Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh‐Cut Produce

2003; Wiley; Volume: 2; Issue: s1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00031.x

1541-4337

Linda J. Harris, J.N. Farber, Larry R. Beuchat, M.E. Parish, Trevor Suslow, E.H. Garrett, Frank F. Busta,

Food Safety and Hygiene

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food SafetyVolume 2, Issue s1 p. 78-141 Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce L.J. Harris, L.J. HarrisSearch for more papers by this authorJ.N. Farber, J.N. FarberSearch for more papers by this authorL.R. Beuchat, L.R. BeuchatSearch for more papers by this authorM.E. Parish, M.E. ParishSearch for more papers by this authorT.V. Suslow, T.V. SuslowSearch for more papers by this authorE.H. Garrett, E.H. GarrettSearch for more papers by this authorF.F. Busta, F.F. BustaSearch for more papers by this author L.J. Harris, L.J. HarrisSearch for more papers by this authorJ.N. Farber, J.N. FarberSearch for more papers by this authorL.R. Beuchat, L.R. BeuchatSearch for more papers by this authorM.E. Parish, M.E. ParishSearch for more papers by this authorT.V. Suslow, T.V. SuslowSearch for more papers by this authorE.H. Garrett, E.H. GarrettSearch for more papers by this authorF.F. Busta, F.F. BustaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00031.xCitations: 391AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Abdul-Raouf UM, Beuchat LR, Ammar MS. 1993. Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on salad vegetables. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(7): 1999–2006. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ackers M, Mahon BE, Leahly E, Goode B, Damrow T, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Rice DH, Barrett TJ, Hutwagner L and others 1998. An outbreak, of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with leaf lettuce consumption. J Infect Dis 177: 1588–93. 10.1086/515323 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Al-Hindawi N, Rished R. 1979. Presence and distribution of Salmonella species in some local foods from Baghdad City, Iraq. J Food Prot 42(11): 877–80. Google Scholar Allen AB. 1985. Outbreak of campylobacteriosis in a large educational institution–British Columbia. Can Dis Weekly Rep 2: 28–30. Google Scholar Andrews WH, Wilson CR, Poelma PL, Romero A, Mislivec PB. 1979. Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 37(3): 559–66. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Andrews PH. 1992. Biological control in the phyllosphere. Ann Rev Phytopathol 30: 603–35. 10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.003131 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar [ Anonymous]. 1993. Fourth northwest Sizzler outbreak sickens at least nine. Food Chem News 34: 45. Web of Science®Google Scholar Arumugaswami RK, Ali GRR, Abdul-Hamid SNB. 1994. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in foods in Malaysia. Int J Food Microbiol 23: 117–21. 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90227-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Asplund K, Nurmi E. 1991. The growth of salmonellae in tomatoes. Int J Food Microbiol 13(2): 177–82. 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90059-X PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Austin JW, Dodds KL, Blanchfield B, Farber JM. 1998. Growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum on inoculated fresh-cut packaged vegetables. J Food Prot 61(3): 324–8. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Aytac SA, Gorris LGM. 1994. Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh vegetables stored under moderate vacuum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 10: 670–2. 10.1007/BF00327956 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Backer HD, Mohle-Boetani JC, Werner SB, Abbott SL, Farrar J, Vugia DJ. 2000. High incidence of extra-intestinal infections in a Salmonella havana outbreak associated with alfalfa sprouts. Pub Health Rep 115: 339–45. 10.1093/phr/115.4.339 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Badawy AS, Gerba CP, Kelley LM. 1985. Survival of rotavirus SA-11 on vegetables. Food Microbiol 2: 199–205. 10.1016/0740-0020(85)90035-8 Google Scholar Bagdasaryan GA. 1964. Survival of viruses of the enterovirus group (poliomyelitis, echo, coxsackie) in soil and on vegetables. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 8: 497–505. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Bartz JA. 1999. Washing fresh fruits and vegetables: lessons from treatment of tomatoes and potatoes with water. Dairy Food Environ Sanit 19(12): 853–64. Google Scholar Bean NH, Griffin PM. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. J Food Prot 53(9): 804–17. 10.4315/0362-028X-53.9.804 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beattie GA, Lindow SE. 1995. The secret life of foliar bacterial pathogens on leaves. Ann Rev Phytopathol 33: 145–72. 10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001045 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beattie GA, Lindow SE. 1999. Bacterial colonization of leaves: a spectrum of strategies. Phytopathol 89(5): 353–9. 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.5.353 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Berrang ME, Brackett RE, Beuchat LR. 1989a. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh vegetables stored under controlled atmosphere. J Food Prot 52(10): 702–5. Web of Science®Google Scholar Berrang ME, Brackett RE, Beuchat LR. 1989b. Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila on fresh vegetables stored under a controlled atmosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 55(9): 2167–71. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Besser RES, Lett SM, Weber JT, Doyle MP, Barrett TJ, Wells JG, Griffin PM. 1993. An outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli O157-H7 in fresh-pressed apple cider. J Am Med Assoc 269: 2217–20. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Brackett RE, Hao DYY, Conner DE. 1986. Growth and thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in cabbage and cabbage juice. Can J Microbiol 32: 791–5. 10.1139/m86-145 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Brackett RE. 1990a. Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce as influenced by shredding, chlorine treatment, modified atmosphere packaging and temperature. J Food Sci 55(3): 755–8, 870. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb05222.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Brackett RE. 1990b. Inhibitory effects of raw carrots on Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 56(6): 1734–42. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Brackett RE. 1991. Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into raw tomatoes and processed tomato products. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(5): 1367–71. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Brackett RE, Doyle MP. 1994. Lethality of carrot juice to Listeria mono-cytogenes as affected by pH, sodium chloride and temperature. J Food Prot 57(6): 470–4. Web of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR, Doyle MP. 1995. Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in foods treated or supplemented with carrot juice. Food Microbiol 12: 73–80. 10.1016/S0740-0020(95)80081-6 Web of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR. 1996a. Listeria monocytogenes: incidence on vegetables. Food Control 7(4/5): 223–8. 10.1016/S0956-7135(96)00039-4 Web of Science®Google Scholar Beuchat LR. 1996b. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J Food Prot 59(2): 204–16. 10.4315/0362-028X-59.2.204 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bidawid S, Farber JM, Sattar SA. 2001. Survival of hepatitis A virus on modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) lettuce. Food Microbiol 18(1): 95–102. 10.1006/fmic.2000.0380 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Birkhead GS, Morse DL, Levine WC, Fudala JK, Kondracki SF, Chang HG, Shayegani M, Novick L, Blake PA. 1993. Typhoid fever at a resort hotel in New York: a large outbreak with an unusual vehicle. J Infect Dis 167: 1228–32. 10.1093/infdis/167.5.1228 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar JP Blakeman, editor. 1981. Microbial ecology of the phylloplane. London : Academic Press. 502 p. Google Scholar Blenden DC, Szatalowicz FT. 1967. Ecological aspects of listeriosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151: 1761–6. Web of Science®Google Scholar Blostein J. 1993. An outbreak of Salmonella javiana associated with consumption of watermelon. J Environ Health 56(1): 29–31. Web of Science®Google Scholar Brocklehurst, Zaman-Wong CM, Lund BM. 1987. A note on the microbiology of retail packs of prepared salad vegetables. J Appl Bacteriol 63: 409–15. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04862.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Butler ME. 2000 April 24. Salmonella outbreak leads to juice recall in Western states. Food Chem News 42(10): 19. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Callister SM, Agger WA. 1987. Enumeration and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophilia and Aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 53(2): 249–53. Google Scholar Carlin F, Nguyen-The C. 1994. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes on four types of minimally processed green salads. Lett Appl Microbiol 18: 222–6. 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00852.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Carlin F, Nguyen-the C, Abreu da Silva A 1995. Factors affecting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on minimally processed fresh endive. J Appl Bacteriol 78: 636–46. 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03110.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Carlin F, Nguyen-the C, Da Silva AA, Cochet C. 1996. Effects of carbon dioxide on the fate of Listeria monocytogenes, of aerobic bacteria and on the development of spoilage in minimally processed fresh endive. Int J Food Microbiol 32: 159–72. 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01220-2 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Castillejo Rodriguez AM, Barco-Alcala E, Garcia-Gimeno RM, Zurera-Cosano G. 2000. Growth modelling of Listeria moncytogenes in packaged fresh green asparagus. Food Microbiol 17: 421–7. 10.1006/fmic.1999.0334 Google Scholar Castillo A, Escartin EF. 1994. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on sliced watermelon and papaya [a research note]. J Food Prot 57(2): 166–8. Web of Science®Google Scholar Castro-Rosas J, Escartin EF. 2000. Survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae 9). Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in alfalfa sprouts. J Food Sci 65(1): 162–5. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb15973.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Catteau M, Krembel C, Wauters G. 1985. Yersinia in raw vegetables. Sci Aliments 5: 103–6. Google Scholar CDC. 1971. Infectious Hepatitis– Tennessee. MMWR 20: 357. Google Scholar CDC. 1975. Salmonella typhimurium outbreak traced to a commercial apple cider–New Jersey. MMWR 24: 87. Google Scholar CDC. 1979. Salmonella oranienburg gastroenteritis associated with consumption of precut watermelons-Illinois. MMWR 28: 522–3. Google Scholar CDC. 1989. Epidemiologic notes and reports common-source outbreak of giardiasis– New Mexico. MMWR 38: 405–7. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1990. CDC surveillance summaries; March 1, 2000. MMWR 39(SS-1): 15–23. Google Scholar CDC. 1991. Multi-state outbreak of Salmonella poona infections–United States and Canada 1991. MMWR 40: 549–52. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1994. Foodborne outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Rhode Island and New Hampshire, 1993. MMWR 43: 81, 7–8. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1995. Outbreak of S. hartford among travellers to Orlando, FA, May 1995. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Google Scholar CDC. 1996a. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum–Minnesota, 1995. MMWR 45(36): 783–5. Google Scholar CDC. 1996b. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with drinking unpasteurized commercial apple juice – British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Washington, October 1996. MMWR 45(44): 975. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1997a. Hepatitis A associated with consumption of frozen strawberries-Michigan, March 1997. MMWR 46: 288–9. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1997b. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis-Northern Virginia-Washington DC-Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area, 1997. MMWR 46(30): 689–91. Google Scholar CDC. 1997c. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider–Connecticut and New York, October 1996. MMWR 46: 4–8. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1997d. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating alfalfa sprouts- Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997. MMWR 46(32): 741–4. Google Scholar CDC. 1998a. Foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis–Spokane, Washington, 1997. MMWR 47(565–7). Google Scholar CDC. 1998b. Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with cross-contamination of food–Oklahoma, 1996. MMWR 47: 129–31. Google Scholar CDC. 1998c. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis–Ontario, Canada, May 1998. MMWR 47: 806–9. Google Scholar CDC. 1999a. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Muenchen infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice–United States and Canada, July 1999. MMWR 48: 582–5. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 1999b. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley-United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR 48: 285–9. PubMedGoogle Scholar CDC. 2000. CDC surveillance summaries; March 17, 2000. MMWR 49(SS-1): 1–51. Google Scholar Cody SH, Glynn K, Farrar JA, Cairns KL, Griffin PM, Kobayashi J, Fyfe M, Hoffman R, King AS, Lewis JH and others. 1999. An outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection from unpasteurized commercial apple juice. An Intern Med 130: 202–9. 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00005 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cook KA, Dobbs TE, Hlady WG, Wells JG, Barrett TJ, Puhr ND, Lancette GA, Bodager DW, Toth BL, Genese CA and others 1998. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice. J Am Med Assoc 280: 1504–9. 10.1001/jama.280.17.1504 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cover TL, Aber RC. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica. New Engl J Med 321: 16–24. 10.1056/NEJM198907063210104 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar [CSPI] Center for Science in the Public Interest. Updated and Revised 2000 Aug. Outbreak alert! Closing the gaps in our federal food-safety net (Appendix A Outbreaks traced to FDA-regulated foods, 1990–2000). Lkd. from: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/index.html. Accessed 2001 Aug 28. Google Scholar Cummings K. 1999 Sept 20. Salmonella outbreak linked to raw tomatoes in California. In: 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC): a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology; 1999 Sept 26–29; San Francisco, CA. Herndon (VA): ASM Pr. Session 213. L/M, Paper 2216. Google Scholar Darbas H, Riviere M, Oberti J. 1985. Yersinia in refrigerated vegetables. Sci Aliments 5: 81–4. Google Scholar Davis H, Taylor JP, Perdue JN, Stelma Jr. GN, Humphreys Jr. JM, Rowntree III R, Greene KD. 1988. A shigellosis outbreak traced to commercially distributed shredded lettuce. Am J Epidemiol 128(6): 1312–21. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115084 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar De Simon M, Tarrago C, Ferrer MD. 1992. Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh foods in Barcelona [Spain]. Int J Food Microbiol 16: 153–6. 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90008-Q CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Deeks S, Ellis A, Ciebin B, Khakhria R, Naus M, Hockin J. 1998. Salmonella oranienburg, Ontario. Can Comm Dis Rep 24: 177–9. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Del Rosario BA, Beuchat LR. 1995. Survival and growth of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cantaloupe and watermelon. J Food Prot 58(1): 105–7. 10.4315/0362-028X-58.1.105 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dickinson CH. 1986. Adaptations of micro-organisms to climatic conditions affecting aerial plant surfaces. In: NJ Fokkema, J Van Den Heuvel, editors. Microbiology of the phyllosphere. New York : Cambridge Univ. p 77–100. Google Scholar Dingman DW. 2000. Growth of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in bruised apple (Malus domestica) tissue as influenced by cultivar, date of harvest, and source. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1077–83. 10.1128/AEM.66.3.1077-1083.2000 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dos ReisS Tassinari A, Melo Franco BDG, Landgraf M. 1994. Incidence of Yersinia spp. in food in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 21(3): 263–70. 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90033-7 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Doyle MP, Schoeni JL. 1986. Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from retail mushrooms. Appl Environ Microbiol 51(2): 449–50. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Duncan TG, Doull JA, Miller ER, Bancroft H. 1946. Outbreak of typhoid fever with orange juice as the vehicle, illustrating the value of immunization. Am J Public Health 36: 34–6. 10.2105/AJPH.36.1.34 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Einstein AB, Jacobsohn W, Goldman A. 1963. An epidemic of infectious hepatitis in a general hospital: probable transmission by contaminated orange juice. J Am Med Assoc 185: 171–4. 10.1001/jama.1963.03060030029020 Google Scholar Ercolani GL. 1976. Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel. Appl Environ Microbiol 31(6): 847–52. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Farber JM, Sanders GW, Johnston MA. 1989. A survey of various foods for the presence of Listeria species. J Food Prot 52(7): 456–8. Web of Science®Google Scholar Farber JM, Wang SL, Cai Y, Zhang S. 1998. Changes in populations of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on packaged fresh-cut vegetables. J Food Prot 61(2): 192–5. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Farber JM. 2000 Oct. Qualitative risk assessment unpasteurized fruit juice/cider. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Canada, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch. 27 p. Available from: [email protected]. Google Scholar [FDA] Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages. 2001 Jan 30. FDA survey of imported fresh produce. FY 1999 Field Assignment. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/prodsur6.html. Accessed 2001 Aug 10. Google Scholar Feng P. Updated 1999 Aug 18. A summary of background information and foodborne illness associated with the consumption of sprouts. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/sprouts.html. Accessed 2001 Aug 10. Google Scholar Fernandez Escartin EF, Castillo Ayala A, Saldana Lozano J. 1989. Survival and growth of Salmonella and Shigella on sliced fresh fruit. J Food Prot 52(7): 471–2. Google Scholar Fisher TL, Golden DA. 1998. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground apples used in cider production. J Food Prot 61(10): 1372–4. 10.4315/0362-028X-61.10.1372 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fleming CA, Caron D, Gunn JE, Barry MA. 1998. A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding. Arch Intern Med 158: 1121–5. 10.1001/archinte.158.10.1121 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Francis GA, Thomas C, O'Beirne D. 1999. The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables [review article]. Int J Food Sci Technol 34: 1–22. 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00253.x CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Fredlund H, Back E, Sjoberg L, Tornquist E. 1987. Watermelon as a vehicle of transmission of Shigellosis. Scand J Infect Dis 19: 219–21. 10.3109/00365548709032402 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Garcia-Gimeno RM, Sanchez-Pozo MD, Amaro-Lopez MA, Zurera-Cosano G. 1996. Behaviour of Aeromonas hydrophila in vegetable salads stored under modified atmosphere at 4 and 15 ° C. Food Microbiol 13: 369–74. 10.1006/fmic.1996.0042 Web of Science®Google Scholar Garcia-Villanova Ruiz B, Cueto Espinar A, Bolanos Carmona MJ. 1987. A comparative study of strains of salmonella isolated from irrigation waters, vegetables and human infections. Epidemiol Infect 98: 271–6. 10.1017/S0950268800062026 PubMedGoogle Scholar Garcia-Villanova Ruiz B, Galvez Vargas R, Garcia-Villanova R. 1987. Contamination on fresh vegetables during cultivation and marketing. Int J Food Microbiol 4: 285–91. 10.1016/0168-1605(87)90003-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gaulin CD, Ramsay D, Cardinal P, Halevyn MAD. 1999. Epidemic of gastroenteritis of viral origins associated with eating imported raspberries. Can J Pub Health 90: 37–40. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gayler GE, MacCready RA, Reardon JP, McKernan BF. 1955. An outbreak of Salmonellosis traced to watermelon. Public Health Reports 70(3): 311–3. 10.2307/4589055 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Golden DA, Rhodehamel EJ, Kautter DA. 1993. Growth of Salmonella spp. in cantaloupe, watermelon, and honeydew melons. J Food Prot 56(3): 194–6. Web of Science®Google Scholar Gras MH, Druet-Michaud C, Cerf O. 1994. La flore bacterienne des feuilles de salade fraiche (Bacterial flora of salad leaves). Sci Aliments 14: 173–88. Web of Science®Google Scholar Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. Updated 2001 June 20. Surveillance for outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection summary of 1998 data. Center for Disease Control, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases (Atlanta, GA). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/csteec98.pdf. Accessed 2001 Aug 10. Google Scholar Hall HE, Brown DF, Lewis KH. 1967. Examination of market foods for coliform organisms. Appl Microbiol 15: 1062–9. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Harmon SM, Kautter DA, Solomon HM. 1987. Bacillus cereus contamination of seeds and vegetable sprouts grown in a home sprouting kit. J Food Prot 50(1): 62–5. Web of Science®Google Scholar Harvey J, Gilmour A. 1993. Occurrence and characteristics of Listeria in foods produced in Northern Ireland. Int J Food Microbiol 19: 193–205. 10.1016/0168-1605(93)90077-T CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hedberg CW, Osterholm MT. 1993. Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Rev 6(3): 199–210. 10.1128/CMR.6.3.199 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Heisick JE, Wagner DE, Nierman ML, Peeler JT. 1989. Listeria spp. found on fresh market produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 55(8): 1925–7. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Herwaldt BL, Lew JF, Moe CL, Lewis DC, Humphrey CD, Monroe SS, Pon EW, Glass RI. 1994. Characterization of a variant strain of norwalk virus from a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteriitis on a cruise ship in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol 32: 861–6. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML. 1997. An Outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. New Engl J Med 336(22): 1548–56. 10.1056/NEJM199705293362202 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Herwaldt BL, Beach MJ. 1999. The return of Cyclospora in 1997: another outbreak of cyclosporiasis in North America associated with imported berries. Ann of Intern Med 130: 210–9. 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00006 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Herwaldt BL. 2000. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 31: 1040–57. 10.1086/314051 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hillborn ED, Mermin JH, Mshar PA, Hadler JL, Voetsch A, Wojtkunski C, Swartz M, Mshar R, Lambert-Fair MA, Farrar JA and others 1999. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce. J Am Med Assoc 159: 1758–64. Google Scholar Ho JL, Shands KN, Friedland G, Eckind P, Fraser DW. 1986. An outbreak of type 4b Listeria monocytogenes infection involving patients from eight Boston hospitals. Arch Intern Med 146: 520–3. 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360150134016 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hutin YJF, Pool V, Cramer EH, Nainan OV, Weth J, Williams IT, Goldstein ST, Gensheimer KF, Bell BP, Shapiro CN and others 1999. A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. New Eng J Med 340: 595–602. 10.1056/NEJM199902253400802 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jagger J. 1981. Near-UV radiation effects on microorganisms. Photochemistry and Photobiology 34: 761–8. 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09076.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Janisiewicz WJ, Conway WS, Brown MW, Sapers GM, Fratamico P, Buchanan RL. 1999. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut apple tissue and its potential for transmission by fruit flies. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(1): 1–5. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jaquette CB, Beuchat LR, Mahon BE. 1996. Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(6): 2212–5. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Jerngklinchan J, Saitanu K. 1993. The occurrence of Salmonellae in bean sprouts in Thailand. Southeast Asean J Trop Med Public Health 24(1): 114–8. CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Kallander KD, Hitchins AD, Lancette GA, Schmieg JA, Garcia GR, Solomon HM, Sofos JN. 1991. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in shredded cabbage stored at 5 and 25 degrees C under a modified atmosphere. J Food Prot 54(4): 302–4. Web of Science®Google Scholar Kapperud G, Rorvik LM, Hasseltvedt V, Hoiby EA, Iversen BG, Staveland K, Johnsen G, Leitao J, Herikstad H, Andersson Y and others 1995. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce. J Clin Microbiol 33(3): 609–14. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Konowalchuk J, Speirs JI. 1974. Recovery of coxsackievirus B5 from stored lettuce. J Milk Food Technol 37: 132–4. Web of Science®Google Scholar Konowalchuk J, Speirs JI. 1975. Survival of enteric viruses on fresh vegetables. J Milk Food Technol 38: 469–72. 10.4315/0022-2747-38.8.469 Web of Science®Google Scholar Koumans EHA, Katz DJ, Malecki JM, Kumar S, Wahlquist SP, Arrowood MJ, Hight-ower AW, Herwaldt BL. 1998. An outbreak of cyclosporiasis in Florida in 1995: a harbinger of multistate outbreaks in 1996 and 1997. J Trop Med Hyg 59: 235–42. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lang MM, Ingham BH, Ingham SC. 2000. Efficacy of novel organic acid and hypochlorite treatments for eliminating Escherichia coli 0157:H7 from alfalfa seeds prior to sprouting. Int J Food Microbiol 58: 73–82. 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00297-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Larson AE, Johnson EA, Barmore CR, Hughes MD. 1997. Evaluation of the botulism hazard from vegetables in modified atmosphere packaging. J Food Prot 60(10): 1208–14. Web of Science®Google Scholar Li Y, Brackett RE, Chen J, Beuchat LR. 2001. Survival and growth of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 inoculated onto cut lettuce before or after heating in chlorinated water, followed by storage at 5 ° C or 15 ° C. J Food Prot 64(3): 305–9. 10.4315/0362-028X-64.3.305 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Liao C-H, Sapers GM. 2000. Attachment and growth of Salmonella chester on apple fruit and in vivo response of attached bacteria to sanitizer treatments. J Food Prot 63(7): 876–83. 10.4315/0362-028X-63.7.876 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lilly T, Solomon HM, Rhodehamel EJ. 1996. Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in vegetables packaged under vacuum or modified atmosphere. J Food Prot 59(1): 59–61. Web of Science®Google Scholar Lin C-M, Fernando SY, Wei CI. 1996. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7 in vegetable salads. Food Control 7: 135–40. 10.1016/0956-7135(96)00019-9 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lin C-M, Kim J, Du W-X, Wei C-I. 2000