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Cloning and Characterization of AOEB166, a Novel Mammalian Antioxidant Enzyme of the Peroxiredoxin Family

1999; Elsevier BV; Volume: 274; Issue: 43 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1074/jbc.274.43.30451

1083-351X

Bernard Knoops, André Clippe, Cédric Bogard, K. Arsalane, Ruddy Wattiez, Cédric Hermans, Elee Duconseille, Paul Falmagne, Alfred Bernard,

Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms

Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, we have recently identified in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid a novel protein, termed B166, with a molecular mass of 17 kDa. Here, we report the cloning of human and rat cDNAs encoding B166, which has been renamed AOEB166 for antioxidantenzyme B166. Indeed, the deduced amino acid sequence reveals that AOEB166 represents a new mammalian subfamily of AhpC/TSA peroxiredoxin antioxidant enzymes. Human AOEB166 shares 63% similarity with Escherichia coli AhpC22 alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and 66% similarity with a recently identifiedSaccharomyces cerevisiae alkyl hydroperoxide reductase/thioredoxin peroxidase. Moreover, recombinant AOEB166 expressed in E. coli exhibits a peroxidase activity, and an antioxidant activity comparable with that of catalase was demonstrated with the glutamine synthetase protection assay against dithiothreitol/Fe3+/O2 oxidation. The analysis of AOEB166 mRNA distribution in 30 different human tissues and in 10 cell lines shows that the gene is widely expressed in the body. Of interest, the analysis of N- and C-terminal domains of both human and rat AOEB166 reveals amino acid sequences presenting features of mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting sequences. Furthermore, human AOEB166 expressed as a fusion protein with GFP in HepG2 cell line is sorted to these organelles. Finally, acute inflammation induced in rat lung by lipopolysaccharide is associated with an increase of AOEB166 mRNA levels in lung, suggesting a protective role for AOEB166 in oxidative and inflammatory processes. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, we have recently identified in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid a novel protein, termed B166, with a molecular mass of 17 kDa. Here, we report the cloning of human and rat cDNAs encoding B166, which has been renamed AOEB166 for antioxidantenzyme B166. Indeed, the deduced amino acid sequence reveals that AOEB166 represents a new mammalian subfamily of AhpC/TSA peroxiredoxin antioxidant enzymes. Human AOEB166 shares 63% similarity with Escherichia coli AhpC22 alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and 66% similarity with a recently identifiedSaccharomyces cerevisiae alkyl hydroperoxide reductase/thioredoxin peroxidase. Moreover, recombinant AOEB166 expressed in E. coli exhibits a peroxidase activity, and an antioxidant activity comparable with that of catalase was demonstrated with the glutamine synthetase protection assay against dithiothreitol/Fe3+/O2 oxidation. The analysis of AOEB166 mRNA distribution in 30 different human tissues and in 10 cell lines shows that the gene is widely expressed in the body. Of interest, the analysis of N- and C-terminal domains of both human and rat AOEB166 reveals amino acid sequences presenting features of mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting sequences. Furthermore, human AOEB166 expressed as a fusion protein with GFP in HepG2 cell line is sorted to these organelles. Finally, acute inflammation induced in rat lung by lipopolysaccharide is associated with an increase of AOEB166 mRNA levels in lung, suggesting a protective role for AOEB166 in oxidative and inflammatory processes. reactive oxygen species alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C dithiothreitol green fluorescent protein lipopolysaccharide open reading frame phosphate buffered saline polymerase chain reaction peroxiredoxin rapid amplification of cDNA ends tert-butyl hydroperoxide thiol-specific antioxidant base pair(s) tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate In cells and organisms that have evolved to live in an atmosphere rich in oxygen, the incomplete reduction of oxygen generates potent oxidizing agents (1Fridovich I. Science. 1978; 201: 875-880Crossref PubMed Scopus (2769) Google Scholar). These include reactive oxygen species (ROS)1 and their toxic by-products, which may react with various cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to cell damage and possibly cell death (2Yu B.P. Physiol. Rev. 1994; 74: 139-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (2218) Google Scholar, 3Mignotte B. Vayssiere J.L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998; 252: 1-15Crossref PubMed Scopus (708) Google Scholar). In eukaryotes, two major intracellular sources of ROS are the mitochondrion, where electron transport coupled to oxidative phosphorylation takes place (4Beal M.F. Ann. Neurol. 1995; 38: 357-366Crossref PubMed Scopus (1261) Google Scholar), and the peroxisome in which high amounts of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide anions are generated during β-oxidation of fatty acids and by the activity of various oxidases (5De Duve C. Baudhuin P. Physiol. Rev. 1966; 46: 323-357Crossref PubMed Scopus (1116) Google Scholar, 6Mannaerts G.P. Van Veldhoven P.P. Biochimie ( Paris ). 1993; 75: 147-158Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). Moreover, other oxidative pathways in different subcellular compartments may account for ROS production, and ROS may also be generated extracellularly in the course of inflammatory processes (7Moslen M.T. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1994; 366: 17-27Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar). Mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to protect themselves against oxidative attacks but also to maintain a redox balance in their different subcellular compartments (1Fridovich I. Science. 1978; 201: 875-880Crossref PubMed Scopus (2769) Google Scholar). These antioxidant defense systems include nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and uric acid), enzymes with antioxidant properties (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) as well as low molecular weight reducing agents (glutathione and thioredoxin). Recently, a new family of antioxidant enzymes, the AhpC/TSA peroxiredoxin family, has been discovered in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (8Chae H.Z. Robison K. Poole L.B. Church G. Storz G. Rhee S.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 7017-7021Crossref PubMed Scopus (701) Google Scholar). These enzymes exhibit hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase activities (9Chae H.Z. Chung S.J. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 27670-27678Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Netto L.E.S. Chae H.Z. Kang S.-W. Rhee S.G. Stadtman E.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 15315-15321Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar, 11Kang S.W. Chae H.Z. Seo M.S. Kim K. Baines I.C. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 6297-6302Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (616) Google Scholar, 12Lee J. Spector D. Godon C. Labarre J. Toledano M.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 4537-4544Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar). Peroxiredoxins are considered to be involved in oxidative stress protection mechanisms but also in cell differentiation (13Rabilloud T. Berthier R. Vinçon M. Ferbus D. Goubin G. Lawrence J.-J. Biochem. J. 1995; 312: 699-705Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 14Kawai S. Takesita S. Okazaki M. Kikuno R. Kudo A. Amann E. J. Biochem. ( Tokyo ). 1994; 115: 641-643Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar), proliferation (14Kawai S. Takesita S. Okazaki M. Kikuno R. Kudo A. Amann E. J. Biochem. ( Tokyo ). 1994; 115: 641-643Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 15Prosperi M.T. Ferbus D. Karczinski I. Goubin G. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 11050-11056Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), immune response (16Shau H. Butterfield L.H. Chiu R. Kim A. Immunogenetics. 1994; 40: 129-134Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar), and apoptosis (17Ichimiya S. Davis J.G. O'Rourke D.M. Katsumata M. Greene M.I. DNA Cell Biol. 1997; 16: 311-321Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 18Zhang P. Liu B. Kang S.W. Seo M.S. Rhee S.G. Obeid L.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 30615-30618Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (336) Google Scholar). Here, we report the cloning and initial characterization of AOEB166, a novel member of the mammalian peroxiredoxin family with mitochondrial and peroxisomal sorting signals. Although this new peroxiredoxin was first identified in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, AOEB166 presents the features of a highly conserved and widely expressed protein that might play an important antioxidant protective role in various tissues under nonpathological conditions but also during inflammatory processes. A reverse cloning approach was used based on peptide microsequencing informations for cloning human AOEB166 cDNA. First strand cDNA was obtained with Moloney leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Superscript II, Life Technologies, Inc.) from 2 μg of human lung RNA using oligo(dT)25 as primer according to the manufacturer's instructions. A partial cDNA fragment was PCR-amplified by GoldStar DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) during 40 cycles of PCR with 5′-ATCAAGGTGGGNGAYGC-3′ and 3′-TTYCCNTTCTTCCCNCA-5′ degenerate primers. PCR cycles were as follows: denaturing for 30 s at 94 °C, annealing for 45 s at 50 °C, extension for 1 min at 72 °C, and, after 40 cycles, a final extension step for 5 min at 72 °C. The PCR product of 98-bp was gel purified with Qiaquick (Qiagen) and cloned into the pCR2.1 vector with the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen). Clones of the PCR product were sequenced on ABI 377 automatic DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer). Subsequently, the presumed full-length human AOEB166 cDNA was identified by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) with Expand High Fidelity DNA polymerase (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) using a Marathon-ready human lung cDNA kit (CLONTECH) and AOEB166-specific primers 3′-CCACTTGGACCGTCTCGACAAGTT-5′ and 5′-GCCATCCCAGCAGTGGAGGTGTTTG-3′ for 5′-amplification and 3′-amplification, respectively. PCR products were cloned and sequenced as described above. Based on the new sequence, a 738-bp sequence of AOEB166 mRNA was amplified using 5′-GGGTATGGGACTAGCTGGCG-3′ and 3′-GACGTTAACCTTACAACCGGTC-5′ primers. The corresponding sequence of the PCR product including the coding sequence was proven to be identical to RACE product sequences. Human AOEB166 cDNA sequence was used to perform a BLAST search at the NCBI web site. Homologies with mouse and rat AOEB166 expressed sequence tag clones were found and used to design primers to amplify the presumed full-length rat AOEB166 cDNA with a Marathon-ready rat liver cDNA kit (CLONTECH). Gene-specific primers 3′-CTTCCGTTCCAAGCCGAGGACCGACT-5′ and 5′-GCATTTACACCTGGCTGTTCCAAGACC-3′ were used in RACE for 5′-amplification and 3′-amplification, respectively. PCR products were cloned and sequenced as described above. Multiple alignments of deduced protein sequences and the phylogenic analysis, according to the neighbor joining method (19Saitou N. Nei M. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1988; 4: 406-425Google Scholar), were performed with CLUSTAL W (version 1.7) (20Thomson J.D. Higgins D.G. Gibbson T.J. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994; 22: 4673-4680Crossref PubMed Scopus (55638) Google Scholar). AOEB166 gene localization on human chromosomes was performed by PCR using the Genebridge 4 radiation hybrid panel according to the protocol of Research Genetics with two different pairs of primers specific for AOEB166 human gene: 5′-ATGTTATGCAACCCTTTGCGACAC-3′ and 3′-CTCGGTCCCTTGTTCCACTTGGAC-5′ primers, and 5′-GTGTTTGAAGGGGAGCCAGGGAAC-3′ and 3′-GGTTCTACCACTTTGGGACAGAGA-5′ primers. Human multiple tissue Northern blot (CLONTECH) and human master dot blot (CLONTECH) were hybridized according to the manufacturer's instructions with a 738-bp 32P-labeled AOEB166 cDNA fragment (Rediprime, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) amplified by PCR as described before. After stripping, the membranes were reprobed with 32P-labeled β-actin probe (CLONTECH) for the multiple tissue Northern blot. Northern blotting of RNA isolated from human cell lines was performed as described previously (21Knoops B. Octave J.N. Neuroreport. 1997; 8: 795-798Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar), and 32P-labeled AOEB166 and β-actin probes were hybridized with ExpressHyb hybridization buffer (CLONTECH). The pcDNA3.1/NT-GFP-TOPO and pcDNA3.1/CT-GFP-TOPO vectors (Invitrogen) were used to generate a GFP fusion product under control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. The construct contained both the complete sequence of hAOEB166 (including the predicted mitochondrial presequence) at the N terminus and the hAOEB166 peroxisomal targeting sequence SQL at the C terminus of GFP (see Fig. 4 A). First, two 22-mers (5′-AGCCAATTGTGATAGAGATCTA-3′ and 5′-AGATCTCTATCACAATTGGCTA-3′) were allowed to hybridize to generate a DNA insert coding for SQL (containing also two stop codons and a BglII site) and ligated into pcDNA3.1/NT-GFP-TOPO vector. Second, hAOEB166 cDNA fragment was amplified by PCR with 5′-GGGTATGGGACTAGCTGGCG-3′ and 3′-TGGGTTATAGTAGAGTGTCG-5′ primers and ligated into pcDNA3.1/CT-GFP-TOPO vector. Escherichia coli TOP10 (Invitrogen) were transformed with the plasmids. Third, the 1280-bp BstB1-AvrII restriction product of pcDNA3.1/NT-GFP-TOPO containing the 3′-coding sequence of the GFP fused to the insert coding for SQL was ligated into the 5653-bpBstB1-AvrII restriction product of pcDNA3.1/CT-GFP-TOPO containing the insert coding for hAOEB166 and the 5′-coding sequence of GFP. The construct in the resulting plasmid was sequenced. HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line cultured on coverslips was transiently transfected with the plasmid encoding the GFP fusion protein by using LipofectAMINE Plus reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). The fusion protein was expressed at detectable levels 48 h after transfection. For immunostaining, transfected cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min, rinsed three times with Tris-buffered solution (0.05 m, pH 7.6) containing 0.9% NaCl and 0.1% Triton X-100 (TBS-T), and immersed 30 min in TBS-T containing 10% nonfat milk. Coverslips were incubated sequentially overnight in TBS-T containing 1% nonfat milk and 1:1000 rabbit anti-bovine catalase antiserum (Rockland) or mouse monoclonal anti-human cytochromec oxidase subunit I (5 μg/ml, Molecular Probes), and 1 h with TRITC-conjugated swine anti-rabbit IgG (Dako) or TRITC-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (Dako) diluted 1/20 in TBS-T. Cells were washed twice 10 min with TBS-T after each incubation. The coverslips were mounted in Mowiol with anti-fading (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 25 mg/ml, Sigma) and examined by fluorescence microscopy with standard fluorescein isothiocyanate filters for GFP and TRITC filters. IMPACT kit (New England Biolabs) was used to express and purify E. coli recombinant AOEB166 without its predicted mitochondrial presequence. The human AOEB166 cDNA was PCR-amplified using the following primers: 5′-CTGCACATATGGCCCCAATCAAGGTG-3′ (NdeI site underlined) and 3′-GTTATAGTAGAGTGTCGAGACGCCTTCTCGCGGTCT-5′ (SapI site underlined). The PCR product was digested with NdeI and SapI and ligated into vector pTYB1. The insert was sequenced, and the fusion of AOEB166 with the intein tag at its C-terminal end was confirmed. The resulting plasmid was used to transform ER2566 E. coli. Expression of AOEB166-intein was induced with 1 mmisopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. The recombinant protein was purified through New England Biolabs affinity chitin column, and intein was cleaved at 4 °C in presence of DTT according to the manufacturer's instructions. The eluted AOEB166 protein was dialyzed against PBS and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (see Fig. 5 A), and identity was confirmed by N-terminal microsequencing. The protection of glutamine synthetase by recombinant human AOEB166 against dithiothreitol/Fe3+/O2 oxidation was performed essentially as described previously (Ref. 22Kim K. Kim I.H. Lee K.Y. Rhee S.G. Stadtman E.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 4704-4711Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar; see also Fig. 5). Peroxidase activity of recombinant protein was measured as described by Kang et al. (11Kang S.W. Chae H.Z. Seo M.S. Kim K. Baines I.C. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 6297-6302Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (616) Google Scholar) with minor modifications (see Fig. 6). Human cell lines (see Fig. 3) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 units/ml) and supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The cells were grown to 90% confluence, and about 2 × 107 cells were washed twice with PBS before RNA isolation with Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 250–300 g were used. Animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), and lung inflammation was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS (E. coli 055:B5, Sigma) at the dose of 100 μg/100 g of body weight. LPS was dissolved in 200 μl of sterile PBS. Control rats were instillated with 200 μl of PBS. Rat lungs were collected at indicated times, and total RNA was isolated with Trizol reagent. Human AOEB166 was initially identified during the two-dimensional electrophoresis mapping of proteins from pooled human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This unknown protein was shown to have a molecular mass of 17 kDa and a pI of 6.9 (23Wattiez R. Hermans C. Bernard A. Lesur O. Falmagne P. Electrophoresis. 1999; 20: 1634-1645Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar). Thus, a partial amino acid sequence of 37 residues at the N terminus (Fig. 1 A) was used to design degenerate oligonucleotide primers which allowed the PCR amplification of a human lung cDNA fragment. Based on the sequence of this amplicon, 5′- and 3′-RACE was performed, and the longest PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The composite cDNA sequence contained a poly(A) tract at the 3′-end, 36 bases of a 5′-leader sequence, an open reading frame of 645 bases, and a 116-base-long 3′-trailer sequence containing a AATAAA polyadenylation signal (Fig.1 A). Two Kozak consensus sequences for translation initiation (24Kozak M. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 115: 887-903Crossref PubMed Scopus (1451) Google Scholar) were found in the same reading frame. The open reading frame (ORF) of the longest sequence encoded a polypeptide of 214 residues (GenBankTM accession number AF110731). The screening of 5′- and 3′-amplicons obtained by RACE on rat liver cDNA led to the identification of a composite cDNA sequence containing a poly(A) tract at the 3′-end, 39 bases of a 5′-leader sequence, an ORF of 642 bases, and a 135-base-long 3′-trailer sequence containing a AATAAA polyadenylation signal. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 213 residues (GenBankTM accession numberAF110732). According to the Genebridge 4 radiation hybrid panel, the human AOEB166 gene was mapped to chromosome 11q13, about 7 cR from marker D11S913 and between markers D11S1963 and D11S4407. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of human and rat AOEB166 reveals several interesting features (Fig. 1 B). First, the amino acid sequences are well conserved between the two species downstream from the second methionine (Met53 for human AOEB166 and Met52 for rat AOEB166) because they are 90% identical. However, amino acid sequences diverge upstream from Met52–53. A more precise analysis of human and rat amino acid sequences between Met1 and Met52–53 showed that although these sequences are different in amino acid composition, they both display mitochondrial presequence features (25Neupert W. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1997; 66: 863-917Crossref PubMed Scopus (977) Google Scholar, 26Hartl F.-U. Pfanner N. Nicholson D.W. Neupert W. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1989; 988: 1-45Crossref PubMed Scopus (547) Google Scholar). Indeed, this sequence in human and rat is composed of abundant amino acid residues with positive charges, very few negative charges, and frequent hydroxylated residues. The existence of a SQL peroxisomal targeting sequence of the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 family (27Motley A. Lumb M.J. Oatey P.B. Jennings P.R. De Zoysa P.A. Wanders R.J.A. Tabak H.F. Danpure C.J. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 131: 95-109Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar, 28Vanhooren J.C.T. Fransen M. de Béthune B. Baumgart E. Baes M. Torrekens S. Van Leuven F. Mannaerts G.P. Van Veldhoven P.P. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996; 239: 302-309Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar, 29Lametschwandtner G. Brocard C. Fransen M. Van Veldhoven P. Berger J. Hartig A. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33635-33643Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar) was noted at the C-terminal of human and rat AOEB166. Also, three cysteines in AOEB166 (Fig. 1 B) were identified, and the functional significance of these residues in AOEB166 for its antioxidant activity will be discussed below. Protein data bases were screened using BLAST 2.0 (gapped BLAST at the NCBI), and a search for identical or homologous polypeptides revealed that AOEB166 is a novel mammalian protein not yet characterized. Interestingly, sequence homology was noted with several proteins of different phyla, but none were from vertebrates. Among proteins with significant homology and known function or subcellular localization, we found that human AOEB166 (without its predicted mitochondrial presequence) had 68–65% similarity (36–35% identity) with, respectively, PMP20A and PMP20B peroxisomal membrane proteins of yeast Candida boidinii(GenBankTM accession numbers J04984 and J04985), 66% similarity (26% identity) with YLR109w ORF of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fig. 1 C; GenBankTM accession number Z73281) recently identified as a thioredoxin peroxidase/alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (12Lee J. Spector D. Godon C. Labarre J. Toledano M.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 4537-4544Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar, 30Jeong J.S. Kwon S.J. Kang S.W. Rhee S.G. Kim K. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 776-783Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar), and 63% similarity (25% identity) with E. coli alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpC22 protein (GenBankTM accession number D13187). To identify homologies between human AOEB166 and the known members of the human peroxiredoxins, we selected one member of the five known subfamilies of human peroxiredoxins, and we performed an amino acid alignment (Fig.2 A). Notably, AOEB166 conserved amino acids especially around Cys100 of human AOEB166, which has been directly implicated in catalysis of peroxides in peroxiredoxins (9Chae H.Z. Chung S.J. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 27670-27678Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Netto L.E.S. Chae H.Z. Kang S.-W. Rhee S.G. Stadtman E.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 15315-15321Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar, 31Chae H.Z. Kim I-H. Kim K. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 16815-16821Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 32Chae H.Z. Uhm T.B. Rhee S.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 7022-7026Crossref PubMed Scopus (281) Google Scholar, 33Yim M.B. Chae H.Z. Rhee S.G. Chock P.B. Stadtman E.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 1621-1626Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 34Lim Y.-S. Cha M.-K. Kim H.-K. Kim I.-H. Gene ( Amst. ). 1994; 140: 279-284Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 35Choi H.J. Kang S.W. Yang C.H. Rhee S.G. Ryu S.E. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1998; 5: 400-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (332) Google Scholar). However, as for the so-called one-cysteine peroxiredoxin ORF06 (36Kang S.W. Baines I.C. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 6303-6311Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar), many residues in human AOEB166 differ from the consensus found for the other peroxiredoxins. Interestingly, human AOEB166 possesses two other cysteines at positions 125 and 204 (Fig. 1) that could be involved in the catalysis of peroxides and in dimerization because most of peroxiredoxins exist as homodimers or heterodimers (36Kang S.W. Baines I.C. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 6303-6311Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar). However, AOEB166 seems to diverge phylogenetically from known mammalian peroxiredoxins as illustrated by the alignment but also by the phylogenetic tree presented in Fig. 2. For these reasons, we propose that AOEB166 proteins represent a new peroxiredoxin subfamily named peroxiredoxin V. As discussed by Jinet al. (37Jin D.-Y. Chae H.Z. Rhee S.G. Jeang K.-T. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 30952-30961Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (387) Google Scholar) and as illustrated in the phylogenetic tree of Fig. 2 B, the other subfamilies are subfamilies I, II, III, and IV and 1-Cys. Northern blot analysis of AOEB166 mRNA expression in human tissues and cell lines revealed a hybridizing region at approximately 1 kilobase (Fig.3, A and B). AOEB166 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined as well as in the cell lines. Master dot blots (CLONTECH) normalized for eight housekeeping genes were used to estimate the levels of AOEB166 mRNA in 30 different human tissues (Fig. 3 C). Interestingly, expression was significantly different among the tissues. The highest levels of expression were detected in thyroid gland, trachea, kidney, lung, adrenal gland, heart, and colon. Lower but still detectable levels were observed in pancreas, peripheral leukocytes, lymph node, and whole brain. To demonstrate that identified mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting sequences of AOEB166 are able to sort the protein into mitochondria and peroxisomes, a vector was made with a GFP fusion construct containing both the complete coding sequence of hAOEB166 (including the sequence encoding the predicted mitochondrial presequence) upstream from GFP and a sequence coding for AOEB166 peroxisomal targeting sequence SQL downstream from GFP (Fig. 4 A). After transfection of HepG2 cells with pcDNA3.1 containing such a construct, GFP was detected in subcellular compartments with reticular or globular patterns that were proven to be mitochondria as demonstrated by co-localization with mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase subunit I (Fig. 4, B and C) or in subcellular compartments with punctate patterns that were demonstrated to be peroxisomes by co-localization with peroxisomal catalase (Fig. 4, D and E). Antioxidant activity of human AOEB166 was measured onE. coli recombinant protein without its predicted mitochondrial presequence (Fig. 5). The protection of glutamine synthetase from inactivation by thiol-dependent metal-catalyzed oxidation has been extensively used previously to determine antioxidant properties of different peroxiredoxins (8Chae H.Z. Robison K. Poole L.B. Church G. Storz G. Rhee S.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 7017-7021Crossref PubMed Scopus (701) Google Scholar, 9Chae H.Z. Chung S.J. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 27670-27678Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 10Netto L.E.S. Chae H.Z. Kang S.-W. Rhee S.G. Stadtman E.R. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 15315-15321Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar). As shown in Fig. 5 B, inactivation of glutamine synthetase in presence of DTT as sulfhydryl reductor is completely prevented in presence of 0.2 mg/ml of AOEB166. However, when DTT is replaced by ascorbate, a reductor lacking thiol, recombinant AOEB166 is unable to protect glutamine synthetase from inactivation as expected for a peroxiredoxin (Fig. 5 C). To compare the potency of catalase to that of AOEB166, we measured protection activity at various concentrations of the proteins (Fig.5 D). Bovine catalase and AOEB166 exhibited 50% of protection at the same concentration of about 0.04 mg/ml. Peroxidase activity of recombinant human AOEB166 was also demonstrated by time-dependent removal of H2O2 ortert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in presence of DTT as reductor of AOEB166 (Fig. 6). The peroxidase activity of recombinant human AOEB166 measured by the consumption of H2O2 was very similar to the previously reported activity of hORF06, the human 1-Cys member of the mammalian peroxiredoxins (36Kang S.W. Baines I.C. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 6303-6311Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (408) Google Scholar). AOEB166 was first identified at high levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of patients suffering from various lung diseases (23Wattiez R. Hermans C. Bernard A. Lesur O. Falmagne P. Electrophoresis. 1999; 20: 1634-1645Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar). We therefore assessed the possibility that AOEB166 is regulated at the transcriptional level in rat lung during inflammation induced by LPS instillation. As shown in Fig. 7, AOEB166 mRNA levels increased in rat lungs with inflammation. Higher expression was reached after 24 h and was still high 72 h after LPS instillation. We have recently identified the AOEB 166 protein in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a novel protein (23Wattiez R. Hermans C. Bernard A. Lesur O. Falmagne P. Electrophoresis. 1999; 20: 1634-1645Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar). Here, we show that, structurally and functionally, AOEB166 is a new member of the AhpC/TSA peroxiredoxin family, a recently identified group of antioxidant enzymes evolutionarly conserved in all phyla (8Chae H.Z. Robison K. Poole L.B. Church G. Storz G. Rhee S.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 7017-7021Crossref PubMed Scopus (701) Google Scholar). Structurally, the antioxidant function of peroxiredoxins is dependent upon conserved cysteine residues responsible for peroxide reduction and dimerization (9Chae H.Z. Chung S.J. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 27670-27678Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 38Poole L.B. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 65-75Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). In the peroxiredoxin prototype TSA from S. cerevisiae, two active cysteines are present in positions 47 and 170. These cysteines and their neighboring residues are highly conserved in four peroxiredoxin subfamilies (Prx I, II, III, and IV)37 (see also Fig. 2). By contrast, the 1-Cys subfamily is defined by few peroxiredoxins that have conserved only the corresponding Cys47 and its surrounding residues. AOEB166 does not fit perfectly these subfamilies. Indeed, like Prx I, II, III, IV and 1-Cys, AOEB166 possesses a cysteine corresponding to Cys47 of S. cerevisiae TSA (Cys100for human AOEB166) but has no cysteine residue corresponding to Cys170 of Prx I, II, III, and IV. AOEB166 does not enter either into the 1-Cys subfamily because it contains two other cysteines, Cys125 and Cys204, lacking in 1-Cys subfamily and that may be involved in antioxidant activities and/or dimerization. Also, in AOEB166 the amino acids surrounding Cys100 are much less conserved than in the other peroxiredoxins (Fig. 2 A). For these reasons, AOEB166 represents the prototype for a new mammalian peroxiredoxin subfamily (Prx V in Fig. 2 B). Functionally, the antioxidant activity of AOEB166 has been confirmedin vitro by testing the ability of the recombinant protein to protect glutamine synthetase from the dithiothreitol/Fe3+/O2 oxidation. Like other peroxiredoxins, AOEB166 requires a thiol-containing reductor (DTT) to exert its antioxidant activity and is inactive or less active in presence of other electron donors such as ascorbate. The cellular thiol-containing reductor is still to be identified, but two good candidates as direct electron donors for AOEB166 are thioredoxin and glutathione, which are physiological reductors of several members of the peroxiredoxin family (9Chae H.Z. Chung S.J. Rhee S.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 27670-27678Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 12Lee J. Spector D. Godon C. Labarre J. Toledano M.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 4537-4544Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar, 30Jeong J.S. Kwon S.J. Kang S.W. Rhee S.G. Kim K. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 776-783Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 37Jin D.-Y. Chae H.Z. Rhee S.G. Jeang K.-T. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 30952-30961Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (387) Google Scholar, 39Fisher A.B. Dodia C. Manevich Y. Chen J.W. Feinstein S.I. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 21326-21334Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (243) Google Scholar). The antioxidant activity of recombinant AOEB166 was quantitatively comparable with that of catalase, which suggested that hydrogen peroxide was indeed a substrate for AOEB166. This was corroborated by the time-dependent removal of hydrogen peroxide by recombinant AOEB166 in the in vitro peroxidase assay. Of interest, tert-butyl hydroperoxide is also consumed by the recombinant protein, which demonstrates that AOEB166 is able to reduce organic peroxides like itsS. cerevisiae orthologue (12Lee J. Spector D. Godon C. Labarre J. Toledano M.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 4537-4544Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar, 30Jeong J.S. Kwon S.J. Kang S.W. Rhee S.G. Kim K. Biochemistry. 1999; 38: 776-783Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar). Thus, these data suggest that AOEB166 might afford a protection not only against hydrogen peroxide but also against alkyl hydroperoxides in mammalian cells. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of both human and rat AOEB166 reveals the presence of a predicted mitochondrial presequence at the N terminus as well as a SQL peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 at the C terminus in the same protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in fusion with the green fluorescent protein, these targeting sequences are functional and sort the protein to mitochondria and peroxisomes in HepG2 cells. Members of the Prx III subfamily have been also identified in mitochondria (40Watabe S. Kohno H. Kouyama H. Hiroi T. Yago N. Nakazawa T. J. Biochem. ( Tokyo ). 1994; 115: 648-654Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar). AOEB166 represents therefore the second peroxiredoxin subfamily to be localized in mitochondria. Interestingly, AOEB166 is the only peroxiredoxin reported so far to be addressed to the peroxisomes. The functional significance of AOEB166 localization in organelles to which other antioxidant proteins with similar enzymatic activities (glutathione peroxidase, catalase) are sorted is still to be investigated. The fact that AOEB166 is well conserved among species and is expressed in all tissues and cell lines examined in this study is consistent with an important physiological function for that protein. In that respect, it is interesting to note that AOEB166 expression is highest precisely in those tissues, such as thyroid gland, lung, or kidney, that are particularly exposed to oxidative stress (41Mano T. Shinohara R. Iwase K. Kotake M. Hamada M. Uchimuro K. Hayakawa N. Hayashi R. Nakai A. Ishizuki Y. Nagasaka A. Horm. Metab. Res. 1997; 29: 351-354Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar, 42Halliwell B. Gutteridge J.M.C. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 186: 1-85Crossref PubMed Scopus (4442) Google Scholar). Although at this stage the implication of AOEB166 in physiopathological processes remains speculative, the significant increase of AOEB166 gene expression in rat lung with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation suggests that the protein may play in vivo a protective role against oxidative damage. Furthermore, several observations indicate that AOEB166 might be implicated in various pathophysiological situations by mechanisms that do not necessarily imply directly its antioxidant activity but rather its high conservation during evolution. In particular, the AOEB166 gene is located to human chromosome 11q13, which is a region of genetic linkage for atopic hypersensitivity (asthma, hay fever, and eczema) (43Daniels S.E. Bhattacharrya S. James A. Leaves N.I. Young A. Hill M.R. Faux J.A. Ryan G.F. Le Souef P.N. Lathrop G.M. Musk A.W. Cookson W.O.C.M. Nature. 1996; 383: 247-250Crossref PubMed Scopus (710) Google Scholar) and AOEB166 presents a high homology to a major allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus(GenBankTM accession number U58050) (44Hemman S. Blaser K. Crameri R. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156: 1956-1962Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar). An attractive hypothesis would be that IgE antibodies directed to the allergen would cross-react with AOEB166 and therefore initiate autoimmunity. This mechanism has been postulated for allergen manganese superoxide dismutase of A. fumigatus, which also exhibits a high homology to human manganese superoxide dismutase (45Crameri R. Faith A. Hemman S. Jaussi R. Ismail C. Menz G. Laser K. J. Exp. Med. 1996; 184: 265-270Crossref PubMed Scopus (185) Google Scholar). In conclusion, our data show that AOEB166 represents a new subfamily of the peroxiredoxin mammalian antioxidant enzymes with functional mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting signals. The protein, highly conserved throughout species and widely distributed in the body, presents several features, suggesting that it may play an important protective role against oxidative damages caused by peroxides in organelles that are major sources of ROS. Since this article was submitted, a third paper describing S. cerevisiae YLR109w thioredoxin peroxidase function has been published (47Verdoucq L. Vignols F. Jacquot J.P. Chartier Y. Meyer Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 19714-19722Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar). The skillful technical assistance of Sebastien Boulanger is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. François Huaux for guidance with in vivo experiments. We also thank Drs. René Rezsohazy and Pascal Hols for helpful discussions during the preparation of the manuscript. Nathalie Havaux, Nathalie Hellen, and Drs. Fabienne Kinard, Vincent Dubois, and Jean-François Rees are also acknowledged for providing human cell line cultures. We thank Prof. Frank Roels and Dr. Marc Espeel for suggestions concerning anti-catalase immunocytochemistry.