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The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome

2012; Nature Portfolio; Volume: 489; Issue: 7414 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1038/nature11232

1476-4687

Robert E. Thurman, Eric Rynes, Richard Humbert, Jeff Vierstra, Matthew T. Maurano, Eric Haugen, Nathan C. Sheffield, Andrew B. Stergachis, Hao Wang, Benjamin Vernot, Kavita S. Garg, Sam John, Richard Sandstrom, Daniel Bates, Lisa Boatman, Theresa K. Canfield, Morgan Diegel, Douglas Dunn, Abigail K. Ebersol, Tristan Frum, Erika Giste, Audra Johnson, Ericka M. Johnson, Tanya Kutyavin, Bryan R. Lajoie, Bum-Kyu Lee, Kristen Lee, Darin London, Dimitra M. Lotakis, Shane Neph, Fidencio Neri, Éric Nguyen, Hongzhu Qu, Alex Reynolds, Vaughn Roach, Alexias Safi, Minerva E. Sanchez, Amartya Sanyal, Anthony Shafer, Jeremy M. Simon, Lingyun Song, Shinny Vong, Molly Weaver, Yongqi Yan, Zhancheng Zhang, Zhuzhu Zhang, Boris Lenhard, Muneesh Tewari, Michael O. Dorschner, R. Scott Hansen, Patrick A. Navas, George Stamatoyannopoulos, Vishwanath R. Iyer, Jason D. Lieb, Shamil Sunyaev, Joshua M. Akey, Peter J. Sabo, Rajinder Kaul, Terrence S. Furey, Job Dekker, Gregory E. Crawford, J Stamatoyannopoulos,

RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms

DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are markers of regulatory DNA and have underpinned the discovery of all classes of cis-regulatory elements including enhancers, promoters, insulators, silencers and locus control regions. Here we present the first extensive map of human DHSs identified through genome-wide profiling in 125 diverse cell and tissue types. We identify ∼2.9 million DHSs that encompass virtually all known experimentally validated cis-regulatory sequences and expose a vast trove of novel elements, most with highly cell-selective regulation. Annotating these elements using ENCODE data reveals novel relationships between chromatin accessibility, transcription, DNA methylation and regulatory factor occupancy patterns. We connect ∼580,000 distal DHSs with their target promoters, revealing systematic pairing of different classes of distal DHSs and specific promoter types. Patterning of chromatin accessibility at many regulatory regions is organized with dozens to hundreds of co-activated elements, and the transcellular DNase I sensitivity pattern at a given region can predict cell-type-specific functional behaviours. The DHS landscape shows signatures of recent functional evolutionary constraint. However, the DHS compartment in pluripotent and immortalized cells exhibits higher mutation rates than that in highly differentiated cells, exposing an unexpected link between chromatin accessibility, proliferative potential and patterns of human variation. An extensive map of human DNase I hypersensitive sites, markers of regulatory DNA, in 125 diverse cell and tissue types is described; integration of this information with other ENCODE-generated data sets identifies new relationships between chromatin accessibility, transcription, DNA methylation and regulatory factor occupancy patterns. This paper describes the first extensive map of human DNaseI hypersensitive sites — markers of regulatory DNA — in 125 diverse cell and tissue types. Integration of this information with other data sets generated by ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) identified new relationships between chromatin accessibility, transcription, DNA methylation and regulatory-factor occupancy patterns. Evolutionary-conservation analysis revealed signatures of recent functional constraint within DNaseI hypersensitive sites.