Comparison of Polysomnographic and Clinical Presentations and Predictors for Cardiovascular-Related Diseases between Non-Obese and Obese Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Asians
2013; American Academy of Sleep Medicine; Volume: 09; Issue: 06 Linguagem: Inglês
10.5664/jcsm.2748
ISSN1550-9397
AutoresNaricha Chirakalwasan, Busarakum Teerapraipruk, Rosalind Simon, Prakobkiat Hirunwiwatkul, Nattapong Jaimchariyatam, Tayard Desudchit, Natamon Charakorn, Chaisiri Wanlapakorn,
Tópico(s)Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
ResumoFree AccessSnoringComparison of Polysomnographic and Clinical Presentations and Predictors for Cardiovascular-Related Diseases between Non-Obese and Obese Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Asians Naricha Chirakalwasan, M.D., Busarakum Teerapraipruk, M.D., Rosalind Simon, M.D., Prakobkiat Hirunwiwatkul, M.D., Nattapong Jaimchariyatam, M.D., Tayard Desudchit, M.D., Natamon Charakorn, M.D., Chaisiri Wanlapakorn, M.D. Naricha Chirakalwasan, M.D. Address correspondence to: Naricha Chirakalwasan, M.D., Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, 1873 King Rama IV, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330(662) 256-4242 E-mail Address: [email protected] Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Busarakum Teerapraipruk, M.D. Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Rosalind Simon, M.D. Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Search for more papers by this author , Prakobkiat Hirunwiwatkul, M.D. Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Nattapong Jaimchariyatam, M.D. Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Tayard Desudchit, M.D. Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital/Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Natamon Charakorn, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author , Chaisiri Wanlapakorn, M.D. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Search for more papers by this author Published Online:June 15, 2013https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2748Cited by:17SectionsAbstractPDF ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutABSTRACTIntroduction:Unlike Caucasians, many Asians with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are non-obese but are affected by the disease due to predisposing craniofacial structure. Therefore, non-obese and obese OSA may represent different disease entities. The associated risk factors for developing cardiovascular-related diseases, consequently, may be considered separately for the two types of OSA.Method:We reviewed polysomnographic studies performed in adults (aged ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with OSA (respiratory disturbance index [RDI] ≥ 5). We divided the patients into obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25) and non-obese (BMI < 25) groups. We aimed to determine the differences between these two groups in terms of clinical presentations, polysomno-graphic findings, and association with cardiovascular-related diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease.Results:Among 194 patients with OSA (RDI ≥ 5), 63.4% were non-obese and 36.6% were obese. Compared with obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have smaller neck size, less prevalence of hypertension, and less history of frequent nocturia (> 3-4/week), with equal prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness. Overall, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have milder disease indicated by lower total, supine, and non-supine, NREM RDI and higher mean and nadir oxygen saturations. In the non-obese group, only total obstructive apnea index (OAI) was noted to be a predictor for developing any of the cardiovascular-related diseases after controlling for age, sex, and RDI (odds ratio = 9.7). However, in the obese OSA group, frequent snoring (> 50% of total sleep time), low sleep efficiency (≤ 90%), and low mean oxygen saturation (< 95%) were noted to be significant predictors of cardiovascular-related diseases (odds ratios = 12.3, 4.2, and 5.2, respectively).Conclusion:Among Asians, most OSA patients were not obese. Compared to obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have less prevalence of hypertension and less history of nocturia. They were also noted to have overall milder OSA. Only OAI was noted to be a significant predictor for cardiovascular-related disease in the non-obese OSA group.Citation:Chirakalwasan N; Teerapraipruk B; Simon R; Hirunwiwatkul P; Jaimchariyatam N; Desudchit T; Charakorn N; Wanlapakorn C. Comparison of polysomnographic and clinical presentations and predictors for cardiovascular-related diseases between non-obese and obese obstructive sleep apnea among Asians. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(6):553-557.INTRODUCTIONObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive episodes of complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep. These events often result in reduction in blood oxygen saturation and are usually terminated by brief arousals from sleep.1 Prior study has shown that obesity is one of the important risk factors for developing OSA.2 A recent study from a bariatric surgery clinic in which patients had a median BMI of 41.9 showed that 79% of these patients had at least a moderate degree of obstructive sleep apnea.3 However, unlike Caucasians, many Asians with OSA are not obese. Predisposing craniofacial structure most likely contributes to developing OSA among non-obese Asians.4 We believe that obese and non-obese OSA may represent different disease entities. Thus, when considering the risk factors for developing cardiovascular-related diseases in the patient, the two types of OSA may present different risk factors.BRIEF SUMMARYCurrent Knowledge/Study Rationale: Majority of obstructive sleep apnea among Asians are not obese (BMI < 25) and believed to have predis-posing craniofacial structure. Differences between obese and non-obese obstructive sleep apnea groups are investigated in this current study.Study Impact: Obese and non-obese obstructive sleep apnea among Asians appeared to have some different clinical and polysomnographic entities as well as risk factors for cardiovascular-related diseases development.METHODSThis is a retrospective study referencing the data of patients aged ≥ 18 years who were referred to a sleep laboratory at the Excellence Center for Sleep Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital for suspected OSA from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2010. All polysomnographies conducted in the sleep laboratory were using standard EEG including frontal leads (F1, F2), central leads (C3, C4), occipital leads (O1, O2), and reference leads at mastoids (M1, M2); electromyography, and electrooculography. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured with a finger probe. Air flow was measured by 2 methods: nasal pressure transducer and oral-nasal thermocouple. The thoracic and abdominal respiratory movements were monitored by respiratory inductance plethysmography. The body position was measured by a position sensor, which was attached to the anterior chest wall on the thoracic belt. The sensor differentiated 5 positions, including supine and non-supine position (right, left, prone, and upright position). Sleep stages were scored in 30-sec epochs according to the standard criteria from the AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events.5 Apnea was defined using oral-nasal thermo-couple excursion, and hypopnea was defined using nasal pressure transducer excursion. Apnea, hypopnea, and respiratory effort-related arousals (RERAs) were scored using the standard criteria from the AASM manual.5 The alternative rule was used to define hypopnea.5 The number of apneas, hypopneas, and RERAs per hour of NREM and REM and total sleep time (TST) were calculated and reported as NREM RDI, REM RDI, and total RDI, respectively. The number of each type of respiratory events per hour of total sleep time were defined including obstructive apnea events, central apnea events, mixed apnea events, and hypopnea event as total OAI, total CAI, total MAI, and total HI, respectively. Parameters of oxygenation included in the study were absolute minimum SpO2 during sleep and mean oxygen saturation during sleep. Arousals/h of TST, arousals/h of during NREM, and arousals/h during REM sleep were reported as total arousal index, NREM arousal index, and REM arousal index, respectively. Sleep efficiency was defined as a ratio of TST over the total recording time in percentage. Time spent in NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, and REM was calculated as percentage of the TST. Periodic limb movement index (PLMI) was calculated using standard criteria.5 Demographic and comorbidity data of the patients included age (years), gender, BMI, and neck size (cm).Information regarding cardiovascular-related diseases was obtained from a pretest questionnaire, which all the patients were required to fill out prior to undergoing polysomnographic study. The pretest questionnaire consisted of self-administered “yes” or “no” questions. The patients were asked if they had any cardiovascular-related diseases, including hypertension (HTN), diabetes (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), or cerebrovascular disease (CVA). Other medical conditions included were congestive heart failure, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, anemia, asthma, cancer, renal disease, iron deficiency, and depression. Using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), which was recently validated to Thai language,6 the measurement of each patient's sleepiness was obtained from pretest questionnaire. Additionally, patient reports of snoring intensity (mild, moderate, or severe) were obtained from this pretest questionnaire. The patients were also asked about their history of witnessed apnea, habitual snoring, morning headache, nocturia, and morning dry throat.Patient data collected in the study included technician observation of snoring frequency and intensity. Snoring frequency was divided into 3 categories (< 20%, 20% to 50%, and > 50% of TST). The snoring intensity was also divided into 3 severity levels (low [can only be heard when getting close to the patient], moderate [can be heard when opening the door], and severe [can be heard through the closed door]).Our exclusion criteria were: (1) RDI < 5, (2) CPAP study, and (3) missing data.Dividing the patients into obese (BMI ≥ 25) and non-obese (BMI < 25), we aimed to determine the differences between these 2 groups in terms of clinical presentation, polysomno-graphic findings, and predictors for developing cardiovascular-related diseases including HTN, DM, CAD, and/or CVA.Our primary aim was to determine the difference between obese and non-obese OSA subjects in terms of: Baseline characteristics: age, sex, and neck size.Clinical presentation: history of witnessed apnea, habitual snoring, morning headache, nocturia, dry throat (> 3-4/ week), daytime sleepiness (ESS ≥ 10), and associated comorbidities (CAD, CHF, DM, HTN, CVA, depression).Polysomnographic findings: total RDI, total OAI, total CAI, total HI, total MAI, REM RDI, NREM RDI, mean oxygen saturation, nadir oxygen saturation, sleep latency, REM latency, sleep efficiency, total arousal index, REM arousal index, NREM arousal index, supine sleep time (min), supine REM time (min), supine NREM (min), %NREM1, %NREM2, %NREM3, %REM, supine RDI, non-supine RDI, snoring frequency and intensity, and total PLMI.Our secondary aim was to determine the association of cardiovascular-related diseases (CAD, CHF, DM, HTN, CVA) with obese and non-obese OSA.Statistical AnalysisThe comparison of the baseline characteristics, clinical presentations, and polysomnographic findings between obese and non-obese OSA subject were statistically analyzed. If the data were observed to have normal distribution, the continuous data were evaluated by Student t-test. If the data did not have normal distribution, a nonparametric method (Mann-Whitney U test) was used for evaluation. The nominal data were evaluated by χ2 test. To identify the association with cardiovascular-related diseases, the data were then evaluated by multivariate regression analysis by stepwise logistic regression analysis. All statistical analysis was performed using statistical software (SPSS for Windows, version 17.0). Our study was approved by the institutional review board, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.RESULTSA total of 221 studies of patients ≥ 18 years were reviewed in our laboratory from Jan 1, 2010, to June 30, 2010. We excluded 8 CPAP studies and 19 studies with incomplete questionnaires (missing information on comorbidities). A total of 194 patient records were analyzed. Among these 194 patients with OSA (RDI ≥ 5), 63.4% were non-obese and 36.6% were obese. Compared with obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients had smaller neck size, less prevalence of hypertension, and less history of frequent nocturia (> 3-4/week), with equal prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (Table 1). Overall, non-obese OSA patients had milder disease, indicated by lower total, supine, and non-supine NREM RDIs, and higher mean and nadir oxygen saturations (Tables 2 and 3).Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics, comorbid diseases, and clinical presentations in obese and non-obese OSA subjectsTable 1 Baseline clinical characteristics, comorbid diseases, and clinical presentations in obese and non-obese OSA subjectsTable 2 Polysomnographic characteristics of obese and non-obese OSA patientsTable 2 Polysomnographic characteristics of obese and non-obese OSA patientsTable 3 Polysomnographic findings in obese and non-obese OSA patientsTable 3 Polysomnographic findings in obese and non-obese OSA patientsIn the non-obese group, only total OAI was noted to be the sole predictor for developing cardiovascular-related diseases after controlling for age, sex, and RDI (odds ratio = 9.7; Table 4). This is in contrast to the obese OSA group, which had multiple predictors; frequent snoring (> 50% of TST), low sleep efficiency (≤ 90%), and low mean oxygen saturation (< 95%) were noted to be significant predictors (odds ratios = 12.3, 4.2, and 5.2, respectively; Table 5).Table 4 Predictor for cardiovascular-related disease after controlling for age, sex, and RDI in non-obese groupTable 4 Predictor for cardiovascular-related disease after controlling for age, sex, and RDI in non-obese groupTable 5 Predictors for cardiovascular-related disease after controlling for age, sex, and RDI in obese groupTable 5 Predictors for cardiovascular-related disease after controlling for age, sex, and RDI in obese groupDISCUSSIONPrior studies have shown that obese and non-obese OSA patients are not identical in many aspects. Non-obese OSA patients have generally been noted to have less severe disease, as indicated by less severe oxygen desaturation.7 Ling et al. published a paper demonstrating that oxygen desaturation index (ODI) is not accurate for diagnosis of OSA in non-obese OSA and should not be used in isolation as a diagnostic test, since this group of OSA patients may not have significant oxygen desaturations.8 We have confirmed this finding: we found that measurements in non-obese OSA patients, when compared to obese OSA patients, were less severe not only in terms of oxygen desaturations; they were also noted to have lower RDI. However, obesity itself may have unique clinical significance. A prior study has shown that obesity, not RDI, is associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)—the marker for cardiovascular-related diseases.9 We demonstrated that these two groups were had different predictors for cardiovascular-related disease after controlling for age, sex, and RDI. In the non-obese group, total OAI, not oxygen desaturation, was a significant predictor for cardiovascular-related disease. This finding can be explained by higher mean and nadir oxygen saturation in the non-obese group when compared to the obese group. In the non-obese group, only the most severe form of event (obstructive apnea) predicted occurrence of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, due to limited sample size of this study, the association between other predictors and the cardiovascular-related diseases may not be statistically expressed.We believe our finding is of interest and may be clinically applicable since Asian OSA patients are generally not obese. We found most of our OSA patients to be non-obese (63.4%) when compared to non-obese OSA incidence of 42% in the study of Young et al.10 We believe that non-obese OSA group in Asian population is unique and differs from obese OSA group found in the Western population. Future prospective studies focusing in this group of patients to identify its clinical significance and specific treatment should be encouraged.CONCLUSIONAmong Asians, most OSA patients were not obese. Compared to obese OSA patients, non-obese OSA patients were noted to have less prevalence of hypertension and less history of nocturia. They were also noted to have overall milder OSA. Only OAI was noted to be a significant predictor for cardiovascular-related disease in the non-obese OSA group.DISCLOSURE STATEMENTThis was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.REFERENCES1 American Academy of Sleep MedicineInternational classification of sleep disorders, 2nd ed: Diagnostic and coding manualWestchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005. Google Scholar2 Young T, Skatrud J, Peppard PERisk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA; 2004;291:2013-6, 15113821. 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Clinical characteristics of Asian patients with sleep apnea with low arousal threshold and sleep structure change with continuous positive airway pressureHang L, Huang C and Cheng W Sleep and Breathing, 10.1007/s11325-020-02235-6 Volume 09 • Issue 06 • June 15, 2013ISSN (print): 1550-9389ISSN (online): 1550-9397Frequency: Monthly Metrics History Submitted for publicationJune 1, 2012Submitted in final revised formDecember 1, 2012Accepted for publicationDecember 1, 2012Published onlineJune 15, 2013 Information© 2013 American Academy of Sleep MedicineKeywordsObstructive sleep apneaobesityACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank Mr. Nirun Intarut who was at the time of the study, a statistician at Chulalongkorn Clinical Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand for his contribution on statistical analyses on this paper as well as Mr. Dittapol Muntham, a statistician at the Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital for an additional statistical review.PDF download
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