Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Global Democracy: A Symposium on a New Political Hope

2010; Routledge; Volume: 32; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/07393140903492159

1469-9931

Daniele Archibugi, Nadia Urbinati, Michael Zürn, Raffaele Marchetti, Terry Macdonald, Didier Jacobs,

Political Economy and Marxism

Abstract The idea that the values and norms of democracy can also be applied to global politics is increasingly debated in academe. The six authors participating in this symposium are all advocates of global democracy, but there are significant differences in the way they envision its implementation. Some of the contributors discuss if and how substantial changes undertaken by states, mostly in their foreign policies, may also generate positive consequences in global politics. Other contributors address the nature of the international arena and the possible reforms it should undergo starting with the reform of international organizations. The debate combines theoretical aspects with normative proposals that could also be advanced in the political arena and offers a wide range of perspectives on the attempts to achieve a more democratic global political community. Notes 1 See, for example, Robert Dahl, "Can International Organizations be Democratic? A Skeptical View," in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy's Edges (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Ralf Dahrendorf, Dopo la democrazia (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 2001). 2 I have reviewed the arguments and the literature for global democracy in Daniele Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). 3 See Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, "Mapping Global Governance," in David Held and Tony McGrew (eds), Governing Globalisation (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002). 4 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist 14 (Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1955). 5 See Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). 6 See David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). 7 Remarks by President Obama and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown after Meeting, March 2, 2009, Office of the Press Secretary, available at < http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-President-Obama-and-Prime-Minister-Brown-after-Meeting>. 8 Richard Falk, Law in an Emerging Global Village: A Post-Westphalian Perspective (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 1998). 9 Carol Gould, Democratizing Globalization and Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 10 See John Dryzek, Deliberative Global Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006); Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 11 See Richard Falk and Andrew Strauss, "Toward Global Parliament" Foreign Affairs, January-February 2001. The various proposals are reviewed in Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens, op. cit., chapter 6. 12 For a list of the endorsers, see the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, at < http://en.unpacampaign.org/news/374.php>. 13 Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 277–284. His argument was first formalized in an article, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12:3&4 (1983), pp. 205–235 and 323–354. This argument has recently been restated by Mansfield and Snyder, although they argue that the democratizing process may actually increase instability, domestic and international, and also provoke war; Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005). For a thorough discussion of the contemporary application of Kant's maxim see: Eric S. Easley, The War Over Perpetual Peace: An Exploration into the History of the Foundational International Relations Text (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), in particular chapter 9. 14 Cf. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Polysynodie de l'Abbé de Saint Pierre, in Oeuvres completes (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), vol. 3, pp. 617–634; Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas, Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introduction by Stuart Hampshire (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1969); Giuseppe Mazzini, "Nationalité. Quelques idées sur une constitution nationale" (1835), in Scritti editi ed inediti (Imola: Tipografia Galeati, 1906–43) (hereafter SEI), Vol. 6; for the English translation see, Giuseppe Mazzini on Nation Building, Democracy, and Intervention, edited by Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009). 15 Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, trans. Anders Wedberg (Union, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 1999), pp. 341–390. 16 Norberto Bobbio, Il problema della guerra e le vie della pace (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1997), pp. vii–xi. 17 Niccoló Machiavelli, Discourses, edited by Bernard Crick, trans. Leslie J. Walker (London: Penguin Books, 1970), Book II, preface. 18 For an excellent elucidation of the cognitive, moral and psychological implication of the cooperating habit that democracy fosters see Josiah Ober, Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). 19 Norberto Bobbio, Democracy and Dictatorship, trans. Peter Kennealy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), pp. 133–155. Bobbio's minimal or descriptive definition has been endorsed by Adam Pzreworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 10–14. 20 Cfr. Pierre Rosanvallon, La contre-démocratie. La politique a` l'àge de la défiance (Paris: Seuil, 2006). 21 Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: a Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 118. 22 Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795), in Political Writings, edited by Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 103–105. 23 Przeworski, op. cit., chapter 4. 24 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, edited by J.P. Mayer (New York: Harper Perennial, 1969), pp. 236–238. 25 See for instance: Daniele Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). 26 See Miles Kahler, "Defining Accountability Up: the Global Economic Multilaterals," Government and Opposition 39:2 (2004), pp. 132–158. 27 John G. Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Post-war Economic Order," International Organization 36:2 (1982), pp. 379–415. 28 John G. Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," International Organization 46:3 (1992), pp. 561–598. 29 See < http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Home.aspx?lang=en/> (accessed April 20, 2009). 30 Public bads (as opposed to the traditional concept of public goods), include pollution, financial instability, insecurity, and others that can be combated through governmental intervention; see Inge Kaul et al. (eds), Providing Global Public Goods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). 31 Michael Zürn, Martin Binder, Matthias Ecker-Erhardt, and Kathrin Radtke, "Politische Ordnung wider Willen," Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 14:1 (2007), pp. 129–164. 32 Michael Zürn and Gregor Walter, Globalizing Interests. Pressure Groups and Denationalization (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005). 33 Günter Metzges, NGO-Kampagnen und ihr Einfluss auf internationale Verhandlungen (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2006). 34 Raffaele Marchetti, "Mapping Alternative Models of Global Politics," International Studies Review 11:1 (2009), pp. 133–156. 35 Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Martin Wolf, Why Globalization Works (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004). 36 Robert Kagan, "The Benevolent Empire," Foreign Policy, 111 (Summer, 1998), pp. 24–35. 37 Robert Keohane, "Governance in a Partially Globalized World," American Political Science Review 95:1 (2001), pp. 1–13; David Held, Global Covenant. The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus (Cambridge: Polity, 2004); Daniele Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). 38 Donatella della Porta (ed.), The Global Justice Movement: A Cross-National and Transnational Perspective (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2007); Jackie Smith, Social Movements for Global Democracy (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2007). 39 Raffaele Marchetti, Global Democracy: For and Against. Ethical Theory, Institutional Design, and Social Struggles (London: Routledge, 2008). 40 Raffaele Marchetti, "A Matter of Drawing Boundaries: Global Democracy and International Exclusion," Review of International Studies 34:2 (2008), pp. 207–224. 41 Peter Singer, "Famine, Affluence, and Morality," Philosophy and Public Affairs 1:3 (1972), pp. 229–243; Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979); Robert Goodin, "What Is So Special About Our Fellow Countrymen?" Ethics 97:4 (1988), pp. 663–687; Thomas Pogge, "Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty," Ethics 103:1 (1992), pp. 48–75. 42 Daniele Archibugi and David Held (eds), Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995); Daniele Archibugi, David Held, and Martin Köhler (eds), Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995). 43 Boaventura de Sousa Santos and César A. Rodríguez-Garavito (eds), Law and Globalization from Below: Toward a Cosmopolitan Legality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). 44 Robert Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985); David Held, "Law of People, Law of States," Legal Theory 8:1 (2002), pp. 1–44. 45 Onora O'Neill, "Agents of Justice," in Thomas Pogge (ed.), Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), pp. 188–203. 46 Raffaele Marchetti, "Toward a World Migratory Regime," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 15:2 (2008), pp. 471–487. 47 Raffaele Marchetti, "Global Governance or World Federalism? A Cosmopolitan Dispute on Institutional Models," Global Society 20:3 (2006), pp. 287–305. 48 Marchetti, Global Democracy, op. cit. 49 See Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy: Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 50 I employ the term "public power" here to characterise all those forms of power that are legitimately subject to democratic control by some affected democratic "public" or "people." For a more detailed discussion of the concept of "public power" as the subject of democratic control see See Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy: Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) 51 Another way of putting this is that the boundaries of public power and the "boundaries" of democratic decision-making communities must be aligned. For further discussion of this idea see Terry Macdonald, "Boundaries Beyond Borders: Delineating Democratic 'Peoples' in a Globalizing World," Democratization 10:3 (2003), pp. 173–94. 52 For further analysis of the "pluralist" structure of global power in the context of globalization see: Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy: Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Terry Macdonald and Kate Macdonald, "Non-Electoral Accountability in Global Politics: Strengthening Democratic Control within the Global Garment Industry," European Journal of International Law 17:1 (2006), pp. 89–119; Philip Cerny, "Plurality, Pluralism and Power: Elements of Pluralist Analysis in an Age of Globalization," in Rainer Eisfeld (ed.), Pluralism: Developments in the Theory and Practice of Democracy (Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, on behalf of the International Political Science Association, Research Committee, No. 16 [Socio-Political Pluralism] 2006), pp. 81–111 Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the Erosion of Democracy," European Journal of Political Research 35:5 (1999), pp. 1–26. 54 Thomas Nagel, "The Problem of Global Justice," Philosophy and Public Affairs 33:2 (Spring 2005), p. 145. 53 The notion that political systems have different entrenched structural characteristics in different historical "epochs" is discussed in John Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organization 47:1 (1993), pp.139–74. 55 For further discussion of practical obstacles to transforming structures of public power see Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy, op. cit., Terry Macdonald, "What's So Special About States? Liberal Legitimacy in a Globalising World," Political Studies 56:3 (2008), pp. 544–65. For a broader but highly pertinent discussion of the limits of design in political transformations, see Paul Pierson, "The Limits of Design: Explaining Institutional Origins and Change," Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 13:4 (2000), pp. 475–99; Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). 56 For a more in-depth discussion of "public power" see Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy, op. cit., chaps 1–3. 57 For a more in-depth discussion of "stakeholder" communities see Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy, op. cit., chaps 4–6. 58 For more in-depth discussions of non-electoral mechanisms of social choice and political control (authorisation and accountability) see Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy, op. cit., chaps 7–8, and Macdonald and Macdonald, op.cit. 59 W.B. Gallie, "Essentially Contested Concepts," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56:1 (1956), p. 186. 60 John McCain, speech at the Los Angeles World Affairs Council, March 26, 2008. See also: Robert Kagan, "The Case for a League of Democracies," Financial Times, May 13, 2008. 61 Ivo Daalder and James Lindsay, "Democracies of the World, Unite," The American Interest (Nov/Dec., 2006); G. John Ikenberry and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Forging a World of Liberty Under Law: US National Security in the 21 st Century (Princeton, NJ: The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, 2007). 62 Thomas Carothers, "A League of Their Own," Foreign Policy (Jul/Aug 2008); Thomas Carothers, Is a League of Democracies a Good Idea? (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2008); Gideon Rachman, "Why McCain's Big Idea Is a Bad Idea," Financial Times, May 5, 2008; Shashi Tharoor, "This Mini-League of Nations would Cause Only Division," The Guardian, May 27, 2008. 63 The doctrine proposed here builds on ideas presented in Didier Jacobs, Global Democracy: The Struggle for Political and Civil Rights in the 21 st Century (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007), and < www.global-citizens.org>. 64 Jacobs, op. cit. 65 Jacobs, op. cit. 66 Parag Khanna, The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order (New York: Random House, 2008). 67 Daniele Archibugi and David Held, (eds), Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995); Daniele Archibugi, David Held, and Martin Köhler, (eds), Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998). 68 See the essays of Raffaele Marchetti and Terry Macdonald in this symposium.