878-1886Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 11Leberer E. Dignard D. Harcus D. Thomas D.Y. Whiteway M. EMBO J. 1992; 11: 4815-4824Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 12Rhodes N. Connell L. Errede B. Genes Dev. 1990; 4: 1862-1874Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar). Ste20p was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Ramer and Davis (9Ramer S.W. Davis R.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 452-456Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar) and Leberer and co-workers (11Leberer E. Dignard D. Harcus D. Thomas D.Y. Whiteway M. EMBO J. 1992; 11: 4815-4824Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar) as a gene whose product functioned downstream of the βγ subunits of a heterotrimeric G protein but upstream of enzymes in the MAP kinase module (MEKK, MEK, and ERK) of the pheromone-response pathway. Ste11p, the MEKK, may be one of the Ste20p substrates (13Wu C. Whiteway M. Thomas D.Y. Leberer E. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 15984-15992Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (156) Google Scholar); thus, Ste20p-like enzymes may activate MEKKs in mammalian MAP kinase pathways. Ste20p, like its best studied mammalian counterparts, the p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs (14Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Zhao Z.-S. Lim L. Nature. 1994; 367: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (1328) Google Scholar, 15Polverino A. Frost J. Yang P. Hutchison M. Neiman A.M. Cobb M.H. Marcus S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 26067-26070Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar, 16Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (334) Google Scholar, 17Martin G.A. Bollag G. McCormick F. Abo A. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1970-1978Crossref PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar, 18Brown J.L. Stowers L. Baer M. Trejo J. Coughlin S. Chant J. Curr. Biol. 1996; 6: 598-605Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar)), is thought to be regulated by binding to Cdc42 through a conserved Cdc42/Rac binding region called a CRIB domain (19Burbelo P.D. Drechsel D. Hall A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 29071-29074Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (563) Google Scholar) although this domain is apparently not required in the pheromone response (20Peter M. Neiman A.M. Park H.O. van Lohuizen M. Herskowitz I. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 7046-7059Crossref PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar). We used the sequence of Ste20p to isolate cDNAs encoding homologs from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mammals (15Polverino A. Frost J. Yang P. Hutchison M. Neiman A.M. Cobb M.H. Marcus S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 26067-26070Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar, 21Marcus S. Polverino A. Chang E. Robbins D. Cobb M.H. Wigler M.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 6180-6184Crossref PubMed Scopus (136) Google Scholar). Among these was a cDNA encoding a novel Ste20p-related kinase that is highly expressed in brain and does not contain a recognizable CRIB domain. Unlike the PAKs, the newly identified kinase, called TAO1 for its one thousand and one amino acids, phosphorylates and activates MEKs from the stress-responsive MAP kinase cascades. Although its physiological roles have not been determined, TAO1 interacts with MEK3 as deduced by the specific activation of MEK3 in cells by TAO1, the copurification of endogenous MEK3 from Sf9 cells with recombinant TAO1, and the coimmunoprecipitation of MEK3 with TAO1 expressed in 293 cells. These findings suggest that TAO1 may be an important regulator of the p38 MAP kinase pathway. First-strand cDNA from adult rat brain was used as the template in the first round of PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from STE20 sequences 5′-GACGCTGGATCCAA(AG)AT(ACT)GGICA(AG)GGIGC-3′ and 5′-GGIGTICC(AG)TTIGTIGCIAT-3′. The products were used as template in a second round of PCR with nested primers 5′-AA(AG)GA(AG)CAIATI(CA)TIAA(CT) GA(AG)AT-3′ and 5′-GACGCTGAATTCAC(CT)TCIGGIGCCATCCA-3′. The resulting 420-bp product was labeled with [α-32P]dCTP by random-priming and used to probe approximately 1 × 106 plaques of an oligo(dT) and random primed ZAP cDNA library from adult rat forebrain (generously provided by Jim Boulter, UCLA). Full-length TAO1 was assembled from two of over 100 positive cDNA clones. A partial cDNA encoding the catalytic domain of the related kinase TAO2 was also isolated. Poly(A+) RNA was isolated from total RNA on oligo(dT)-cellulose (Collaborative Biomedical Products), and 5 μg of each RNA was subjected to Northern analysis. The 420-bp PCR product was labeled with [α-32P]dCTP by random priming and used to probe the Northern blot. Hybridization was at 42 °C, followed by washing at 55 °C in 0.2% SSC, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Integrity of the mRNA was confirmed by hybridization to an actin probe. Northern blots of human brain sections (CLONTECH) were hybridized to a probe corresponding to nucleotides 1555–2632 of TAO1 (see Fig. 1) at 68 °C inCLONTECH ExpressHyb buffer and washed at 55 °C. A fragment from the catalytic domain of TAO2 was labeled with [α-32P]dCTP by random priming and used to probe the Northern blot as above.Figure 1Nucleotide and protein sequence of TAO1. A, the complete sequence of TAO1. B, the catalytic domains of TAO1, Ste20p, and the C. eleganshomolog ceTAO were aligned by eye and the conserved amino acids are in bold. The protein kinase subdomains are indicated by Roman numerals. C, the FASTA program of the Wisconsin GCG package was used to determine the identities within catalytic domains of kinases related to TAO1.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) A 1247-bp fragment encoding amino acids 1–416, which contained the kinase domain but not the initiator methionine of TAO1, was generated by PCR. The product was cloned into pRSETB (Invitrogen). A 1344-bp fragment was excised from pRSETBTAO1-(1–416) with 5′ sequence encoding an MRGSH6tag, and inserted into the baculoviral shuttle vector pVL1393 to make pVL1393TAO1-(1–416). Nucleotides 50–3003 of TAO1 were inserted at theSacI site to create a full-length TAO1 shuttle vector. Catalytically defective TAO1 was created by changing aspartate 169, in the conserved DFG motif, to alanine (D169A) with PCR. The cDNAs encoding these TAO1 proteins were also cloned into pCMV5 for mammalian expression with either a single hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag at the N terminus, a triple HA epitope tag at the C terminus, or a Myc epitope tag at the N terminus. MEK4 and MEK6 expression vectors were provided by A. Lin (University of Alabama, Birmingham) and B. Stein (Signal Pharmaceuticals), respectively. pCMV5Myc-MEK3 was generated by inserting MEK3, provided by K. L. Guan (University of Michigan), into pCMV5Myc. pCMV5HA-TAO1 or the kinase-defective mutant were transfected into 293 cells either alone or with pCMV5Myc-MEK3 using calcium phosphate (22Sambrook J. Fritsch E.F. Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY1989: 16.32-16.36Google Scholar). After 48 h, cells were lysed in detergent for immune complex kinase assays (23Frost J. Xu S. Hutchison M. Marcus S. Cobb M.H. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 3707-3713Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar) or in 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8, 0.1 m NaCl, 5 mm EDTA, 1 mm sodium orthovanadate, 0.1 μm pepstatin, 1 μm leupeptin, 0.2 μm aprotinin, and 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride by 50 strokes in a Teflon/glass homogenizer for coimmunoprecipitation. Proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-HA or anti-Myc antibodies. Immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Recombinant histidine-tagged TAO1, TAO1-(1–416), and TAO1-(D169A) were expressed in Sf9 cells. Cells were lysed by douncing in 50 mm sodium phosphate, pH 8.5, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 1 mmphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 1 μg/ml each leupeptin, pepstatin A, and aprotinin. After centrifugation at 30,000 × gfor 30 min, the supernatant was applied to Ni2+-NTA agarose (Qiagen) pre-equilibrated with the same buffer. The resin was washed with 50 volumes of buffer and eluted with a 20-ml gradient of 0 to 0.25m imidazole in buffer. TAO1 was detected by Western blotting with an antibody to the MRGSH6 epitope (Qiagen). Protein was estimated by comparison of the staining of TAO1 to bovine serum albumin standards on gels. Kinase assays contained 50 mm HEPES, pH 8, 10 mm MgCl2, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 0.5 mg/ml myelin basic protein (MBP), 100 μm ATP ([α-32P]ATP, 2–7 cpm/fmol). Reactions were halted with 10 μl of 5× electrophoresis sample buffer followed by boiling, and 20 μl was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. For linked kinase assays, 50–250 ng of recombinant TAO1 protein was incubated with 50 ng of MEK proteins in 30 μl for 60 min at 30 °C; 5 μl of the reactions were added to second reactions containing K52R ERK2, p38, or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) GST-SAPK-β (24Khokhlatchev A. Xu S. English J. Wu P. Schaefer E. Cobb M.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 11057-11062Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 25Robinson M.J. Cheng M. Khokhlatchev A. Ebert D. Ahn N. Guan K.-L. Stein B. Goldsmith E. Cobb M.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 29734-29739Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar) at 10 μg/ml. Phosphoamino acids were determined as described (26Boyle W.J. van der Geer P. Hunter T. Methods Enzymol. 1991; 201: 110-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (1372) Google Scholar). Polyclonal antisera were raised against TAO1 peptides as described (27Boulton T.G. Cobb M.H. Cell Regul. 1991; 2: 357-371Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar). The antigen for antiserum P820 was TKDAVRELDNLQYRKMKKLL (residues 296 to 315). Antibodies recognizing MEK3, MEK4, and MEK6 were as described (24Khokhlatchev A. Xu S. English J. Wu P. Schaefer E. Cobb M.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 11057-11062Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (178) Google Scholar, 28Swantek J.L. Cobb M.H. Geppert T.D. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 17: 6274-6282Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). For immunoblot analysis, 50 ng of recombinant TAO1 protein and 100 μg of cell lysate were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were pretreated with 5% non-fat powdered milk in 20 mmTris-HCl, pH 8, 0.5 m NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20 for 1 h and then incubated with antiserum at 1:500 dilution in the same solution plus 0.25% milk for 1 h. After three washes, membranes were incubated with a 1:2500 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG plus 0.25% milk for 1 h, washed, and visualized by ECL (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed from the sequence of the S. cerevisiaeSte20p kinase were used in PCR reactions to amplify fragments of related protein kinases from rat cDNAs. One PCR product was used to obtain overlapping cDNAs from a rat forebrain library. The assembled cDNAs predicted an open reading frame of one thousand and one amino acids which we named TAO1 (Fig. 1). The presumed initiator codon begins at base 121 and is preceded by an in-frame stop codon at base 106. The longest 5′ untranslated region was 600 nucleotides. The longest 3′ untranslated region was 1200 nucleotides; however, none contained a poly(A) sequence. In screening the cDNA library for clones to confirm the 5′ end of TAO1, multiple clones representing a second closely related gene, TAO2, were identified. TAO1 has a calculated molecular mass of 116 kDa and encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase at its N terminus. In its 700 C-terminal residues, TAO1 contains a possible nucleotide binding site, an acidic domain, and two serine-rich regions. TAO1 does not appear to contain the CRIB domain found in Ste20p or a leucine zipper motif found in the less closely related mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) (29Dorow D.S. Devereux L. Tu G.F. Price G. Nicholl J.K. Sutherland G.R. Simpson R.J. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995; 234: 492-500Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 30Holzman L.B. Merritt S.E. Fan G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 30808-30817Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Of sequences in the data bank, the TAO1 kinase domain has the highest degree of identity, 63%, to aCaenorhabditis elegans putative serine/threonine protein kinase (GenBankTM accession number U32275) (Fig. 1 C). The TAO1 catalytic domain is 39% identical to Ste20p and 40% identical to the catalytic domains of the p21-activated kinases PAK1 and PAK2 (14Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Zhao Z.-S. Lim L. Nature. 1994; 367: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (1328) Google Scholar, 16Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (334) Google Scholar, 17Martin G.A. Bollag G. McCormick F. Abo A. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1970-1978Crossref PubMed Scopus (305) Google Scholar, 18Brown J.L. Stowers L. Baer M. Trejo J. Coughlin S. Chant J. Curr. Biol. 1996; 6: 598-605Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar). The catalytic domain of TAO1 is only 31% identical to the mixed lineage kinase MLK1, and 33% identical to dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase, also known as MLK2 (29Dorow D.S. Devereux L. Tu G.F. Price G. Nicholl J.K. Sutherland G.R. Simpson R.J. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995; 234: 492-500Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 31Mata M. Merritt S.E. Fan G., Yu, G.G. Holzman L.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 16888-16896Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). Among mammalian enzymes, the kinase domain of TAO1 is most closely related to that of germinal center kinase (GCK) and mammalian Ste20p-like kinase 1 (MST1), with 42 and 45% identity, respectively, in the catalytic domains (32Katz P. Whalen G. Kehrl J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16802-16809Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 33Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 21695-21700Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar, 34Katoh M. Hirai M. Sugimura T. Terada M. Oncogene. 1995; 10: 1447-1451PubMed Google Scholar). Aside from the C. eleganskinase, no other sequences in the data bank are similar to the noncatalytic domains of TAO1. The expression of TAO1 was examined in adult rat and human tissues by Northern blot analysis. A probe derived from the catalytic domain of TAO1 hybridized predominately to an mRNA species of approximately 12 kilobases, and less strongly to another of approximately 10 kilobases (Fig. 2 A). Of the rat tissues examined, the most mRNA was detected in brain. On prolonged exposure, TAO1 was also detected in heart and lung, but not in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, testis, epididymis, or spleen. When the same blot was probed with a fragment of the catalytic domain of TAO2, the strongest hybridization signal was also seen in brain. The size of the transcript that hybridized to the TAO2 probe was smaller than for TAO1, at 5 kilobases (Fig. 2 B). A probe from the noncatalytic domain of TAO1 was used to assess the mRNA expression pattern in sections of human brain, to minimize possible cross-reaction with the mRNA for TAO2. The strongest hybridization signals with the TAO1 probe were seen in amygdala, corpus callosum, hippocampus, and substantia nigra, and each of these was stronger than that seen in whole brain (Fig. 2 C). Weaker signals were seen in caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus. Analysis of a second human brain Northern blot revealed strong hybridization of the TAO1 probe in cerebellum, putamen, and occipital, frontal, and temporal lobes but much weaker signals in cerebral cortex, medulla, and spinal cord (Fig. 2 D). To determine whether TAO1 could be detected in mammalian cell lines, lysates were immunoblotted with antisera raised against multiple TAO1 epitopes. None of the five antisera detected TAO1 in lysates of 293, NIH3T3, NG-108, or COS cells (not shown). To confirm that the antisera recognized the protein, recombinant TAO1, TAO1-(1–416), and a kinase-defective mutant TAO1-(D169A) expressed in Sf9 cells were also immunoblotted. The antisera recognized TAO1-(1–416) as a 57-kDa band (Fig. 3 B) and TAO1 and TAO1-(D169A) as 140 kDa bands; peptide antigen blocked the immunoblotting signal. HA-TAO1 was also detected in transfected 293 cells as a ∼140 kDa protein by Western blotting with an antibody directed against the HA epitope (Fig. 3 A), as well as anti-TAO1 peptide antibodies (Fig. 3 B). The large size suggests that TAO1 is heavily phosphorylated in cells. Our inability to detect TAO1 in lysates suggests that it is either not expressed or is present only in low amounts in common cell lines. Both TAO1 and the catalytic fragment TAO1-(1–416) immunoprecipitated from transfected cells phosphorylated MBP in immune complex kinase reactions (not shown). Purified, recombinant TAO1-(1–416) purified from Sf9 cells phosphorylated MBP with a specific activity of 1 μmol min−1 mg−1. Full-length TAO1 has comparable MBP kinase activity, whereas the activity of TAO1-(D169A) is less than 10% of wild-type protein. TAO1 also phosphorylated casein, histone 1, and histone 7 (data not shown). TAO1 and TAO1-(1–416) autophosphorylated extensively on serine and threonine residues (not shown). The identity between the catalytic domains of TAO1 and MEKK1 is only 33%; however, the identity of the C-terminal half of their catalytic domains is higher, at 42%. This observation, taken together with reports that certain other Ste20p-related kinases activate MEKs directly (35Rana A. Gallo K. Godowski P. Hirai S. Ohno S. Zon L. Kyriakis J.M. Avruch J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 19025-19028Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar, 36Tibbles L.A. Ing Y.L. Kiefer F. Chan J. Iscove N. Woodgett J.R. Lassam N.J. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 7026-7035Crossref PubMed Scopus (283) Google Scholar), led us to examine the ability of TAO1 to activate MEK family members. TAO1-(1–416) was incubated with recombinant MEKs produced in bacteria in the presence of ATP and then aliquots of the reactions were transferred to second reactions. Because of the specificity of MEKs for MAP kinase family members, different substrates were required; ERK2 is activated by MEK1 and MEK2, ERK5 is activated by MEK5, p38 is activated by MEK3 and MEK6, and SAPK-β is activated by MEK4 and MEK7. TAO1-(1–416) phosphorylated and activated MEK3 and enhanced the ability of MEK3 to phosphorylate p38 by approximately 100-fold (Fig. 4, A and D). Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed phosphoserine and phosphothreonine in MEK3 following activation by TAO1. TAO1-(1–416) activated GST-MEK4 5-fold toward p38 and 150-fold toward GST-SAPK-β (Fig. 4,B and D). The difference in fold activation of MEK4 toward the two substrates probably reflects the difference in basal kinase activity of MEK4 toward p38 and SAPK-β in vitro. MEK7 was not tested. TAO1 also increased the ability of GST-MEK6 to phosphorylate p38, by 5-fold (Fig. 4, C and D), despite the high basal activity of MEK6. Recombinant GST-MEK5 was not phosphorylated by TAO1-(1–416) (data not shown). TAO1-(1–416) was also unable to increase the activity of MEK1 or MEK2 toward the substrate K52R ERK2 under the same conditions that TAO1 activates MEK3, MEK4, and MEK6 (Fig. 4 D). Full-length TAO1 displayed about 30% of the MEK3-activating ability of TAO1-(1–416). TAO1-(D169A) did not activate any of the MEKs (data not shown). To assess the ability of TAO1 to activate MEKs in cells, HA-TAO1 was cotransfected into 293 cells with Myc-MEK3, or Myc-TAO1 was cotransfected with HA-MEK4 or HA-MEK6. In multiple experiments, Myc-MEK3 displayed 3-fold higher activity toward p38 when immunoprecipitated from 293 cells coexpressing TAO1 than from vector-transfected cells (Fig. 5). Kinase-defective TAO1 did not cause any increase in MEK3 activity (not shown). In contrast, coexpression with TAO1 did not increase the activity of immunoprecipitated HA-MEK4 toward GST-SAPK-β, or that of HA-MEK6 toward p38. Because TAO1 activated MEK3 in vitro and in transfected cells, we wished to determine whether TAO1 could increase the activity of p38 or SAPK-β when cotransfected in 293 cells. Although HA-TAO1, HA-p38, and HA-SAPK-β were expressed in transfected 293 cells, after numerous efforts we were unable to express TAO1 together with p38 or SAPK-β. The mechanism for this reduced expression is unknown. Although the ability of TAO1 to activate MEK3 was reduced in comparison with that of TAO1-(1–416), several assays showed that the ability of TAO1 to increase phosphorylation of p38 in the linked kinase assays was partly independent of the addition of any MEK. Because TAO1-(1–416) does not phosphorylate p38 directly, we tested TAO1 preparations from Sf9 cells for the presence of associated MEKs. TAO1, TAO1-(1–416), and TAO1-(D169A) first purified on nickel-chelate resin were subjected to Western analysis with antisera specific to MEK3, MEK4, and MEK6. MEK3 immunoreactivity was detected in the TAO1 preparation as well as in Sf9 lysates (Fig. 6 A). It was more variably present in the TAO1-(D169A) preparation. MEK4 was detected in Sf9 cell lysates (not shown), but not in the TAO1 preparations, whereas MEK6 was detected in neither. This suggests that TAO1 selectively interacts with and regulates MEK3, although both MEK3 and MEK4 are present in Sf9 cells. To confirm the interaction of TAO1 with MEK3, we tested the ability of TAO1 to coimmunoprecipitate with MEK3 in transfected 293 cells (Fig. 6 B). HA-TAO1 was immunoprecipitated with the anti-HA antibody, and the immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with an anti-Myc polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). MEK3 was easily detected in the anti-HA immunoprecipitate if TAO1 was expressed (lanes 2 and 4) but not if TAO1 was omitted (lane 1). MEK3 also coimmunoprecipitated with HA-TAO1-(D169A) (lane 3). We isolated cDNAs from rat encoding the novel Ste20p-related protein. Partial cDNAs encoding a closely related kinase TAO2, were also found. TAO1 transcripts are highly expressed in brain. Sequences from expressed sequence tag data bases derived from retinal mRNAs reveal the human counterpart for TAO1. TAO1 has MEKK activity. MEKs 3 and 4 are phosphorylated, and their activities are increased as much as 150-fold by TAO1 in vitro. MEKs 1, 2, and 5 are not activated by TAO1, indicating enzymatic specificity for MEK family members in the stress-response pathways. In transfected cells, TAO1 activates MEK3 modestly, but is without effect on MEK4 or MEK6. The selectivity in transfected cells may arise from the ability of TAO1 to bind MEK3. Significantly, the endogenous MEK3, but apparently not other MEKs, from Sf9 cells copurifies with recombinant TAO1. The isolated catalytic domain of TAO1 does not copurify with MEK3; thus, TAO1 most likely binds to MEK3 through its noncatalytic domain. The interaction of MEK3 and TAO1 was also observed in transfected cells. It is possible that other MEK family members also bind to TAO1 that are not detected with our antibodies. MEK3 is thought to participate in controlling the stress-sensitive p38 MAP kinase cascade (37Dérijard B. Raingeaud J. Barrett T. Wu I.-H. Han J. Ulevitch R.J. Davis R.J. Science. 1995; 267: 682-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (1431) Google Scholar). 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However, a subset of these Ste20p-related enzymes also have MEKK activity. For example, MLK2, like TAO1, phosphorylates and potently activates MEKs that lie in the stress-responsive cascades (35Rana A. Gallo K. Godowski P. Hirai S. Ohno S. Zon L. Kyriakis J.M. Avruch J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 19025-19028Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar, 40Hirai S. Katoh M. Terada M. Kyriakis J.M. Zon L.I. Rana A. Avruch J. Ohno S. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 15167-15173Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar). The multiplicity of Ste20p-like kinases suggests that different stimuli that activate the stress-responsive MAP kinase cascades may employ distinct signal transduction mechanisms. Unlike PAKs, TAO1 does not retain the CRIB domain and does not interact with the small G proteins Cdc42, Rac2, or RhoA in the two hybrid system (data not shown), suggesting a distinct mode of regulation. Efforts to examine regulation of TAO1 have failed to indicate how its activity is controlled. Recombinant TAO1 is highly active when purified from Sf9 cells or upon immunoprecipitation from transfected cells, and, like MEKK1, TAO1 is heavily autophosphorylated. Information on regulation of other related kinases is also limited. Krs-1 and Krs-2 are activated by stress such as heat shock, sodium arsenite, and staurosporine, but not by proliferative stimuli (45Taylor L.K. Wang H.C. Erikson R.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 10099-10104Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar). Calcium changes the intracellular localization of DLK, although no effects on activity have been demonstrated (31Mata M. Merritt S.E. Fan G., Yu, G.G. Holzman L.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 16888-16896Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). Understanding the regulation of these Ste20p-related kinases should help to unravel the functions of this group of protein kinases. We thank Jeff Frost and Lori Christerson (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center) for critical reading of the manuscript, Jessie English for providing some of the mRNAs, and Megan Robinson and Andrei Khokhlatchev for MEK proteins. We particularly thank Jim Boulter (UCLA) for providing us with several rat cDNA libraries.