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Commercial Networks in the Mediterranean and the Diffusion of Early Attic Red-figure Pottery (525–490 BCE)

2007; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 22; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09518960802005703

1743-940X

Dimitris Paléothodoros,

Archaeological Research and Protection

Abstract This article addresses the question of the existence of a network of informers or middlemen operating between the producers of Attic pottery and their clients abroad. The diffusion of early Attic red-figure pottery (525–490 BCE) in the Mediterranean is examined as a case study, with special emphasis on Italy and the Black Sea region. The hypothesis put forward is that the change from the long-established black-figure technique to the risky and more difficult red-figure technique was dictated by the commercial success of the red-figure ware in Italy, while Greek customers were less eager to acquire red-figure pots. In the appendix, a number of new or relatively less known finds of early red-figure pottery from the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands are listed. Keywords: Distribution of PotteryAttic VasesAthenian Vase-paintersRed-figure TechniqueBlack-figure TechniqueEtruriaBlack Sea Area Notes [1] I would like to thank the organizers of the conference for their invitation and Professors Martin Bentz, Bettina Kreuzer and Jean-Jacques Maffre for invaluable information on unpublished finds from Olympia, Samos and Thasos respectively. Thanks are also due to the anonymous reader, who provided a detailed and critical commentary of my views. All dates are BC, unless otherwise stated. Add 2 = CitationCarpenter, Thomas H., Beazley Addenda 2 . ARV 2 = CitationBeazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters2. CVA = Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Para = CitationBeazley, Paralipomena. [2] CitationStissi, ‘Production, Circulation and Consumption’, passim. See also CitationJohnston, ‘Greek Vases’. For a general picture of the distribution of attic vases, see CitationBoardman, ‘The Athenian Pottery Trade’. [3] CitationBoardman, History of Greek Vases, 79. For the dating of the invention in 525, see CitationCohen, Attic Bilingual Vases, 113, and CitationPécasse, ‘Le trésor de Siphnos’, 309–14. For revisions of the established chronological system (which depends on CitationLanglotz, Zeitbestimmung der strengrotfigurigen Vasenmalerei und der gleichzeitigen Plastik), see below, note 8. [4] On the technical requirements of the red-figure style, see CitationNoble, Techniques of Attic Painted Pottery, 116–21, and the recent account of CitationCuomo di Caprio, Ceramica in Archeologia 2, 462–65. [5] CitationWilliams, ‘The Invention of the Red-Figured Technique’, 103, CitationRobertson, Art of Vase-Painting, 8–9, and Sparkes, The Red and the Black, 17. Experimental and special techniques: CitationCohen, The Colors of Clay. [6] CitationSmith, Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum, III, 1, CitationCook, Greek Painted Pottery, 155, CitationBoardman, Athenian Red Figure Vases, 11. On the other hand, CitationFurtwängler, in his review of Hartwig's Griechische Meisterschalen, in Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift (1894), col. 112 and CitationLane, Greek Pottery, 45, traced the origin of the style to the influence of contemporary wall- and panel-painting. CitationKlein, Euphronios, 31, assumed that the technique evolved from the Gorgoneia of black-figure cups. [7] CitationOsborne, Archaic and Classical Greek Art, 136–37, echoing CitationVillard, Les vases grecs, 10–11. [8] CitationNeer, Style and Politics, 14–23. In this important and innovative study, Neer (186–215) proposed a synchronism between the beginning of activity of the so-called Pioneers and the birth of democracy, resulting from the downdating of the beginning of the career of Euphronios from 520 to 510 BCE. This was an ingenious proposition, based on the study of the early red-figured vases from the Agora wells. But the radical revision of the Pioneer Group is not necessary: CitationPaleothodoros, Review of Richard. T. Neer, 405–11. Other scholars have attempted to revise the established chronology previously: CitationTölle-Kastenbein, ‘Bemerkungen zur absoluten Chronologie’; CitationCanciani, ‘Considerazioni’; and ultimately CitationRotroff, ‘Early Red-Figure in Context’. Rotroff observed the absence of red-figure vases in the deposits of the Athenian Agora that might be dated, according to the traditional chronological scheme, before 515 BCE. On this basis, she downdated the invention of the red-figure technique by about fifteen years. The argument, based on the ‘visibility’ principle, ignores the stylistic development of the early red-figure technique, since a few very early red-figure vases are indeed found in the Agora: Moore, ‘Attic Red-Figure Painters’, 469; see also below, note 36. The overall situation of the finds from Agora—which are comparable to the finds from the Acropolis, since in both sites earlier vases are rare and red-figure vases are less common than black-figure ones—lend further support to our thesis that the earlier red-figure pottery was much less successful in the home market than abroad. See Hannestad, ‘The Athenian Potter’, 224–27. [9] The quotation is from CitationBeazley, Development of Attic Black-Figure, 76. See also CitationVillard, Les vases grecs, 70; CitationSparkes, Greek Pottery, 98. [10] Cook, Greek Painted Pottery, 155, argues that the technique is unrelated to the needs of the market, since the production and export of black-figure vases did not stop after the invention of the red-figure. Contra, CitationBoardman, History of Greek Vases, 79: ‘The motivation was mainly aesthetic, no doubt, but it also represented a new line for the growing export market, and the response was more immediate in Athens and Italy (Greek and Etruscan) than in the rest of Greece.’ [11] CitationCook and Dupont, East Greek Pottery, 89, 94, 101–07 and 108–13. The end of the East Greek vase-painting styles is linked to the troubled events of the Ionian Revolt (499–4), but the decline is apparent already before 500 BCE. Local painted vases have been supplanted by Athenian imports, although the art of painting on clay survived in the decoration of the Clazomenian sarcophagi of the second quarter of the fifth century BCE. Northampton amphorae, Caeretan hydriae and Campana dinoi were painted until about 510–500 BCE. Note that CitationHemelrijk, ‘Four New Campana Dinoi’, 377–78, now regards the Campana dinoi and the Northampton group as East Greek products. Laconian and Euboan in Greece, as well as Chalcidian black-figure in South Italy, last until about 500: CitationBoardman, Early Greek Vase Painting, 271. [12] The production of Etruscan black-figure diminished in the early fifth century BCE and died out before the middle of that century. CitationRizzo, ‘La ceramica a figure nere’, 39. Campanian black-figure derives from later Etruscan: CitationParise Badoni, Ceramica campana, 133–39. Later Boeotian black-figured vases (other than the highly idiosyncratic cabirian) were crude imitations of contemporary Attic: CitationMaffre, ‘La collection Paul Cannellopoulos VIII’, 496. [13] The earliest copy is an amphora from Orvieto: CitationCristofani, ‘La ceramica a figure rosse’, 43. Soon, the painters realised that the technique of added red colour was easier to achieve. The inventor of the technique was a native of Greek origin, Arnth Praxias: CitationSzilágyi, ‘Zur Praxias-Gruppe’. The signature of Praxias is in lakonian alphabet betraying attic influence. He might be a Tarentine, according to CitationWachter, Non-Attic Greek Vase Inscriptions, 194–95. A single find, an Attic red-figure fragment of the 440s with an Etruscan painted inscription, implies the presence of Athenian painters in Etruria, albeit in a very limited number: CitationGill, ‘METRU MENEKE’. [14] Boeotian red-figure first appears after 480 BCE. See the pelike Munich 2347 (CitationSparkes, ‘The Taste of a Boeotian Pig’, 123); CitationLullies, ‘Zur böotisch rotfigurigen Vasenmalerei’. The establishment of the Lucanian workshop around the middle of the fifth century BCE is attributed to the activity of the Pisticci Painter, who was trained in Athens: CitationDenoyelle, ‘Attic or non-Attic?’, with full bibliography. An independent atticizing school appeared by the end of the second quarter of the fifth century in Campania. One need not infer continuity from the earlier, Campanian black-figure, as was advocated by CitationHadzisteliou-Price, ‘Aμϕορας τύπου Nola ν Σικάγωι’. On the emigration of Athenian potters, see CitationMcDonald, ‘The Emigration of Potters’, who overemphasizes the effects of the Peloponnesian War upon the Athenian pottery industry. [15] I do not intend to present a systematic review of earlier scholarship. For studies until 2001, see CitationPaleothodoros, ‘Pourquoi les Étrusques’. Later publications include the major study by CitationReusser, Vasen für Etrurien, and two important studies by R. CitationOsborne: ‘The Anatomy of a Mobile Culture’, which is an expanded form of his ‘Why did Greek Pots Appeal to the Etruscans?’, and ‘Workshops’. See also the papers in CitationGiudice and Panvini, Il Greco, vols II and III, CitationBentz and Reusser, Attische Vasen, Citationde La Genière, Les clients de la céramique grecque, and CitationAvramidou, ‘Attic Vases in Etruria’. [16] Arafat and CitationMorgan, ‘Athens, Etruria and Heuneburg’, 117. Vases depicted on tombs: see recently CitationReusser, Vasen für Etrurien, I, 191–202 and II, 101–18. Vases found in painted tombs: CitationWiel-Martin, ‘Vasi reali’. Note that CitationSmall, ‘Scholars, Etruscans, and Attic Painted Vases’, 38, has suggested that the painted vases depicted on Etruscan tombs are of Etruscan origin. [17] Reusser, Vasen für Etrurien: no less than 80 domestic sites and 40 sanctuaries, as well as the vast majority of tombs from the sixth and fifth century, have yielded amounts of Athenian pottery. For domestic and sacred contexts, see the papers in Bentz and Reusser, Attische Vasen and the publication of the finds from Adria by CitationWiel-Martin, La ceramica attica. [18] The available studies dealing with the statistical aspect of the distribution of attic pottery are not trustworthy. The number of vases from illegal and uncontrolled excavations available in the market, but in reality found in Etruria, is very important. Earlier finds are also poorly recorded. On sampling, see CitationStissi, ‘Modern Finds and Ancient Distribution’; CitationPaleothodoros, ‘Pourquoi les Étrusques’, 140–41; and Morgan, Attic Fine Pottery, 21–23. [19] Exceptions should be noted: CitationHannestad, ‘The Athenian Potter’ and ‘Athenian Pottery at Corinth’; Villanueva-Puig, ‘Les vases attiques’. [20] We should also keep in mind that the situation in Italy, Cyprus and Turkey is not necessarily better than in Greece, while in the countries surrounding the Black Sea, things are certainly worse. [21] See Appendix. [22] CitationTuna-Nörling, ‘Archaische attische Keramik’, 97 (a cup from Old Smyrna), 100 (a cup from Phokaia), 101 (eye-cups, several late-sixth-century cups by Epiktetos and the Wider Circle of the Nikosthenes Painter and an amphora of the earlier fifth century from Clazomenae), 102 (an eye-cup from Miletus, as well as a later cup and an askos postdating the destruction of the city in 494), 102 (cup by the Pithos Painter from the Ephesian Artemision). Daskyleion: CitationTuna-Nörling, Daskyleion I, nos. 379–80 and ‘Attic Pottery from Dascylium’, 119, fig. 10 and 122, fig. 22. Xanthos: CitationMetzger, Xanthos IV, pl. 74-75, no. 333. Sardis: CitationSnyder Schaeffer, Corinthian, Attic and Lakonian Pottery, no. Att 126, pl. 42. Gordion: CitationDe Vries, ‘Attic Pottery from Gordion’, 448, fig. 4. [23] Paleothodoros, ‘The Pithos Painter’, with addenda in CitationPaleothodoros, ‘H διάδοση της πριμης ϵρυθρόμορϕης’, n. 48. [24] See now CitationPaleothodoros, ‘H διάδοση της πριμης ερυθρόμορϕης’, with a list of 80 early red-figured vases, superseding earlier statistics based on Beazley's indexes and listing a very limited number of vases. For a detailed picture of the imports of Athenian vases in a single area of the Black Sea Region, the Taman Peninsula, see Morgan, Attic Fine Pottery, 149–235. [25] CitationJohnston and Pandolfini, Le iscrizioni. [26] Athens: ARV 2 1625 and Agora P 9414; Moore, Attic Red-Figured and White Ground Pottery, 316, pl. 129, no. 1400. Argive Heraion: ARV 2 71.5. Selinus: ARV 2 47.146. Miletus and Clazomenae: CitationTuna-Nörling, ‘Archaische attische Keramik’, 100 and 101. Sardis: Snyder Schaeffer, Corinthian, Attic and Lakonian Pottery, no. Att 126, pl. 42. Al Mina: ARV 2 43.66, 47.147 and 148. Naukratis: ARV 2 42.53, 43.69, 47.144; CitationMöller, Naukratis, 236–7. Marseille: Villard, La céramique grecque de Marseille, 28, pl. 15.1–2. [27] See ARV 2 37-52; Cohen, Attic Bilingual Vases, 240–522. Black Sea: CitationPaleothodoros, ‘H Διάδοση της πριμης ϵρυθρόμορϕης’, 53–75; CitationHupe, Der Achilles-Kukt, pl. 11.2. [28] Vases by Cachrylion: ARV 2 107–08. There are two cups from the Black Sea Region: ARV 2 17.20 and ARV 2 108.25. Thasos: CitationMaffre, ‘Cachrylion, Euphronios’, 380, fig. 1 and 382–83, fig. 2–4. There is one from the Artemision of Samos, but without the signature of the potter Chachrylion, who, however, signs a red-figure one from the same site (Bettina Kreutzer, pers. comm.). Corinth: CitationMcPhee, ‘Attic Red-Figure from the Forum’, 298–9. Athens: Serbeti, ‘Eρυθρόμορϕη κύλικα από την οδό Λκκα’; CitationMoore, Attic Red-Figured and White Ground Pottery, 316, pl. 129, no. 1403; CitationMcCamp, ‘Excavations’, 231, pl. 76, no. 36. [29] A thorough study of all figured mugs is under preparation by the present author. A total of 230 vases have been collected, mostly dating from the period 510–450 BC. [30] CitationM. Bentz, in a personal communication, generously provided a list of nine mugs from Olympia: Four belong to the period under discussion here. Perachora, Isthmia and the Theban Cabirion, see below, note 55. Naucratis: ARV 2 157.80. Cyrene: CitationMcPhee, Cyrene VI, pl. 33, nos. 78–80. [31] CitationHuber, Le ceramiche a figure rosse, 140, nos. 777–79 and 152–53, no. 883; CitationFortunelli, ‘Anathemata’, pl. II c–d. Mugs are rare in Etruria: ARV 2 77.97 (Orvieto), 156.51 (Bologna), 157.73–4 and 78 (Tarquinia). Finds from Campania (ARV 2 156.53, 156.55, 157.77, 158.3, 983.10 [Capua], 156.67 [Cumae], 156.62 and 158.1 [Czartoryski collection], 157.75 [Suessula], S. Italy and Sicily (i.e. ARV 2 152.1, 156.59-60, 63, 67, 157.79bis, 1629.67bis, Add 2 405) are far more numerous. [32] Alabastra: CitationBadinou, La Laine et le parfum, 155–218. The shape is second only to the cup in popularity in Greece: ARV 2 7.4, 8.13, 98.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.9, 99.10, 100.15, 100.16, 100.23, 100.24, 100.26, 157.87, 157.88. There is a single find from South Russia: ARV 2 7.5. Red-figure lekythoi and aryballoi are very rare before circa 480 BCE outside Attica. Note a lekythos from Thasos (CitationMaffre, ‘Chachrylion, Euphronios’, 386, Fig. 8) and an aryballos from Corinth (CitationBoulter, ‘Fifth Century Attic Red-Figure’, pl. 77a–b). [33] Reusser, ‘La céramique attique’, 173. [34] Stamnoi: CitationRendeli, ‘Rituali e immagini’. Neck-amphorae: CitationMartelli, ‘Arete ed Eusebeia’. [35] CitationOsborne, ‘Workshops’, 78. [36] Athens: a single vase from the Agora is placed in the neighbourhood of the workshop of the Andokides Painter: CitationMoore, Attic Red-Figured and White Ground Pottery, 139, no. 24 (‘recalls the Andokides Painter more or less vividly’); two more (nos. 164 and 1684) are dated to 520. Some slight pieces, attributed by Beazley to the ‘the manner of the Andokides Painter’, have been removed by Cohen, Attic Bilingual Vases, 511. Indeed, they are primitive but not early, and date to the end of the sixth century. Etruria: ARV 2 3.1, 2, 3, 5; 4.7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; 5.14. A single piece has been found at Locri in South Italy: ARV 2 3.6. [37] Among ten red-figure vases signed by Nikosthenes, a kantharos, also signed by Epiktetos as painter, was found in the sanctuary of Achilles on the island of Leuke, off Berezan (ARV 2 77.87), a skyphos by the Nikosthenes Painter was found at the Artemision of Thasos (ARV 2 1627.25bis), and the remaining kantharoi, round pyxides and cups all come from Etruria (ARV 2 123). [38] CitationTosto, The Black-Figured Vases. [39] An alabastron (ARV2 7.5) and a cup (ARV2 8.10). [40] CitationRuystedt, ‘Athens in Etruria’, 505. [41] The anonymous reader has objected that trademarks are found almost exclusively on pots exported to Etruria, while they are totally absent on vases found in the Black Sea Area. However, CitationJohnston, Trademarks on Greek Vases, 18, notes similarities between trademarks from the Black Sea Area (where they are rare) and Vulci. [42] Graffiti: CitationJohnston, Trademarks on Greek Vases. Other epigraphic data: CitationJohnston, ‘The Rehabilitation of Sostratos’ and Cristofani, ‘Sostratos e dintorni’. Aeginetan merchantmen in the Black Sea Region: CitationHind, ‘Traders and Ports-of-Trade’. [43] CitationOsborne, ‘Pots, Trade and the Archaic Greek Economy’, against CitationGill, ‘Pots and Trade’. [44] Finds from the Acropolis and the Agora are numerous. Agora: Moore, Attic Red-Figure and White Ground Pottery; Mc Camp, ‘Excavations’, 245–52. Acropolis: CitationLanglotz, Die Antike Vasen; see also CitationHannestad, ‘The Athenian Potter’, 224–26. Kerameikos: CitationKnigge, Kerameikos IX, pl. 28.1 (cup fragment by Smikros); Archäologische Anzeiger (1987), 498, fig. 24 (skyphos fragment by Epiktetos); Citation Éros grec , Amours des Dieux, nos. 37, 38 and 47 (two alabastra and a lekythos); add also the unpublished finds from tomb SW 30 (a mug by the Painter of Berlin 2268 and a psykter of early fifth century date) in the Kerameikos Museum. A single vase from the of the Athenian Metro excavations has been published: CitationSerbeti, ‘′Eργο του αγγϵιογράϕου’. Note also a child tomb from Ilioupoli with an early red-figure alabastron: CitationPologiorgi, ‘Παιδική Tαϕή στην Hλιούπολη’; other finds: CitationTzachou-Alexandri, ‘Aλάβαστρο του Zωγράϕου’, 85–98. [45] CitationPapaspyridi, ‘Eλϵυσινιακά Aγγϵία’, 3–11, figs. 1–12 (ten early red-figure plates, skyphoi, cups and alabastra); CitationKokkou-Byridi, Eλϵυσίς. Πριμϵς πυρς θυσιν, pl. 36 (three vases from the late sixth century); CitationTiverios, ‘Aγγϵία-Aναθήματα’. [46] CitationKahil, ‘Quelques vases’. Early red-figure is lacking from Piraeus, Sounion, Thorikos, Marathon and Acharnai and in the minor cemeteries of the Attic countryside regularly published through the pages of the Archaeologicon Deltion. Stray finds are reported from Velanideza (ARV 2 110.5), cape Kolias (ARV 2 20), Koropi (ARV 2 157.86). Unspecified finds from Attica: ARV 2 22.4 and 99.7. An Attic provenance is also the most likely for two cups, one belonging to the Wider Circle of the Nikosthenes Painter and a second one having been attributed to the Pithos Painter (Paleothodoros, ‘The Pithos Painter’, 72, no. 102; CitationSabetai, CVA Athens, pl. 53–54). [47] Eretria: ARV 2 98.15, 99.5; CitationGex, Eretria IX, pl. 56, nos. S178 (psykter) and S179 (column-krater), 59, nos. S194–5 (calyx-kraters), 88, nos. S378–85 (cups) and 99, nos. S450–52 (fragments of pots). Another important find is a deposit including an early red-figure amphora of type A, perhaps from the Andokides workshop: CitationSerbeti, ‘Attic Pottery’, 494, fig. 5. No finds are reported from Chalkis and Karystos. [48] Aegina should be singled out as a very important site in Greece where early red-figure pottery has been unearthed: a cup by Epiktetos picturing Athena (ARV 2 74.51) and a white ground showing Europa on the bull are the earliest noticed attic vases being found in a controlled excavation in Greece. They were excavated by a Bavarian team in 1811 and are cited for the first time in a letter of Wolff to Eduard Gerhard published in the Bollettino di Corrispondenza Archeologica of 1829 (Gerhard, ‘Riposta di Prof. Gerhard’, 118-9, n. 2). Later on, in 1830, the consul of France in Naples, Count Beugnot, settled on the island and excavated many tombs, whose contents enriched his personal collection: see Gerhard, ‘Vasi dipinti dalla Grecia’, 196-7. The cup by Epiktetos, and a fragment by the same painter, are the only red-figure vases from Aphaia dating before 500 BCE: CitationWilliams, ‘Aegina, Aphaia-Tempel XI’, 630, nos. A1 and A2. Temple of Apollo in Kolona: CitationFelten, ‘Attische schwarzfigurige’, 48–49, pl. 21, nos. 271–79. Finds from cemeteries: ARV 2 36.1-2, 223.6. [49] Isthmia: Hesperia 24 (1955) pl. 52a, 19 (a mug). Nemea: Hesperia 47 (1978) pl. 20b (cup fragment). Perachora: Dunbabin, Perachora ii, pl. 146, nos. 3831, 3834–6. Acrocorinth: CitationPemberton, Corinth XVIII, Part 1, pl. 38, no. 334, pl. 43, no. 368. Corinth: Boulter, ‘Fifth Century Attic Red-Figure’; CitationMcPhee, ‘Red-Figured Pottery from Corinth’ and ‘Attic Red-Figure from the Forum in Ancient Corinth’ (approximately twenty early red-figure vases). Note also cups in Athens (ARV 2 95.122 and 140.36), Boston (ARV 2 179.1), the Louvre (ARV 2 176.1) and Berlin (ARV 2 176.2 and 177.1), said to be from Corinth. A cup by the Pithos Painter in Nantes is from Hexamilia: Paleothodoros, ‘The Pithos Painter’, 69, no. 16. [50] The red-figure vases from Olympia are now studied by Prof. Martin CitationBentz. For an overview, see Bentz, ‘Attic Red-Figure Pottery from Olympia’ (there are only seven early red-figure vases). Argolid: note two cups from Hermione (ARV 2 1543) and an eye-cup from the Heraion (ARV 2 71.5). [51] The red-figure vases from the Heraion of Samos will be published by Prof. Bettina Kreuzer in a following volume of the series Samos. Thanks to her generosity, I present here an overview: there are 192 pieces (three of them now in Berlin), mostly dating to the second quarter of the fifth and the first quarter of the fourth century. The earlier finds include a krater by Euphronios, one by Euthymides and four others; a stamnos; ten cups, among which one might note a cup signed by Chacrylion, one in white ground and another one with coral red; there is also an early red-figure plate. A single vase from the Artemision is published: Aρχαιολογικά Aνάλϵκτα ϵξ Aθηνν 13.2 (1980): 314, fig. 9. Finds from tombs are somewhat later in date, and may be safely placed to the second quarter of the fifth century: Deltion 43 B 2 (1988): pl. 289b-291. [52] Delos and Rheneia: ARV 2 133.20, 141.57, 143.19 and 172.3. [53] ARV 2 80.11, 86b; 139.8, 139.9, 139.23, 140.26, 157.71 (Kameiros). [54] ARV 2 81.3 and 177.1. [55] Tanagra: ARV 2 25.1, 83.9, 83.12, 176.1; Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Athens 1, pl. 2.1, 3, 5; 3.1-3. Akraiphia: ARV 2 130.31 and CitationAndreiomenou, ‘Tο ϵργαστήριον χαλκοτϵχνίας της Aκραιϕίας’, 487, fig. 15, 488–89, n.48 (two cups tentatively attributed to Epiktetos); Rhitsona: ARV 2 140.29 and 302.10. Thebes: ARV 2 85.2 and Thebes 23425 (CitationSabetai, CVA Thebes, 1, pl. 73). Kabirion: ARV 2 156.65. [56] The absence of early red-figure and of painted pottery in general from Delphi is a well-known fact. Note a white ground alabastron from a tomb of the early fifth century (ARV 2 98.2). [57] A cup in Boston (MFA 01.8074) is said to be from Locris (ARV 2 76.74; Paleothodoros, Epictétos, 168, no. 150). There is an unprovenanced cup by the Pithos Painter in the Lamia Museum (Paleothodoros, ‘The Pithos Painter’, 69, no. 18). Atalanti: ARV 2 100.26 and 178.3. [58] In Thessaly, red-figure vases of the later sixth and the early fifth century are very rare: a cup by the Euergides Painter in Volos (Add 2 395). Later finds include a fragmentary krater from Krannon by the Syleus Painter (ARV 2 1640), a fragment of a cup of the early fifth century from the sanctuary of Athena Itonia (CitationKatarrachias et al., Aρχαιολογικά Eυρήματα Φίλιας, 29), three vases of the second quarter of the fifth century from Palaiokastron (Archaeologikon Deltion 28 [1973] B2, pl. 284a) and unpublished sherds from a house in Pharsala. A pair of early white-ground lekythoi, dating from about 470–60, have been excavated by Maria Lakaki in Meliboia (Hagiokampos) and are now in the Archaeological Museum of Larissa. I wish to thank the excavator for valuable information on this important find which will be published soon. [59] See CitationTzanakaki, ‘Eισαγωγς αττικν ϵρυθρόμορϕων’: the earliest finds reported date from the second quarter of the fifth century BCE. [60] From Corfu, Kanoni, one may note a cup which may be attributed to the Euergides Painter (Archaeologikon Deltion 29 [1973–4] B3, pl. 457e). Unpublished finds from the Mon Repos include red-figure pottery from the second quarter of the fifth century on. Note also two early red-figure cup fragments from Lefkas: Archaeologikon Deltion 48 B1 (1993), pl. 95ζ and 27, B2 (1972), pl. 418a. [61] As far as published or exhibited pottery in museums is concerned, finds from Paros, Naxos, Amorgos, Thera, Mytilene, Lemnos, and Nisyros are very rare. On Paros and Naxos, see CitationBikakis, ‘Archaic and Classical Imported Pottery’. Amorgos: CitationMarangou, ‘Céramique attique à Amorgos’. Red-figure vases are very rare in Kythnos, as Prof. Alexandros Mazarakis informs me, and none is earlier than the second quarter of the fifth century BCE. Kimolos: cup by a painter of the later sixth century (Archaeologikon Deltion 21 [1966], B2, pl. 410c). Psara: a mug with satyrs kneeling and holding wineskins that may be provisionally attributed to the Painter of Berlin 2268 (CitationVlachopoulos, Aρχαιολογία του Aιγαίου, 139, fig. 183). Chios: cup by the Pithos Painter (ARV 2 141.70). [62] A cup that might be provisionally attributed to Epiktetos or to a painter following him was found in Torone (presented by the excavator, Manthos Besios, in Contacts et échanges technologiques entre Grecs et indigenes à la frontière des territories des colonies grecques (VIIIe–IIe s. av. J.-C.), École Française d'Athènes 15–17 mars 2007). In Akanthos, Sindos, Mikra Karaburun and Hagia Paraskevi the earliest red-figure vases date from the end of the first quarter of the fifth century BCE. In Chalkidiki, early red-figure vases occur in small numbers: ARV 2 140.28 and 56, 141.67 (cups by the Pithos Painter from Vrastina Kalyvia and Olynthos). Argillos: CitationGiroux, ‘La céramique attique à figures rouges’, 183–87 (a cup by the Pithos Painter, a late-sixth-century alabastron, a head vase and a fragment by Myson). [63] CitationKahil, La céramique grecque de Thasos, pl. XLIV; CitationMaffre, ‘Chachrylion, Euphronios’ and ‘Coupes attiques’: around 100 red-figure fragments have been found in the French excavations in Thasos. Most finds date to the later part of the sixth century and the beginning of the fifth century. Besides cups (around 20 fragments), there are alabastra, plates and lekythoi. Thrace: Para 336.88bis, alabastron from Galepsos). CitationBakalakis, Aνασκαϕή Στρύμης, pl. 28, no. 7 (a late-sixth-century sherd from Stryme); Tüna-Nörling, ‘Polyxena bei Hector Lösung’, 44–46 (early-fifth-century krater from Rhaidestos). No early red-figure has been found at Samothrace: CitationDusenberry, Samothrace 11, 513.