Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Uday Shankar: The Early Years, 1900–1938

2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 30; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/01472520701638508

1532-4257

Ruth Karen Abrahams,

Sports, Gender, and Society

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Rabindranath Tagore, "Tagore's Tribute to Shan-kar," trans. Basanta Koomar Roy, The American Dancer, February 1937, p.13. 2. Mohan Khokar, "Uday Shankar Dies," National Center for the Performing Arts Quarterly Journal, Vol. 6, No. 41977, pp. 42–4. See also Mohan Khokar, His Dance, His Life: A Portrait of Uday Shankar (New Delhi: Himalayan Books, 1983). 3. Agnes de Mille, Speak to Me, Dance with Me (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1973), p. 235. 4. Antony Tudor, letter to author, New York, May 4, 1981. Copies of all letters between the author and cited correspondents noted in this document are in the Ruth K. Abrahams Collection, Union City, New Jersey. 5. Fernau Hall, letter to author, London, August 17, 1981. 6. Margaret Carson, publicist, letter to author, New York, May 18, 1981. 7. Program, The Birds, November 1938, Harvard Theatre Collection. 8. Satyajit Ray, letter to author, Calcutta, April 10, 1982 9. Rabindranath Tagore, "Tagore's Tribute to Shankar," p. 13. 10. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, "Uday Shankar's Indian Dancing," Magazine Art, October 30, 1937, pp. 611–3. 11. Suresh Awasthi, "Indian Ballet – A Critical Survey," Natya, December 1963, pp. 25–31. 12. H. W. Denyer, Assistant Registrar, Royal College of Art, letter to author, London, August 13, 1981. 13. Nivedita, Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists (New York: Dover Publications, 1967), pp. 310–3, or Bharata Muni, Natyashastra with Commentary Abhinavabharati by Abhinavaguptacarya, ed. K. S. Ramaswami Shastri Siromanu, Gaekwar's Oriental Series no. 36, 2nd. ed. (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1956). 14. Shyama Shankar de Kalia (India), "The Nature and Evolution of the Political Relations Between Indian States and the British Imperial Government," thèse (thesis) No. 8, présente à l'Université de Genève pour l'Obtention du Grade Docteur en Science Politiques, March 15, 1932 (Newport, England: Joyce, 1932). 15. Rajendra Shankar, "Uday Shankar: Personal Remininscences," Sangeet Natak, Journal of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, No. 48, April–June 1978, p. 12. 16. Ambika Charan Mukhopadhya was identified in an interview with Rajendra Shankar, Madras, August 10, 1980; Mata Din is identified in Fernau Hall, "Honoring Uday Shankar," Dance Chronicle, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1984–5, p. 328, and in Khokar, His Life, His Dance. 17. Uday Shankar, interviews by Mohan Khokar, Calcutta, 1973, tape #86. 18. Among works on the degradation of dance in India, see Mulk Raj Anand, ed., Classical and Folk Dances of India (Bombay: Marg Publications, 1963); Projesh Banerji, Dance in India, rev. ed. (Allahabhad: Kitabistan, 1947). 19. M. N. M. Penzer, "The Ocean of Story," Indian Culture, Vol. 1, 1936, p. 231. 20. Rajendra Shankar, interview by author, Madras, August 10, 1980. 21. Ibid. 22. Denyer, letter. 23. Shyama Shankar, Wit and Wisdom of India: A Collection of Humorous Folk-tales of the Court and Countryside Current in India, (New York: Roerich Museum Press, 1923), p. 2. 24. Denyer, letter. 25. Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali (song offerings) by Rabindranath Tagore: A collection of prose translations by the author from the original Bengali (London: Macmillan, 1913). 26. William Rothenstein, Men and Memories, 3 vols. (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1931–40), Vol. 2, p. 77. 27. Khokar, "Uday Shankar, An Interview by Mohan Khokar," Imprint, 17:10, January 1978, p. 30. 28. Uday Shankar, Khokar interviews. 29. J. P. Wearing, The London Stage 1920–1929: A Calendar of Plays and Players, (Metuchen, N.J. and London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 1984), pp. 22.209. 30. Ibid., 22.210. 31. Victor Dandré, Anna Pavlova in Art and Life (1932) (reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1979), p. 287. 32. Harcourt Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova (London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1957), pp. 95–6. 33. John and Roberta Lazzarini, Anna Pavlova (New York: Schirmer Books, 1980). 34. Keith Money, Anna Pavlova: Her Life and Art (New York: Knopf, 1982), p. 173. 35. Lazzarini, Anna Pavlova, p. 180. 36. Uday Shankar, clipping file. Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center (hereafter DD, NYPL–PA). 37. Basanta Koomar Roy, "Uday Shankar: The Man and his Art," Roopa Lekha, A Quarterly Journal of Indian Arts (New Delhi: I.M.H. Press for All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society), Vol. 4, No, 13, 1934, p. 16. 38. Money, Anna Pavlova, p. 221. 39. Uday Shankar, transcript of taped interview, R.P.H. Davies, O.B.E. British Council Representative with Uday Shankar, Calcutta, February 22, 1977. Private collection of Pavlova Society, London (cited with special permission of John Lazzarini, Director). 40. Khokar, "Uday Shankar," p. 39. 41. Roy, "Uday Shankar," p. 18. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., p. 19. 44. Rothenstein, Men and Memories, p. 177. 45. Ibid., pp. 177–8. 46. "Uday Shankar's Project for an Art Centre in India," promotional pamphlet (New York: The Press of Robert Joffe, n.d.), list of patrons on inside cover. 47. The Royal College of Art, Annual Report, 1923, pp. 98, 100. "The course for the full associateship was taken by two men students, of which one obtained a diploma … A diploma day was held on June 20, 1923." 48. Program, Covent Garden performance, London, September 10, 1923 (September 10–22, 1923). DD, NYPL–PA. 49. Various programs, Anna Pavlova Company, 1923–1924. Sproule Scrapbooks, DD, NYPL-PA. 50. Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova, p. 97. 51. London Daily Mail, September 11, 1923, p. 10. 52. Muriel Stuart interview by author, New York, October 26, 1981. 53. Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova, p. 105. 54. Stuart interview, 1981. 55. Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova, p. 98. 56. Stuart interview. 57. Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova, p. 98. 58. Khokar,"Uday Shankar," p. 30. 59. Ibid. 60. Stuart interview. 61. Ivan Sergeiff, interview by author, Washington, D.C., September 4, 1981. 62. Rajendra Shankar, interview by author, 1980. 63. Khokar, "Uday Shankar," p. 30. 64. Program, November 6–7, 1925, Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industrielles Moderne, Paris. Shankar Archives, Bibliothèque de l'Opéra de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (hereafter Bibliothèque de l'Opéra). 65. Algeranoff, My Years with Pavlova, p. 131. 66. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 67. Personal effects. Amala Shankar Collection, Calcutta, India. 68. Uday Shankar, Khokar interviews. 69. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, trans., and Gopala Krishnayya Duggirala, trans., The Mirror of Gesture: Being the Abhinaya Darpana of Nandikesvara (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1917). 70. For further reference, see such published works on Indian dance as the special Marg series (1960–63). Treatises in translation include, among others, Bharata Muni's Natyashastra (Bombay: Marg, 1956). 71. Uday Shankar, Khokar interviews. 72. Uday Shankar, Khokar interviews. 73. Program, November 6–7, 1925. Bibliothèque de l'Opéra. 74. Janet Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday: 1925-1939 (New York: The Viking Press, 1972), p. 3. 75. Program, Uday Shankar Hindu Dances in Uday Shankar personal effects. Ananda Shankar Collection, Calcutta, India. 76. For further details, refer to Leonard Cabell Pronko, Theatre East and West: Perspectives Toward a Total Theatre (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), and Faubion Bowers, Theatre in the East: A Survey of Asian Dance and Drama (New York: Grove Press, 1956), among other available sources. 77. Review excerpt, La Tribune de Genève, October 18, 1929. Ananda Shankar Collection. 78. Program, February 26, 1926, Olympia Theatre, Paris. Bibliothèque de l'Opéra. 79. Score, "Compositions for Orchestra," Concert Edition, 1st Violin (Conductor). (London: Hawkes & Son, n.d.). 80. Amala Shankar, widow of Uday Shankar, interview by author, Calcutta, India, August 6, 1980. 81. Concert flyer, Mux Reinhardt Theatre & Berlin, Nov. 11. Shankar Archive, Bibliothèque de l'Opéra. 82. Orchestral score, "Gandharva et Aspara," n.d. Bibliothèque de l'Opéra. 83. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 84. Algeranoff, My Life with Pavlova, p. 111. 85. Translated by Hema Joshi, Indian artist (coincidentally a descendant of the founders of J. J. School of Art, Bombay, India), June 13, 1982. Corroborated by Dr. Lal, Professor of Sanskrit, University of Chicago. 86. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 87. [Review excerpt], Journal de Vichy, September 21, 1927. Bibliothèque de l'Opèra. 88. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 89. [Review excerpts], La Griffe (Paris), January 29, 1929. 90. Alfred Wuerfel, "Alice Boner (1889–1981): On Her Life and Work," in Rupa Pratirupa, ed. Bettina Baümer (New Delhi, India: Biblia Impex Private Ltd., May 1982) p. 35. 91. Ibid. 92. Ibid., p. 1. 93. Ibid., pp. 1–8. 94. Maya Deren, "Ethnological Dance Phenomenon," Mademoiselle, December 1948, p. 110. 95. Wuerfel, "Alice Boner," p. 3. 96. [Review], La Griffe (Paris), January 3, 1929. 97. Ibid. 98. Simkie [Barbiere] Hannon, former partner of Uday Shankar, letter to author, Bath, England, August 18, 1981. 99. Uday Shankar, Khokar interviews. 100. Hannon, letter. 101. Alice Boner, "Theatre in the Jungle," Indian Arts and Letters, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1933, pp. 37–45. 102. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 103. For further reading, see, Lincoln Kirstein, Dance: A Short History of Classical Theatrical Dancing (New York: Dance Horizons, 1968), pp. 140–7, 179–208. 104. M. N. M. Penzer, "The Institution of Devadasis," Indian Culture, Vol. I, 1935, p. 231. 105. Adolf Kaegi, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians, trans. R. Arrowsmith (New York: Ginn and Company, 1886). 106. Penzer, "Devadasis," p. 231. 107. Ibid. 108. Indian Express, July 6, 1980, p. 8. 109. Uday Shankar, interview. 110. Boner, "Theatre in the Jungle. 111. Ibid. For further reading, see Clifford T. Jones and Betty True Jones, Kathakali (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979). 112. Narayan Menon, Director, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Interview by author, July 17, 1980. 113. Boner, "Theatre in the Jungle." 114. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 115. Ibid. 116. Uday Shankar, interview by R. P. H. Davies. 117. Beatrice Straight, interview by author, May 19, 1979. 118. Max Dessoir, Aesthetics and Theory of Art, trans. Stephen A. Emery (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970), p. 194. 119. Ibid. 120. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 121. Menon, interview. 122. Ravi Shankar, interview by author, New York, October 21, 1983. 123. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 124. Vishnudass Shirali, interview by author, Bombay, July 13, 1980. 125. Ibid. 126. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 127. Shirali, interview. For further information see Vishnudass Shirali, "Experiments in Music and Dance: My Year with Uday Shankar," Sangeet Natak: Journal of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, Vol. 48, April–June 1978, pp. 23–9. 128. Hindu Music, Victor album M–382, five 78 records, reissued as Indian Music, Ragas and Dances: The Original Uday Shankar Company of Hindu Musicians, RCA VIC-1361, copy received from Leonard Bernstein's private collection. 129. Coomaraswamy, Mirror of Gesture. 130. Saint-Cyr from La Semaine à Paris, March 6, 1931; Jules Casadesus, L'Oeuvre, March 6, 1931; Émile Vuillermoz, Candide, March 12, 1931. Ruth Abrahams Collection. 131. Ibid. For a fuller account of Hurok, see Harlow Robinson, The Last Impresario: The Life, and Times and Legacy of Sol Hurok" (New York: Viking, 1994). 132. Sol Hurok and Ruth Goode, Impresario (London: MacDonald Co. Ltd., 1947), p. 160. 133. Sol Hurok, Sol Hurok Presents: A Memoir of the Dance World (New York: Hermitage House, 1953), 51. 134. Ibid. 135. "Press Comments," Roopa Lekha, 1934, pp. 24–34. 136. G. Setti, [concert review], DT Lavoro (Genoa), April 16, 1932, quoted in Roopa Lekha, 1934, p. 29. 137. Hurok and Goode, Impresario, p. 183. 138. These included Mary F. Watkins, New York City Herald, December 27, 1932; Oscar Thompson, Brooklyn New York Eagle, December 27, 1932; Samuel S. Madell, New York City American, December 27, 1932; S.A., New York City Post, December 27, 1932; W. J. Henderson, New York City Sun, December 27, 1932; John Martin, The New York Times, December 27, 1932. 139. Samuel S. Madell, New York City American, December 27, 1932. 140. Oscar Thompson, Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1932. 141. Victor Bonham-Carter, "The Arts," Report, Dartington Hall Trust, Vol. II, No. 8, 1925–56, p. 47. 142. Straight, interview. 143. Uday Shankar, letter to Dorothy K. Elmhirst, n.d. Dorothy K. Elmhirst Archive, Dartington Hall Library, Tones, England (herein referred to as DKE Archive). 144. Harold Gosling, letter to Dorothy Elmhirst, London, March, 1933. DKE Archive, Dartington Hall. 145. Uday Shankar, letter to Dorothy Elmhirst, Paris, March, 1933. DKE Archive. 146. Michael Young, The Elmhirsts of Dartington: The Creation of an Utopian Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982). 147. For further information, see Maurice Punch, Progressive Retreat: A Sociological Study of Dartington Hall School 1926–1957 and Some of its former Pupils (London: Cambridge, 1976). 148. Alice Boner, letter to Dorothy Elmhirst, Grosseferrata, October 20, 1933. DKE Archive. 149. Rajendra Shankar, interview. 150. Program, Dartington Hall Outdoor Theatre, Dartington Hall. DKE Archive. 151. Zohra Mumtaz Segal, interview by author, London, June 6, 1980. For further information, see Mary Wigman, The Language of the Dance (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1966). 152. Ibid. See also, Joan L. Erdman with Zohra Segal, Stages: The Art and Adventures of Zohra Segal (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1997). 153. Shirali, interview. 154. Ibid. 155. Eileen Pearcey, interview by author, London, July 6, 1980. 156. Shirali, interview. 157. Ibid. 158. The Dance of Shiva and Other Tales from India, trans. Haren Ghosh (New York: New American Library, 1965). 159. Concert flyers DKE Archive. See Abrahams, "The Life and Art of Uday Shankar," Appendix C "Concert Chronology," for a complete list of concert dates from sources for this research. 160. Straight, interview. 161. Ibid. 162. John Martin, "Shan-Kar Cheered in Dance Program," New York Times, November 11, 1937. Harvard Theatre Collection. 163. M. S. E., "Uday Shan-Kar Ballet Troupe," Boston Traveler, January 16, 1937. Harvard Theatre Collection. 164. Martin, 1937. 165. "Uday Shankar's Art – His Plans for India," The Hindu Madras, July 21, 1937. Harvard Theatre Collection. 166. "Renaissance of Indian Dancing – Uday Shankar to open a 'Centre' at Benares," Times of India, July 17, 1937. Harvard Theatre Collection. 167. John Martin, "The Dance: Hindu Center; Shan-Kar to Preserve Indian Arts ," The New York Times, February 14, 1937, p. 8. 168. Ibid. 169. Chidananda Dasgupta, "The Cosmic Rhythm," India Today, November 1–15, 1977, p. 75. According to this article, for a brief time after leaving Shankar, Ravi danced the lead in a show called Immortal India, which toured throughout India. Author's note: Ravi Shankar's interest in dance was soon relinquished to the study of sitar, on which he became a virtuoso of international renown, and still performing. 170. Catalogue, n.d., Uday Shankar India Culture Centre (hereafter USICC). 171. Center News: A Fortnightly Bulletin from the Uday Shankar India Culture Centre, 5 vols., Vol. 3, Nos. 3–4, 1941–3. Mohan Khokar Collection, Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts, New Delhi, India. 172. Ibid. 173. Catalogue. n.d. USICC. 174. Uday Shankar, "To the Artist," Amritsar Pratika Bazaar, Vol. 71, 1956, pp. 93–6. 175. [Review], "Kalpana Worthy of Place among Film Classics," Sunday News of India, February 22, 1948. 176. Satyajit Ray, letter to author, 1982. 177. Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali (song offerings) by Rabindranath Tagore: A collection of prose translations by the author from the original Bengali (London: Macmillan, 1913). 178. Dasgupta, "The Cosmic Rhythm," p. 75. 179. Ibid.