Making the Conspiracy Theorist a Prophet: Covert Action and the Contours of United States–Iraq Relations
2011; Routledge; Volume: 33; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07075332.2011.595169
ISSN1949-6540
Autores Tópico(s)Global Peace and Security Dynamics
ResumoAbstract Convert action is an inherently fraught undertaking. It can produce important diplomatic or strategic gains at a relatively low price, but it can also result in substantial “blowback” when it fails to remain covert. This article traces the impact of two covert operations–US support for a Kurdish rebellion in northern Iraq in the 1970s, and US arms sales to Iran during the Iran-Iraq war–on Saddam Hussein's strategic perceptions of the United States. It argues that revelations of US covert action interacted symbiotically with Saddam's preexisting suspicions of the United States, helping to forge a legacy of mistrust and hostility that did much to shape his views of the relationship. Saddam's personality and worldview inclined him toward conspiratorial thinking; US policies made this outlook seem prophetic. Keywords: IraqSaddam HusseinKurdsIrangateconvert actionIran-Iraq war Notes 1. Polls taken in March 1987 showed that one-third of Americans believed Reagan should resign. R. Gilbert, The Mortal Presidency: Illness and Anguish in the White House (New York, 1998), 256. 2. D. Little, ‘Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East’, Diplomatic History, xxviii (2004), 663–701. 3. The term ‘blowback’ was popularized by Chalmers Johnson in his Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York, 2004). 4. Other manifestations of this phenomenon – demonstrations, opinion polls, media comment – have been the subject of much insightful analysis. As recent contributions, see J. Cole, ‘Anti-Americanism: It's the Policies’, American Historical Review, cxi (2006), 1120–9; S. Faath, Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World (London, 2006). 5. Many of these records are now being made available to scholars through the Conflict Records Research Center (CRRC) at the National Defense University. 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Meeting between Saddam Hussein and Horst Sindermann, 10 May 1975, DY 16847/93, S[tiftung] A[rchiv fur] P[artei und] M[assen] o[rgenisationen, Bundesarchiv]; Berlin, Germany also ‘Seminar Attended by President Saddam Hussein to Study the Kurdish Case’, undated (1975), CRRC SH-MISC-D-000-508. 76. ‘Saddam Husayn Meeting with Arab Journalists’, 11 April 1974, FBIS-MEA-74-071. 77. ‘Seminar Attended by President Saddam Hussein to Study the Kurdish Case’, undated (1975), CRRC SH-MISC-D-000-508. 78. ‘Meeting of the National Front and the National Progressive Committee’, 7 June 1975, CRRC SH-SPPC-D-000-879. 79. ‘Discussion with Iraqi Foreign Minister Saadoun Hammadi’, 17 Dec. 1975, NSA. 80. ‘Interview with Arthur Lowrie’, 23 Dec. 1989, L[ibrary of] C[ongress, Washington DC], Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection. 81. Beirut to State, July 16, 1971, NARA, RG 59, box 3282. 82. ‘Seminar Attended by President Saddam Hussein to Study the Kurdish Case’, undated (1975), CRRC SH-MISC-D-000-508. 83. 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