Otto Salomon in Nääs and his first Icelandic students in Nordic Sloyd
2013; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 43; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/0046760x.2013.835451
ISSN1464-5130
AutoresGísli Þorsteinsson, Brynjar Ólafsson,
Tópico(s)Art, Technology, and Culture
ResumoAbstractPedagogically aimed craft education was established around the same time as the school-based system of formative education, under the term Sloyd. This refers to a pedagogical system of manual training that promotes general child development, through the acquisition of the technical skills employed in woodwork, metalwork, sewing, knitting and the making of useful objects by hand. The purpose of Sloyd was to employ craft as a tool in general education, in order to build the character of a child, encouraging moral behaviour, greater intelligence and industriousness. The Sloyd pedagogy reached Iceland towards the end of the nineteenth century: during the years 1889–1938, 38 Icelanders had attended Otto Salomon’s teacher-training school in Nääs in Sweden, in order to learn Sloyd. These students became pioneers of the pedagogical craft in Iceland and their influence was significant in the development of the still-existing school subject.Keywords: pedagogical craftSloydhistoryIcelandOtto Salomon Notes1 Guðmundur Finnbogason, Skýrsla um fræðslu barna og unglinga veturinn 1903–1904 (Reykjavík: Author,1905).2 Gunnar M. Magnúss, Saga alþýðufræðslunnar á Íslandi, Hátíðarrit SÍB (Reykjavík: Samband íslenskra barnakennara, 1939).3 Nudansk ordbog 1–2, 14th ed. (Copenhagen: Politiken, 1990); Den Danske Ordbog 1–6 (Kaupmannahöfn: Gyldendal, 2003–2005).4 Kajsa Borg, ‘Processes or/and Products – What do Teachers Assess?’, Staffordshire: Design and Technology Education: An International Journal 12, no. 2 (2007): 57–65.5 Kevin J. Brehony, ‘Even Far Distant Japan is “Showing an Interest”: The English Froebel Movement's Turn to Sloyd’, History of Education 27, no. 3 (1998): 279–95.6 Charles A. Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870 (Peoria, IL: Manual Arts Press, 1926); Hans Thorbjornsson, Slöjd och lek på Nääs, en bildkrönika om et kulturarv (Helsingborg: OrdBildarna, 1992), 10–15.7 Charles A. Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education, 1870 to 1917 (Peoria, IL: Manual Arts Press, 1937).8 Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands, ‘Saga félagsins’, Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands, http://www: http://heimilisidnadur.is/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=3 (accessed February 2, 2011).9 Tom McArdle, Planning in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Kingstone: Heart Trust/National Training Agency, 2002).10 Arthur F. McClure, James Riley Chrisman and Perry Mock, Education for Work: The Historical Evolution of Vocational and Distributive Education in America (Fairleigh: Dickinson University Press, 1985).11 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870.12 Jón Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, Tímarit um uppeldi og menntamál 4 (1891): 3–20.13 Lars Thane, Om Slöjd. Aands og haandsudviklingen I skolen (Copenhagen: Pios Boghandel, 1914).14 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870, 166.15 Samuel Jesse Vaughn & Arthur Beverly Mays, Content and methods of the industrial arts (New York & London: The Century Co, 1924), 24.16 Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, 3–20.17 McArdle, Planning in Technical and Vocational Education and Training.18 Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, 3–20.19 Ibid., 3–20; Guðni Jónsson, Flensborgarskólinn 1882–1908 (Reykjavík: Nemendasamband Flensborgarskólans, 1932); Menntamálaráðuneytið, Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla. Mynd- og handmennt (Reykjavík: Author, 1977); Menntamálaráðuneytið, Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla. Upplýsinga- og tæknimennt (Reykjavík: Author, 1999).20 Kajsa Borg, ‘What is Sloyd?, A Question of Legitimacy and Identity’, Tidskrift för lärarutbildning och forskning 13, no. 2–3 (2006): 35–51; Otto Salomon, Tankar om slöjd, uppfostran och lärarebildning (Stockholm: Beijer, 1893).21 Otto Salomon, The Teacher’s Handbook of Slöjd, as Practiced and Taught at Nääs (Boston: Silver, Burdett & Co, 1892), 1–24.22 Ibid., 1–24.23 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education 1870 to 1917, 53–85.24 Otto Salomon, Nääs modellserie för pedagogisk snickerislöjd (Göteborg: Wald. Zachrisson, 1902).25 Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, 19.26 Áslaug Sverrisdóttir, Mótun hugmynda um íslenskt handverk 1850–1930. Áhrif fjölþjóðlegra hugmyndahreyfinga (Reykjavík: Hugvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2011), 180–195.27 Halldóra Bjarnadóttir, ‘Handavinnukennsla í skólunum’, Skólablaðið 6, no.1 (1912): 6–10.28 Otto Salomon, Carl Nordendahl and Hans Hallén, Kortfattad handledning i pedagogisk snickerislöjd (Stockholm: Beijer, 1904).29 Ibid.30 Salomon, The Teacher’s Handbook of Slöjd, 1–24.31 Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, 17.32 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870, 61–4; Thorbjornsson, Slöjd och lek på Nääs, 10–15.33 Ibid., 61–4; Ibid., 10–15.34 Hans Thorbjornsson, ‘Swedish Educational Sloyd’, Journal of Research in Teacher Education 13, no. 2–3 (2006): 10–34; Hans Thorbjornsson, ‘Otto Salomon (1849–1907)’, Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education 24, no. 3/4 (1994): 471–85.35 Thorbjornsson, Slöjd och lek på Nääs; Thorbjornsson, ‘Otto Salomon (1849–1907)’, 471–85.36 Thorbjornsson, ‘Otto Salomon (1849–1907)’, 471–85.37 Sven G, Hartman, Hans Thorbjörnsson and Eva Trotzig, Handens pedagogik (Linköping: Linköpings Universitet, 1995), 77.38 Thorbjornsson, Slöjd och lek på Nääs,16.39 Ibid., 17–26.40 Steinar Kjosavik, Fra tegning, sløyd og håndarbeid til kunst og håndverk: En faghistorie gjennom 150 år (Vollen: Tell Forlag, 2001), 31.41 Hans Thorbjornsson, Nääs och Otto Salomon. Slöjden och leken (Helsingborg: OrdBildarna, 1990), 40–1.42 Thorbjornsson, ‘Otto Salomon (1849–1907)’, 471–85.43 Hartman et al., Handens pedagogik, 92.44 Ibid., 94.45 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education 1870 to 1917, 70–3.46 Lazaro Moreno Herrera, ‘Nordic Slöjd – Roots and Contribution to International Education’, Nordisk Pedagogik 19, no. 2 (1999): 91–7.47 Lazaro Moreno Herrera and Etsuo Yokoyama, ‘Otto Salomon beyond Swedish History of Education: Implications for Current Developments in Technology Education at the Compulsory School’, Nagoya Journal of Education and Human Development, no. 1 (2002): 25–40.48 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870, 46.49 Bennett, History of Manual and Industrial Education 1870 to 1917, 64–7.50 Salomon, Nääs modellserie.51 Bengt Svensson, ‘Short Introduction to Bengt Svensson’s Nääs Model Series 1902, Manufactured by Children’, Bengt Svensson, http://www.formitra.com/bok_pdf/enge_naas_modelserie.pdf (accessed February 2, 2012).52 Thorbjornsson, ‘Otto Salomon (1849–1907)’, 471–85; Otto Salomon, Nääs modellserie för pedagogisk snickerislöjd.53 Rurik Holm, ed., Nääs 1872–1942. Minnesskrift, del II (Göteborg: Aktiebolaget Bokförmedlingen, 1942).54 Thorbjornsson, Nääs och Otto Salomon. Slöjden och leken, 45.55 Ibid., 41; Pablo A. Pizzurno, ‘Sección Extranjera, Correspondencia De Suecia La Escuela Normal, Dos Palabras Sobre Su Organización,Distribución Del Tiempo’, El Faro: Organo del Magisterio Nacional 1, no. 1 (1889): 8–10.56 Eiríkur Magnússon, ‘Bréf Eiríks Magnússonar til Grétu systur sinna’ (unpublished letter, 1889).57 Vilhjálmína Þórunn Oddsdóttir, ‘Bréf Vilhjálmínu Oddsdóttur til Sigríðar Magnússon’ (unpublished letter, 1889).58 Stefán Einarsson, Saga Eiríks Magnússonar (Reykjavík: Ísafoldarprentsmiðja, 1933), 320.59 Páll M. Clemens, ‘Frá Chicago sýningunni. Útlendu byggingarnar’ Þjóðólfur 46, no. 29 (1894): 113; Sternen, ‘Bréf A. Sternen til Otto Salomons’ (unpublished letter, 1889).60 Vilhjálmína Þórunn Oddsdóttir, ‘Bréf Vilhjálmínu Oddsdóttur til Sigríðar’ (unpublished letter, 1881).61 Kelvin Norman, ed., The Collected Letters of William Morris, Vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 163.62 Einarsson, Saga Magnússonar, 93–113.63 ‘Vinaminni’, Morgunblaðið, January 23, 1998, 4.64 William Morris, Icelandic Journal, with an Introductory Essay by Magnus Magnusson; Foreword by Fiona MacCarthy (London: Mare’s Nest Publishing, 1996).65 ‘Dr. Matthías Þórðarson látinn’, Morgunblaðið, December 30, 1961, 2.66 Freysteinn Gunnarsson, Kennaraskóli Íslands 1908–1958 (Reykjavík: Ísafoldarprentsmiðja, 1958), 169.67 Matthías Þórðarson, ‘Bréf Matthíasar Þórðarsonar til Otto Salomon’ (unpublished letter, 1902).68 Matthías Þórðarson, Smíðareglur í skólasmíði (Reykjavík: Bókaverslun Guðmundar Gamalíelssonar, 1908).69 Salomon, Nääs modellserie.70 Ólafur Þ. Kristjánsson, ed., Kennaratal á Íslandi.II. Bindi (Reykjavík: Prentsmiðjan Oddi, 1965), 6.71 Barnaskóli Reykjavíkur, Gjörðabók skólanefndar 1901–1930 (Reykjavík: author, 1930).72 Ibid.73 ‘Iðnsýning skólanna’, Vísir, July 29, 1911, 86.74 Gunnarsson, Kennaraskóli Íslands 1908–1958, 167–8.75 Ibid., 167–8.76 Barnaskóli Reykjavíkur, Gjörðabók skólanefndar.77 Ibid.78 Sigrún P. Blöndal, ‘Heimilisiðnaður. Erindi flutt á nokkrum stöðum í Múlasýslum 1928 í sambandi við sýningar á heimilisiðnaði og á ársfundi S. N. K. á Laugum 1929’, Hlín 13, no. 1 (1929): 71–85.79 Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands, ‘Saga félagsins’, Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands, www: http://heimilisidnadur.is/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=3 (accessed February 2, 2011).80 Hanna Ragnarsdóttir, ‘Hver var hún? Inga Lára Lárusdóttir og tímarit hennar 19. júní’, Sagnir 24, no. 1 (2004): 26–35.81 Ólafur Þ. Kristjánsson, ed., Kennaratal á Íslandi.I. Bindi (Reykjavík: Prentsmiðjan Oddi, 1965), 301.82 Áslaug Sverrisdóttir, Mótun hugmynda, 194–5; Inga Lára Lárusdóttir, ‘Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands’ Kvennablaðið 19, no. 7 (1913): 51–2.83 Lárusdóttir, ‘Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands’, 51–2.84 Brynjar Ólafsson and Gísli Þorsteinsson, ‘Hönnun og smíði. Hugmyndafræðilegur bakgrunnur og þróun námsgreinar’, Uppeldi og menntun 20, no. 1 (2011): 51–74.85 Barnaskóli Reykjavíkur, Gjörðabók skólanefndar; Vilhjálmur S. Vilhjálmsson, Halldóra Bjarnadóttir, ævisaga (Reykjavik: Setberg, 1960), 163–4; Sverrisdóttir, Mótun hugmynda, 262–8.86 Lárusdóttir, ‘Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands’, 51–2.87 Ibid., 51–2.88 Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands, ‘Saga félagsins’.89 Ibid.; Sigurður Guðmundsson, ‘Hugvekja til Íslendinga’, Þjóðólfur, October 18, 1862, 76–7.90 Heimilisiðnaðarfélag Íslands. ‘Saga félagsins’.91 Þórarinsson, ‘Um kennslu í skóla-iðnaði’, 7.92 Blöndal, ‘Heimilisiðnaður’, 81.93 Blöndal, ‘Heimilisiðnaður’, 80–1.94 Ólafur Friðriksson, ‘Í önnum dagsins’. Eimreiðin 16, no. 3 (1910): 169–70.95 Kennaraskólinn í Reykjavík, Skýrsla um Kennaraskólann í Reykjavík 1922–1923 (Reykjavík: Author, 1923); Kennaraskólinn í Reykjavík, Skýrsla um Kennaraskólann í Reykjavík 1930–1931 (Reykjavík: Author, 1931); Kennaraskólinn í Reykjavík, Skýrsla um Kennaraskólann í Reykjavík 1939–1940 (Reykjavík: Author, 1940).96 Áslaug Sverrisdóttir, Mótun hugmynda, 190.97 Vilhjálmsson, Halldóra Bjarnadóttir, ævisaga, 110–38.98 Loise Hetland, Ellen Winner, Shirley Veenema and Kimberly M. Sheridan, Studio Thinking: The Real Benefits of Visual Arts Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 2007).99 Ellen Winner, ed., Arts PROPEL: An Introductory Handbook (Cambridge, MA: Project Zero, 1991).100 Anny Haabesland og Ragnhild Vavik, Kunst og håndverk – hva og hvorfor (Bergen: Fag-bokforlaget, 2000).101 Borg, ‘Processes or/and Products – What do Teachers Assess?’, 57–65.102 Hetland et al., Studio Thinking, 74.103 Hartman et al., Handens pedagogik, 27–30; Þórarinsson, ʻUm kennslu í skóla-iðnaðiʼ, 7.104 Menntamálaráðuneytið, Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla (Reykjavík: Author, 1989, 2007, 1977, 1999); Menntamálaráðuneytið, Námsskrá fyrir nemendur á fræðsluskyldualdri (Reykjavík: 1960). Fræðslumálastjórnin, Drög að námsskrám fyrir barnaskóla og gagnfræðaskóla (Reykjavík: 1948).105 Morris, Icelandic Journal.106 Menntamálaráðuneytið, Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla (Reykjavík: Author, 2013).
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