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The Emergence of Naval Power in the Straits of Malacca

2012; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/14702436.2012.683975

1743-9698

Andrew T. H. Tan,

Asian Studies and History

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1 See, for instance, Tim Huxley and Susan Willett, Arming East Asia, Adelphi Paper (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies 1999), and Desmond Ball, 'Arms and Affluence: Military Acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific Region', International Security18/.3 (Winter 1993/94). 2 See Ball, 'Arms and Affluence'(note 1)', pp. 79, 81–95. 3 Desmond Ball, 'Arms Modernization in Asia: An Emerging Complex Arms Race,' in Andrew T. H. Tan (ed.), The Global Arms Trade (London: Routledge 2009) pp.30–51. 4 See Ball, 'Arms and Affluence'(note 1) pp.79, 81–95. 5 'Chilly Response to US Plan to Deploy Forces in the Strait of Malacca', Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 24 May 2004, . 6 'Malacca Straits Anti-Piracy Patrols Start Next Week,' MIMA News Flash, July 2004, ,accessed on 19 Aug. 2007, and 'Joint air patrols over Malacca Strait to start next week: Indonesia', AFP, 8 Sept. 2005. 7 'Maritime Security New Frontier for Thailand', The Nation, 6 Oct. 2008. 8 'Eye in the Sky Over Malacca Straits From Sept. 13,' Bernama.com, 8 Sept. 2005, . 9 Peter T. Haydon, 'Naval Diplomacy: Is it Relevant in the 21st Century?', in Andrew T. H. Tan (ed.), The Politics of Maritime Power (London: Routledge 2007) p.63. 10 Daniel P. O'Connell, The Influence of Law on Sea Power (Manchester UP 1975) p.3. 11 Haydon, 'Naval Diplomacy' (note 9)' p.70. 12 Sam Bateman, 'Navies and the Maintenance of Good Order in Peacetime', in Tan, The Politics of Maritime Power (note 9) pp.95–6. 13 Sam Bateman, 'Navies and the Maintenance of Good Order in Peacetime'(note 12) pp.99–104. 14 Interview with the First Sea Lord, 2003, Warships, , accessed 23 Nov. 2011. 15 Haydon, 'Naval Diplomacy: Is it Relevant in the 21st Century?'(note 9) p.72. 16 Martin Wight, Power Politics (Leicester UP1978) p.65. 17 Haydon, 'Naval Diplomacy: Is it Relevant in the 21st Century?'(note 9) pp.2-3. 18 Sam J. Tangredi, 'The Future of Maritime Power,' in Tan, The Politics of Maritime Power (note 9) pp.135–7. 19 Ibid. p.137. 20 Bateman, 'Navies and the Maintenance of Good Order in Peacetime',(note 12)p.96. 21 Sam J. Tangredi, 'Navies and Expeditionary Warfare', in Tan, The Politics of Maritime Power (note 9) p.94. 22 The Military Balance 2011 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies 2011) p.242. 23 'Indonesia Pledges to Raise Defence Spending', 6 Oct. 2011, Jakarta Globe, 24 'Indonesia Aims for Green Water Navy Capability', StrategyPage.com, 28 June 2005, . 25 Country Comparison – Population, Index Mundi, , accessed on 23 Nov. 2011. 26 'Dutch Sigma in Indonesia,', Strategy Page, 27 Nov. 2007, . See also 'Indonesia Defence Programmes and Possibilities', Indonesian Aerospace Supplement, 19–22 Nov. 2008, p.6. 27 The Military Balance 2011(note 22) p.243. 28 Collin Swee Lean Koh, 'Indonesia's Anti-Ship Missiles: New Development in Naval Capabilities', Eurasiareview.com, 31 May 2011, . 29 Indonesian Navy Plans Fleet Expansion', ABC News online, 12 Feb. 2005, www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200502/s1301509.htm and 'Navy Launches Two New Vessels, Needs Another 128', The Jakarta Globe, 9 Jan. 2009. 30 'Indonesia Looks to Build its own Warships,' Jakarta Post, 23 March 2011, . 31 The Military Balance 2010 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies 2010) p.91. 32 Ristian Atriandi Supriyanto, 'Indonesia's New Submarine Bids: An Undersea Buildup?' Eurasiareview.com, 8 Nov. 2011, . 33 The Military Balance 2011 (note 22) p.243. 34 'Indonesia Builds LPDs,' StrategyPage.com, 9 Dec. 2009, . 35 Exclusive Interview with Chief of Malaysian Navy, KL Security Review, 16 Nov. 2011, . 36 'Malaysian Coast Guard Will Strive to be Credible Enforcement Agency', Maritime News Update, Bernama News Agency, 16 March 2006, . 37 The Military Balance 2011 (note 22) p.257. 38 SSK Scorpene: Key Data, Naval-Technology.com, , accessed on 17 Nov. 2011. 39 Lekiu Class: Key Data, Naval-Technology.com, , accessed on 17 Nov. 2011. 40 'RMN Plans to Have 18 Warships', Bernama News Agency, 6 May 2010. 41 Malaysia coastline, Index Mundi, , accessed on 23 Nov. 2011. 42 'Navy to Get More Offshore Patrol Vessels', The Star Online, 12 Nov. 2007, . 43 MEKO A class corvettes, Naval-Technology.com, accessed 31 Aug. 2009. 44 Mine Warfare Forces (Malaysia), Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, , accessed 17 Nov. 2011. 45 World Wide Landing Ship Dock / Landing Platform Dock, Globalsecurity.com, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/amphibious-dock.htm 46 The Military Balance 2010(note 31) p.382. 47 Onwards and Upwards: Celebrating 40 Years of the Navy (Singapore: Republic of Singapore Navy 2007) p.39. 48 The Military Balance 2011(note 22) p.269, and S70-B Seahawk Naval Helicopter, USA, Airforce-Technology.com, accessed 7 Oct. 2009. 49 Onwards and Upwards: Celebrating 40 Years of the Navy(note 47) pp.44–5. 50 Republic of Singapore Navy – Assets, Ministry of Defence, Singapore, , accessed on 23 Nov. 2011. 51 The Archer Class Submarine, Kockums, , accessed 17 Nov. 2011. 52 'ASEAN's First Submarine Support and Rescue Vessel Launched', Marine BizTV, 3 Dec. 2008, , accessed 17 Nov. 2011. 53 A26 Next Generation U-Boat (NGU), Globalsecurity.com, . 54 Minewarfare Systems, Thales, , accessed 17 Nov. 2011. 55 Endurance-class Landing Ship Tank (LST): Key Data, Naval-Technology.com, . 56 Ibid. 57 Naresuan Type 25T, Globalsecurity.com,< www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/thailand/naresuan.htm>. 58 Phuttayotfa Chulaok – Frigate, Globalsecurity.com, . 59 Ratanakosin Class – Corvette, Globalsecurity.com, . 60 The Military Balance 2011(note 22) p.277. 61 Royal Thai Navy, Globalsecurity.com, . 62 Frederik Van Lokeren, The Naval Balance of Power: The South China Sea, The Geographical and Conflict Report, 12 May 2011, . 63 Thai Navy Deploys to Help Save Bangkok from Flooding, VOA News, 26 Oct. 2011, . 64 'Thailand to Build Offshore Patrol Vessels,' 25 Aug. 2009, Baird Maritime, / 65 'Thai Offshore Patrol Vessel Takes Shape', Defence Talk, 2 Sept. 2010, . 66 Royal Thai Navy, Globalsecurity.com, . 67 'PM Approves Purchase, Attacked as Vote Buying', Bangkok Post, 28 March 2011. 68 'Navy Pushes for Sub Plan', Bangkok Post, 4 Oct. 2011, . 69 Tangredi, 'The Future of Maritime Power',(note 18) p.137. 70 Overview, Shipping and World Trade, Shipping Facts, 24 Nov. 2011, < www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/>. 71 'How to Defeat Pirates: Success in the Straits,' Time, 22 April 2009, . 72 See 'Assessing the Damage', Online News Hour, 13 Oct. 2000, and 'Yemen Says Tanker Blast was Terrorism', BBC News, 16 Oct. 2002, . 73 'Bomb Caused Ferry Fire,' BBC News, 11 Oct. 2004, . 74 'Chilly Response to US Plan to Deploy Forces in the Strait of Malacca', Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, 24 May 2004, . 75 See Andrew Tan, Intra-ASEAN Tensions (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs 2000) and N. Ganesan, Bilateral Tensions Among the ASEAN States (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2000) 76 Andrew T.H. Tan, 'The Five Power Defence Arrangements', Contemporary Security Policy, Aug. 2008. pp.285–302. 77 Andrew T. H. Tan, Security Perspectives of the Malay Archipelago: Security Linkages in the Second Front in the War on Terrorism (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar 2004) pp.206–8. 78 'Sovereignty Over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia / Malaysia),' Press Release 2002/39, 17 Dec. 2002, International Court of Justice, . 79 Bill Guerin, 'Sulawesi Row Dredges Up Defences', 9 May 2005, Asia Times, . 80 'RI Will be Tough on Ambalat: President', Jakarta Post, 2 June 2009, . 81 'Activists Conduct Sweep Against Malaysians on Street', Jakarta Post, 9 Aug. 2009, . 82 'Arrests at Sea Raise Tensions with Malaysia', Jakarta Globe, 16 Aug. 2010. 83 John Drysdale, Singapore: Struggle for Success (Singapore: Times 1984) pp.346–52. 84 Tan, Security Perspectives of the Malay Archipelago (note 77) pp.49–60. 85 Tim Huxley, 'Singapore and Malaysia: A Precarious Balance?', Pacific Review4/ 3 (1991) p.4. See also Mohamad Faisol Keling et al., 'The Impact of Singapore's Military Development on Malaysia's Security', Journal of Politics and Law2/.2 (June 2009) pp.68–79. 86 The Military Balance 2010 (note 31) p.383. 87 Tan, Intra-ASEAN Tensions (note 75) pp.21–4. 88 'Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca, Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/ Singapore)', Press Release 2008/10, 23 May 2008, International Court of Justice, . 89 Tim Huxley, Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore (St Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin 2000) pp.69–70. 90 Ibid. p.123. 91 See note 68. 92 Indonesia: Geography, CIA World Fact Book, , accessed 26 Nov. 2011. 93 Robert Mangindaan, 'Indonesia's Perspective', in Swati Parashar (ed.), Maritime Counter-Terrorism: A Pan-Asian Perspective (New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley / Pearson 2008) p.125. 94 Rizal Sukma, 'Indonesia's Security Outlook, Defence Policy and Regional Cooperation', in Asia-Pacific Countries' Security Outlook and its Implications for the Defense Sector (Tokyo: National Institute of Defence Studies 2010) p.8. 95 'Indonesian Navy Plans Fleet Expansion', ABC News online, 12 Feb. 2005, and 'Navy Launches Two New Vessels, Needs Another 128', Jakarta Globe, 9 Jan. 2009. 96 The Military Balance 2011(note 22) p.243. 97 Malaysia: Geography, CIA World Fact Book, , accessed 26 Nov. 2011. 98 Thailand: Geography, CIA World Fact Book, accessed 26 Nov. 2011. 99 The Military Balance 2011(note 22) p.242. 100 'Indonesia Pledges to Raise Defence Spending,' 6 Oct. 2011, Jakarta Globe, . 101 The Military Balance 2011 (note 22) pp.256, 275. 102 The Military Balance 2011 (note 22) p.268. 103 Onwards and Upwards: Celebrating 40 Years of the Navy (note 47) pp.44–45. 104 Omur Ozdemir, Evaluating and Comparison of Freedom-class LCS and Other Frigates / Corvettes Against Small Boat, FPB and Submarine Threats in Confined Waters, Masters Thesis, June 2009, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA, p.25,http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun_Ozdemir.pdf 105 Paul Dibb, 'The Revolution in Military Affairs and Asian Security', Survival. 39/ 4(Winter 1997–98) p.107. 106 06 Abdul Rahim Hussin, 'The Straits of Malacca Tripartite Cooperative Mechanism,' International Conference on Piracy and Crimes at Sea, 18–19 May 2009, published in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia, , accessed 26 Aug. 2009. 107 Ian Storey, 'China's Malacca Dilemma', China Brief (Jamestown Foundation). 6/ 8, 12 April 2006. 108 Rosihan Arsyad, 'Cooperation Amongst the Littoral States, User States' Navies and Coast Guards to Safeguard Shipping Through the Malacca Strait,'Maritime capacity Building Seminar, Mississippi State Univ., Columbus, Mississippi, 16–17 June 2009 p.12, 109 Yun Yun Teo, 'Target Malacca Straits: Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia' Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 30, no. 6, June 2007, p.554. 110 Hasjim Djalal, 'The Development of Cooperation on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore,' Kuala Lumpur, 24 Nov. 2008, p.11, Nippon Foundation, . 111 Ibid. 112 US Embassy Programs and Events, Embassy of the United States, Malaysia, , accessed 31 Aug. 2009. 113 Admiral Bernard Kent Sondakh, 'National Sovereignty and Security in the Straits of Malacca,' Paper presented at the Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 12 Oct. 2004, pp.12–13. 114 Joyce De la Pena, 'Maritime Crime in the Strait of Malacca: Balancing Regional and Extra-Regional Concerns', Stanford Journal of International Relations, 10/2, p.6, . 115 'US Plan to Secure Key Shipping Lane Upsets SE Asia,' CNSNews.com, , 6 April 2004. 116 'Malaysia Won't Allow Japan Coast Guard to Patrol Malacca Straits', Japan Today, 18 March 2005. 117 Partnering to Rebuild: Operation Blue Orchid - The Singapore Armed Forces Experience in Iraq, (Singapore: Ministry of Defence 10) p.11, . 118 Mak Joon Nam, 'Unilateralism and Regionalism: Working Together and Alone in the Malacca Straits', in Graham Gerard Ong-Webb (ed.), Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Securing the Malacca Straits 2006 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), p.158. 119 John Roberts, 'Thailand Sends Troops to Bolster US Occupation of Iraq', World Socialist Website, 1 Oct. 2003, . 120 Royal Thai Navy Flotilla Embarks on Anti-Piracy Operation, PattayaDailyNews.com, 10 Sept. 2010, . 121 Editorial, 'Wanting to Please Others Versus the National Interest', The Nation, 22 Nov. 2011, . 122 'Indonesia Navy Chief Visits Singapore', Mindef News, 26 Nov. 1999, Ministry of Defence, Singapore, . 123 'Closer Bonds with Project SURPIC,' Cyberpioneer (Ministry of Defence, Singapore), 27 May 2005, . 124 Assistant Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy for Planning and Budget, 'The Role of Indonesia: To Secure the Straits of Malacca,' Asia-Pacific Area Network (APAN), , accessed 3 Sept. 2009. 125 'Singapore, Malaysian Navies Exercise in Malacca Straits', Mindef News, 19 Dec. 2008, Ministry of Defence, Singapore, . 126 The Age, 22 Nov. 2005. 127 'Malacca Straits Anti-Piracy Patrols Start Next Week,', MIMA News Flash, July 2004, ,accessed 19 Aug. 2007, and 'Joint air patrols over Malacca Strait to start next week: Indonesia', AFP, 8 Sept. 2005. 128 'Maritime Security New Frontier for Thailand', The Nation, 6 Oct. 2008. 129 'Eye in the Sky Over Malacca Straits From Sept. 13', Bernama.com, 8 Sept. 2005, . 130 Joshua Ho, 'Piracy in the Gulf of Aden: Lessons from the Malacca Straits', RSIS Commentaries, 22 Jan. 2009, .